柯林斯词典公布2022年度词汇：Permacrisis
今天，柯林斯词典（Collins Dictionary）公布了2022年度词汇：Permacrisis.
Permacrisis一词，perma+crisis，柯林斯词典官方给出的释义为：an extended period of instability and insecurity, esp one resulting from a series of catastrophic events. 指长时间的不稳定和不安全，尤指由一系列灾难性事件引起的。
此外，Kyiv（基辅）、Partygate（聚会门）、Splooting、Warm bank（取暖银行）、Carolean、Lawfare（法律战）、Quiet quitting（躺平/摆烂）、Sportswashing（体育洗白）、Vibe shift（氛围转变）等词汇，也入选2022年度热词榜单前十名。
🤔️小作业：
无注释原文：
‘Sums up 2022’: Permacrisis chosen as Collins word of the year
From: The Guardian
Brexit, Covid, war, climate disasters, a tanking economy, political instability, global insecurity, a sense of impending doom. There’s a single word for this, and it has just become Collins Dictionary’s word of the year: permacrisis.
The word is defined as “an extended period of instability and insecurity”, which some may argue is an accurate summary of the past few years. Collins said it chose the word as it “sums up quite succinctly how truly awful 2022 has been for so many people”.
Permacrisis tops a list of 10 words, six of them new entries in the dictionary, which represent 2022, Collins said.
“Partygate” refers to the scandal of social gatherings in Downing Street during the pandemic, contravening public health rules and contrasting markedly with most people’s sense of isolation and loss.
“Kyiv” made the list after the name of the Ukrainian capital came to symbolise the country’s stand against Russian aggression.
“Warm bank” describes a building such as a public library or place of worship that is opening its doors over the winter months to provide a welcoming space for people struggling to heat their homes due to spiralling energy costs.
The growing practice of “quiet quitting” – doing basic duties at work but no more, in rejection of competitive careerism and out-of-hours emails – made the cut, as did “vibe shift”, meaning a “significant change in the prevailing atmosphere or culture”.
“Carolean” refers to the new monarchical era after the end of the second Elizabethan age this year and the accession of King Charles. “Lawfare” is the strategic use of legal proceedings to intimidate or hinder an opponent.
Humankind’s four-legged friends contributed the term “splooting” – the act of lying flat on the stomach on a cool surface with legs stretched out as a way of countering unusually high temperatures. Cats, dogs, cows, polar bears and squirrels have been spotted splooting on social media throughout 2022.
The final word is “sportswashing”, a term for organisations and countries that use sports activities to enhance their reputations or distract from unacceptable policies. Qatar, the host of the 2022 football World Cup starting this month, has been accused of sportswashing after concerns over the mistreatment of migrant labour, homophobia and freedom of expression.
The list reflected “the state of the world right now”, said Alex Beecroft, the managing director of Collins Learning.
“Language can be a mirror to what is going on in society and the wider world and this year has thrown up challenge after challenge.
“It is understandable that people may feel, after living through upheaval caused by Brexit, the pandemic, severe weather, the war in Ukraine, political instability, the energy squeeze and the cost-of-living crisis, that we are living in an ongoing state of uncertainty and worry.”
Collins Dictionary monitors its 18bn-word database and a range of media sources, including social media, to create an annual list of new and notable words.
- ◆ -
注：中文文本为机器翻译仅供参考，并非一一对应
含注释全文：
‘Sums up 2022’: Permacrisis chosen as Collins word of the year
From: The Guardian
Brexit, Covid, war, climate disasters, a tanking economy, political instability, global insecurity, a sense of impending doom. There’s a single word for this, and it has just become Collins Dictionary’s word of the year: permacrisis.
英国脱欧（Brexit）、新冠（Covid）、战争（war）、气候灾难（climate disasters）、经济下滑（a tanking economy）、政治不稳定（political instability）、全球不安全（global insecurity）、大难临头的感觉。而有一个词，它刚刚成为柯林斯词典（Collins Dictionary）的年度词汇：Permacrisis。
tank
tank，熟词僻义，作名词是坦克的意思，作动词有“表现得很糟糕，快速减少，衰落，下跌”的含义，英文解释为“If something such as a stock price or a movie tanks, it performs very badly, for example because it loses a lot of money.”举个🌰：
Tech stocks have tanked.
