“我怕我再不跳她就没机会上来了”
6月13日，浙江杭州西兴大桥，一名年轻女子跳桥轻生，正在配送路上的外卖小哥彭清林紧跟着从10余米高的桥上一跃而下，把女子从死亡边缘拉了回来。
从10余米高的桥上跳下，致胸椎压缩性骨折的他说：“我心里也很怂啊，但个人害怕跟别人的命比起来，肯定是救人要紧，人命关天的事，还用想吗？”
今天，当地公安授予其一等治安荣誉奖章；杭州市见义勇为基金会授予其见义勇为积极分子荣誉称号，奖金30000元。此外，彭清林所在的公司为其申请到免费上大学的名额。
🤔️小作业：
A. There is a linear relationship between height and risk of injury.
B. The risk of injury increases exponentially as the height increases.
C. The risk of injury is not correlated with height but with the technique used.
D. The relationship is complex and varies with posture during diving.
A. The lack of proper equipment.
B. The repetitive nature of their training.
C. The heights from which they dive.
D. The force of water displacement.
无注释原文：
Physicists calculate highest dives most humans can safely withstand
From: NewScientist
27 July 2022
By using 3D-printed models and dropping them into a tank, researchers have found the maximum heights people can dive from before they will encounter forces that can cause injury
How high would you dare to dive from? An experiment with 3D-printed models has discovered how high people can leap from into water without serious risk of injury.
Sunghwan Jung at Cornell University in New York and his colleagues studied the forces experienced when slamming into water by dropping 3D-printed models representing different human postures into a tank. One represented a person diving head first with their hands by their sides, one a person with their hands above their head and their palms touching, and another was just a leg with a foot representing jumping in feet first. Each model was equipped with a force sensor and was filmed with a high-speed camera when dropped.
To determine unsafe heights for diving, the researchers compared the forces they recorded to those known to cause physical damage to people. They found that those force levels were met for head-first divers above 8 metres, hands-first divers above 12 metres and foot-first divers above 15 metres.
Jung says that most of the force affecting the body while diving is due to the displacement of water. It is like pushing your fingers very quickly into a jar of honey – the liquid forcefully resists, he says.
People have successfully dived from much higher heights than the limits found in the study. For example, Laso Schaller broke the record for the highest feet-first dive in 2015 when he jumped from 58.8 metres above water. Jung says that to execute such extreme jumps without injury, divers must flex the right muscles to make their bodies stiffer and tighter.
Head and neck injuries often happen when dives go wrong, and shoulder and lower back injuries are common in divers more generally, says Nathaniel Jones at the Loyola University Medical Center in Illinois. “Springboard divers average 100 to 150 dives per day and platform divers 50 to 100 dives per day. Doing so many dives puts them at risk through multiple injury opportunities,” he says.
Jung says that his team wants to experiment with differently shaped models for dives into snow rather than water, such as those that some foxes perform.