科技股票暴跌了。
tank作名词还可以表示“（盛放液体或气体的）罐；箱；槽”，英文解释为“A tank is a large container for holding liquid or gas.”举个🌰：
Two water tanks provide a total capacity of 400 litres.
两个水箱的总容量为400升。
impending
表示“即将发生的，逼近的”，英文解释为“An impending event is one that is going to happen very soon.”举个🌰：
She had a sense of impending disaster.
她有种大祸即将临头的感觉。
doom
表示“死亡；毁灭；厄运；劫数”，英文解释为“death or destruction; any terrible event that you cannot avoid”举个🌰：
She had a sense of impending doom (= felt that sth very bad was going to happen).
她预感到厄运已经逼近。
The word is defined as “an extended period of instability and insecurity”, which some may argue is an accurate summary of the past few years. Collins said it chose the word as it “sums up quite succinctly how truly awful 2022 has been for so many people”.
这个词被定义为“长期的不稳定和不安全”。有些人可能会认为，这是对过去几年的准确总结。柯林斯官方表示，选择这个词是因为它“非常简洁地总结了2022年对许多人来说是多么的糟糕”。
define
表示“给（尤指单词）下定义；说明，解释”，英文解释为“to say what the meaning of something, especially a word, is”举个🌰：
Before I answer your question, could you define your terms a little more (= explain what you mean by the words you have used)?
在回答你的问题之前，你能不能再解释一下你用词的意思？
extended
extended /ɪkˈsten.dɪd/ 表示“延伸的；长的；延长的”，英文解释为“long or longer than usual”举个🌰：
They're going on an extended holiday.
他们要到去度长假。
succinctly
succinctly /səkˈsɪŋkt.li/ 表示“简明地；言简意赅地”，英文解释为“in a way that expresses what needs to be said clearly and without unnecessary words”举个🌰：
I thought she expressed her feelings most succinctly at the meeting.
我认为她在会上最简洁地表达了她的感受。
Permacrisis tops a list of 10 words, six of them new entries in the dictionary, which represent 2022, Collins said.
柯林斯官方表示，Permacrisis在10个年度热词中名列榜首，其中6个是词典中的新新词，代表着2022年。
entry
1）表示“项目；条目；（一则）记录”，英文解释为“a separate piece of information that is recorded in a book, computer, etc.”举个🌰：
They've updated a lot of the entries in the most recent edition of the encyclopedia.
在最新版百科全书中他们更新了很多条目。
2）表示“参赛作品；参赛答卷”，英文解释为“An entry for a competition is a piece of work, a story or drawing, or the answers to a set of questions, which you complete in order to take part in the competition.”
“Partygate” refers to the scandal of social gatherings in Downing Street during the pandemic, contravening public health rules and contrasting markedly with most people’s sense of isolation and loss.
“Partygate（派对门）”指的是疫情期间英国首相社交聚会的丑闻，违反了公共卫生规定，与大多数人的隔离和失落感形成了鲜明对比。
scandal
表示“丑行；使人震惊的丑事；丑闻”，英文解释为“behaviour or an event that people think is morally or legally wrong and causes public feelings of shock or anger”举个🌰：
The scandal broke (= became known to the public) in May.
这桩丑闻是在五月份曝光的。
Downing Street
Downing Street /ˈdaʊ.nɪŋ.striːt/ 表示“唐宁街（位于伦敦中部，是英国首相官邸所在街道）”，英文解释为“the road in central London where the official home of the UK prime minister is”，也可以特指“英国政府；英国首相”，英文解释为“the British government or the British prime minister”举个🌰：
The prime minister lives at 10 Downing Street.
首相住在唐宁街10号。
contravene
contravene /ˌkɒn.trəˈviːn/ 表示“违反，违犯（法律或规则）”，英文解释为“to do something that a law or rule does not allow, or to break a law or rule”举个🌰：
The company knew its actions contravened international law.
这家公司知道他们的行为违反了国际法。
contrast
contrast /ˈkɒn.trɑːst/ 作动词，表示“形成对照；显出明显的差异”，英文解释为“If one thing contrasts with another, it is very different from it.”举个🌰：
The tartness of the lemons contrasts with the sweetness of the honey.
柠檬的酸味和蜂蜜的甜味形成鲜明的对比。
markedly
markedly /ˈmɑː.kɪd.li/ 表示“明显地”，英文解释为“in a very obvious or noticeable way”举个🌰：
She has markedly changed her eating habits.
她的饮食习惯有了明显的改变。
“Kyiv” made the list after the name of the Ukrainian capital came to symbolise the country’s stand against Russian aggression.
“Kyive（基辅）”上榜是因为乌克兰首都的名字象征着该国反对俄罗斯侵略的立场。
symbolize
表示“象征，代表”，英文解释为“to represent something”举个🌰：
The lighting of the Olympic torch symbolizes peace and friendship among the nations of the world.
点燃奥林匹克火炬象征着世界各国人民的和平与友谊。
aggression
表示“侵略；侵犯；攻击；挑衅”，英文解释为“spoken or physical behaviour that is threatening or involves harm to someone or something”举个🌰：
Some types of dog are bred for aggression.
某些品种的狗是养来起攻击作用的。
“Warm bank” describes a building such as a public library or place of worship that is opening its doors over the winter months to provide a welcoming space for people struggling to heat their homes due to spiralling energy costs.
“Warm bank（取暖银行）”形容在冬季开放给因能源成本飙升而难以取暖的人们的温暖空间，如公共图书馆或教堂。
worship
worship /ˈwɜːʃɪp/ 可作名词也可以作动词，1）表示“（对上帝或神的）崇拜，敬仰，礼拜”，英文解释为“the practice of showing respect for God or a god, by saying prayers, singing with others, etc.; a ceremony for this”如：ancestor worship 对祖先的崇拜，举个🌰：
On the island the people worshipped different gods.
在这个岛上，人们信仰不同的神。
2）表示“（常指盲目地）宠爱，崇拜，崇尚”，英文解释为“to love, respect, and admire someone or something very much, often without noticing the bad qualities of that person or thing”举个🌰：
Her parents worship her.
她的父母很宠爱她。
spiral
spiral /ˈspaɪr.əl/ 表示“逐渐加速上升（或下降）”，英文解释为“a continuous harmful increase or decrease in sth, that gradually gets faster and faster”如：measures to control the inflationary spiral 控制日益恶化的通货膨胀的措施。
The growing practice of “quiet quitting” – doing basic duties at work but no more, in rejection of competitive careerism and out-of-hours emails – made the cut, as did “vibe shift”, meaning a “significant change in the prevailing atmosphere or culture”.
越来越多的人“quiet quitting（躺平/摆烂）”——在工作中只完成基本职责，但不做更多事情，拒绝激烈职场竞争和非工作时间邮件——以及“vibe shift（氛围转变）”也入选了，意思是“主流氛围或文化的重大变化”。
out of hours
表示“在违禁时间，在正常营业时间之外，在上班时间外”，英文解释为“If you drink in a bar out of hours, you drink alcohol at a time when it is not allowed by law.”举个🌰：
The police are trying to stop out-of-hours drinking.
警方正设法禁止在违禁时间内饮酒。
make the cut
来源于高尔夫运动都术语，表示“入围，晋级；符合要求；过关，达到标准”，英文解释为“To succeed at something or meet a requirement; to be chosen out of a field of candidates or possibilities.”
prevailing
表示“普遍的；盛行的；流行的”，英文解释为“existing or most common at a particular time”如：the prevailing attitude 普遍的观点，the prevailing culture 主流文化。
🎬电影《美国队长2：冬日战士》（Captain America: The Winter Soldier）中的台词提到：The prevailing theory was that the hijacking was a cover for the acquisition and sale of classified intelligence. 大部分人的看法是劫持事件只是在掩盖机密情报的交易。
“Carolean” refers to the new monarchical era after the end of the second Elizabethan age this year and the accession of King Charles. “Lawfare” is the strategic use of legal proceedings to intimidate or hinder an opponent.