- ◆ -
注：中文文本为机器翻译并非一一对应，仅供参考
含注释全文：
Physicists calculate highest dives most humans can safely withstand
From: NewScientist
27 July 2022
By using 3D-printed models and dropping them into a tank, researchers have found the maximum heights people can dive from before they will encounter forces that can cause injury
通过使用3D打印模型并将其扔进水池，研究人员确定了人们在承受可能造成伤害的力量前可以跳下的最大高度。
physicist
physicist /ˈfɪz.ɪ.sɪst/ 表示“物理学家”，英文解释为“a person who studies physics or whose job is connected with physics”
tank
tank，熟词僻义，作名词是坦克的意思，作动词有“表现得很糟糕，快速减少，衰落，下跌”的含义，英文解释为“If something such as a stock price or a movie tanks, it performs very badly, for example because it loses a lot of money.”举个🌰：Tech stocks have tanked. 科技股票暴跌了。
tank作名词还可以表示“（盛放液体或气体的）罐；箱；槽”，英文解释为“A tank is a large container for holding liquid or gas.”举个🌰：Two water tanks provide a total capacity of 400 litres. 两个水箱的总容量为400升。
dive
📍dive /daɪv/ 表示“（尤指头和手臂先入水的）跳水；下潜”，英文解释为“to jump into water, especially with your head and arms going in first, or to move down under the water”举个🌰：Look at those children diving for oysters over there! 看那边那些潜水摸牡蛎的孩子们！
📍dive in/dive into sth. 表示“贸然投入到…之中，介入；一心投入，钻研”，英文解释为“to start doing something suddenly and energetically, often without stopping to think”举个🌰：When I start a new project, I like to dive right in and see how it works. 开始一个新项目时，我喜欢立刻全心投入，看看情况会怎样。
encounter
1）表示“遭遇”，英文解释为“If you encounter problems or difficulties, you experience them.”举个🌰：Every day of our lives we encounter major and minor stresses of one kind or another. 生活中的每一天，我们会遇到或大或小的这样那样的压力。
2）表示“偶然相遇，邂逅，不期而遇”，英文解释为“If you encounter someone, you meet them, usually unexpectedly.”举个🌰：Did you encounter anyone in the building? 你在那栋大楼里偶然遇到什么人了吗？
force
force /fɔːs/ 表示“（物理学上的）力；（力的）强度”，英文解释为“in scientific use, (a measure of) the influence that changes movement”如：the force of gravity 重力。或者表示“力，力量；力气；（尤指）暴力，武力”，英文解释为“physical, especially violent, strength, or power”举个🌰：The force of the wind had brought down a great many trees in the area. 强风刮倒了这一地区的许多树木。
How high would you dare to dive from? An experiment with 3D-printed models has discovered how high people can leap from into water without serious risk of injury.
你敢从多高的地方跳下去？一项使用3D打印模型的实验确定了人们可以从多高的地方跳入水中，而不会有严重受伤的风险。
leap
leap /liːp/ 常指“跳，跳跃；突然的动作”，也可以表示“巨变；激增；提高”，英文解释为“a big change, increase, or improvement”如：a leap in profits 利润激增。
作动词也可以表示“激增；猛涨；快速提高”，英文解释为“to increase, improve, or grow very quickly”举个🌰：Shares in the company leaped 250 percent. 公司的股票大涨250%。
Sunghwan Jung at Cornell University in New York and his colleagues studied the forces experienced when slamming into water by dropping 3D-printed models representing different human postures into a tank. One represented a person diving head first with their hands by their sides, one a person with their hands above their head and their palms touching, and another was just a leg with a foot representing jumping in feet first. Each model was equipped with a force sensor and was filmed with a high-speed camera when dropped.
纽约康奈尔大学郑成桓（Sunghwan Jung，音译）和他的同事们通过将代表不同人体姿势的3D打印模型扔进水池，研究了人们跳入水中时所承受的力度。其中一个模型代表头朝下跳水，双手放在身体两侧；另一个模型代表手举过头顶，掌心相对；还有一个模型则是脚先入水。每个模型都配有力传感器，并在下落时用高速摄像机拍摄。
slam
slam /slæm/ 1）表示“（使）重重撞上，（使）砰地关上”，英文解释为“to (cause to) move against a hard surface with force and usually a loud noise”举个🌰：The wind made the door/window slam (shut). 风吹过来门/窗户砰地关上了。
2）表示“严厉批评；猛烈抨击”，英文解释为“To slam someone or something means to criticize them very severely.”举个🌰：The famed filmmaker slammed the claims as "an outrageous lie." 该享有盛名的电影制片人猛烈抨击这些说法，称其为“无耻谎言。”
📍类似的，还有condemn，blast，speak out against.
palm
palm /pɑːm/ 表示“手掌，手心”，英文解释为“the inside part of your hand from your wrist to the base of your fingers”举个🌰：This tiny device fits into the palm of your hand. 这种微型装置可以放入你的掌心。
sensor
表示“传感器”，英文解释为“a device that is used to record that something is present or that there are changes in something”举个🌰：The security device has a heat sensor which detects the presence of people and animals. 保安装置中有一个热传感器，能探测人和动物的存在。
To determine unsafe heights for diving, the researchers compared the forces they recorded to those known to cause physical damage to people. They found that those force levels were met for head-first divers above 8 metres, hands-first divers above 12 metres and foot-first divers above 15 metres.