“Carolean”指的是今年伊丽莎白二世时代结束、查尔斯国王（King Charles）登基后的新君主制时代。“Lawfare（法律战）”是指战略性地利用法律程序来恐吓或阻碍对手。
monarchical
monarchical = monarchic /məˈnɑː.kɪk/ 表示“君主制的”，英文解释为“relating to or suitable for a king or queen, or relating to a monarchy”举个🌰：
They still live in a monarchic culture.
他们仍然生活在君主制文化中。
accession
accession /əkˈseʃ.ən/ 1）表示“登基；就职”，英文解释为“the time when someone starts a position of authority, especially a king or queen”
2）表示“正式加入（国际组织）；签署（条约）”，英文解释为“the time when a country officially joins a group of countries or signs an agreement”如：Poland's accession to the EU 波兰加入欧盟这一情况。
proceedings
1）表示“一系列事件；一系列活动”，英文解释为“a series of events that happen in a planned and controlled way”举个🌰：
Millions of people watched the proceedings on television.
数百万人通过电视观看了这一系列活动。
2）表示“诉讼”，英文解释为“legal action”举个🌰：
I started legal proceedings to try to have him taken away from his parents permanently.
我提起诉讼，想把他从父母身边永远带走。
3）表示“（会议等的）正式记录；公报”，英文解释为“the official written report of a meeting, etc.”
intimidate
表示“恫吓，恐吓”，英文解释为“to frighten or threaten someone, usually in order to persuade them to do something that you want them to do”举个🌰：
They were intimidated into accepting a pay cut by the threat of losing their jobs.
他们因为受到失去工作的威胁而被迫同意减薪。
hinder
表示“阻碍，妨碍”，英文解释为“to limit the ability of someone to do something, or to limit the development of something”举个🌰：
High winds have hindered firefighters in their efforts to put out the blaze.
大风妨碍了消防队员扑灭大火。
🎬电影《杀手：代号47》（Hitman）中的台词提到：I know. don't let your incompetence hinder them. 知道了 别让你的无能妨碍了他们的工作。
Humankind’s four-legged friends contributed the term “splooting” – the act of lying flat on the stomach on a cool surface with legs stretched out as a way of countering unusually high temperatures. Cats, dogs, cows, polar bears and squirrels have been spotted splooting on social media throughout 2022.
人类四条腿的朋友贡献了“splooting”一词。“splooting”是指趴在凉爽的表面上，双腿伸直，以应对异常高温的行为。整个2022年，在社交媒体上都能看到猫、狗、牛、北极熊和松鼠的该行为。
stretch
counter
作动词，表示“反驳；反对；对抗”，英文解释为“to react to something with an opposing opinion or action, or to defend yourself against something”举个🌰：
When criticisms were made of the school's performance, the parents' group countered with details of its exam results.
当有人对学校的业绩提出批评时，家长团举出具体的考试成绩予以反驳。
The final word is “sportswashing”, a term for organisations and countries that use sports activities to enhance their reputations or distract from unacceptable policies. Qatar, the host of the 2022 football World Cup starting this month, has been accused of sportswashing after concerns over the mistreatment of migrant labour, homophobia and freedom of expression.
最后一个词是“sportswashing（体育洗白）”，指的是那些利用体育活动来提升自身声誉或转移人们对不可接受的政策的注意力的组织和国家。本月将举办2022年足球世界杯的卡塔尔（Qatar），在受到虐待移民劳工、仇视同性恋和言论自由等方面的担忧后，被指进行体育洗白。
enhance
enhance /ɪnˈhɑːns/ 表示“提高；增加；增强；增进”，英文解释为“to improve the quality, amount, or strength of something”举个🌰：
These scandals will not enhance the organization's reputation.
这些丑闻可不会提高这个组织的声誉。
distract
表示“使分心，使转移注意力，干扰”，英文解释为“to make someone stop giving their attention to something”举个🌰：
Don't distract her (from her studies).
不要让她（在学习上）分心。
homophobia
homophobia /ˌhoʊ.məˈfoʊ.bi.ə/ 表示“对同性恋的恐惧（或厌恶）”，英文解释为“a fear or dislike of gay people”.
The list reflected “the state of the world right now”, said Alex Beecroft, the managing director of Collins Learning.
柯林斯学习（Collins Learning）总经理亚历克斯·比克罗夫特（Alex Beecroft）表示，这份榜单反映了“全球现状”。
“Language can be a mirror to what is going on in society and the wider world and this year has thrown up challenge after challenge.
“语言可以反映社会和更广阔的世界正在发生的事情，今年出现了一个又一个挑战。
throw (sth) up
1）表示“产生（新问题或想法）”，英文解释为“to produce new problems or ideas”举个🌰：
The meeting threw up some interesting ideas.
这次会上提出了一些有趣的想法。
2）表示“呕吐”，英文解释为“to vomit”举个🌰：
I spent all night throwing up.
我吐了一夜。
3）表示“辞去，放弃（工作）”，英文解释为“If you throw up your job, you choose to leave it or stop doing it.”举个🌰：
He's thrown up his job and gone off to Africa to work for a children's charity.
他辞掉了工作，去非洲为一家儿童慈善机构工作。
“It is understandable that people may feel, after living through upheaval caused by Brexit, the pandemic, severe weather, the war in Ukraine, political instability, the energy squeeze and the cost-of-living crisis, that we are living in an ongoing state of uncertainty and worry.”
“可以理解的是，在经历了英国脱欧、疫情、恶劣天气、乌克兰战争、政治不稳定、能源紧缩和生活成本危机造成的动荡之后，人们可能会觉得我们生活在一种持续的不确定性和担忧状态中。”
upheaval
upheaval /ʌpˈhiː.vəl/ 表示“剧变；激变；动乱；动荡”，英文解释为“a big change that causes a lot of confusion, worry and problems”如：a period of emotional upheaval 情绪波动很大的时期。
📍2020年8月《经济学人》（The Economist）一篇讲述卡车业文章的标题就叫：The trucking industry is in the midst of upheaval—and hype 卡车运输业正在经历剧变，以及炒作。
squeeze
squeeze /skwiːz/ 作名词，表示“挤压，捏；榨”，英文解释为“the act of pressing something firmly”，也可以表示“减少；削减；限制”，英文解释为“a reduction or limit”举个🌰：
The squeeze on profits in the oil industry has led to thousands of redundancies.
石油产业利润的减少导致数千人失业。
作动词，1）表示“（困难地）挤进，挤过”，英文解释为“to get in, through, under, etc. with difficulty”举个🌰：
She squeezed through the crowd and found a seat at the front.
她从人群中挤过去，在前面找了个座位。
2）表示“挤压；捏”，英文解释为“to press sth firmly, especially with your fingers”如：to squeeze a tube of toothpaste 挤牙膏，举个🌰：
He squeezed her arm reassuringly.
他安慰地捏了捏她的手臂。
🎬电影《今晚带我回家》（Take Me Home Tonight）中的台词提到：Come on, punch it up. punch. and squeeze real tight 来 击个拳 击拳 然后握紧。
Collins Dictionary monitors its 18bn-word database and a range of media sources, including social media, to create an annual list of new and notable words.
柯林斯词典监控其180亿单词数据库和一系列媒体来源，包括社交媒体，以评选年度新词和热词。
notable
表示“显要的；显著的；值得注意的”，英文解释为“important and deserving attention, because of being very good or interesting”如：a notable collection of rare plants 一批引人注目的奇花异草。
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