为了确定跳水的安全高度，研究人员将记录的力度与已知会对人造成生理损伤的力度进行比较。他们发现，超过8米高时头先入水、超过12米高时手举过头顶先入水、以及超过15米高时脚先入水所承受的力度都会使人受伤。
diver
diver /ˈdaɪ.vər/ 表示“跳水运动员；潜水员”，英文解释为“a person who dives as a sport, or who works or searches for things underwater using special breathing equipment”
句子解析
To determine unsafe heights for diving, the researchers compared the forces they recorded to those known to cause physical damage to people.
首先，我们先做“减法”来找出这个句子的主干：“Researchers compared the forces.” 这是句子的核心意义，研究人员比较了力量。
现在，我们一点一点地做“加法”，讲解这个句子的各个成分。
📍“To determine unsafe heights for diving,” 是一个不定式短语，它作为目的状语，说明研究人员比较力量的目的。这个短语的意思是“为了确定跳水的不安全高度”。
📍“the researchers” 是主语，指的是进行这个研究的人。“compared” 是动词，表示“比较”的行为。
📍“the forces they recorded” 是动词“compared”的一个宾语。这里，“they recorded”是一个定语从句，修饰“forces”，说明这些力量是研究人员记录的。
📍“to those known to cause physical damage to people” 是动词“compared”的另一个宾语，表示比较的另一方。在这里，“known to cause physical damage to people”是一个定语从句，修饰“those”，说明这些力量是已知会对人们造成身体伤害的。
现在把它们放在一起：“为了确定跳水的不安全高度，研究人员将他们记录的力量与那些已知会对人们造成身体伤害的力量进行了比较。”
📍仿写：To choose the ideal ingredients for the recipe, the chef compared the flavors he tasted to those known to complement each other well.” 为了为食谱选择理想的食材，大厨将他品尝到的味道与那些众所周知能很好地互相补充的味道进行了比较。
Jung says that most of the force affecting the body while diving is due to the displacement of water. It is like pushing your fingers very quickly into a jar of honey – the liquid forcefully resists, he says.
郑成桓表示，跳水时影响身体的大部分力量都是由于水的位移造成的。他说，这就像把手指快速插入蜂蜜罐中一样——液体会强烈抵抗。
displacement
1）表示“排水量”，英文解释为“the weight of liquid that is forced out of position by an object that is floating on or in it”
2）表示“被迫移居他乡”，英文解释为“the situation in which people are forced to leave the place where they normally live”举个🌰：The recent famine in these parts has caused the displacement of tens of thousands of people. 这些地区最近的饥荒迫使数万人逃往他乡。
jar
表示“罐子，坛子；广口瓶”，英文解释为“a glass or clay container with a wide opening at the top and sometimes a fitted lid, usually used for storing food”如：a jar of coffee 一罐咖啡，a jam jar 果酱罐子。
resist
1）表示“抵制；阻挡；抗拒”，英文解释为“to refuse to accept or be changed by something”举个🌰：She resisted demands for her resignation. 她拒不答应她辞职的要求。
2）表示“按捺；忍住；拒受…的影响”，英文解释为“to stop yourself from doing something that you want to do”举个🌰：I can never resist temptation/chocolate/the urge to laugh. 我向来无法抗拒诱惑/我永远不可能抵挡巧克力的诱惑/我要是想笑，怎么也忍不住。
People have successfully dived from much higher heights than the limits found in the study. For example, Laso Schaller broke the record for the highest feet-first dive in 2015 when he jumped from 58.8 metres above water. Jung says that to execute such extreme jumps without injury, divers must flex the right muscles to make their bodies stiffer and tighter.
虽然这项研究确定了跳水安全高度，但人们早已成功地从比这些安全高度更高的地方跳入水中。例如，拉索·夏勒（Laso Schaller）在2015年从58.8米高处跳下，打破了脚先入水的最高跳水纪录。郑成桓表示，要在不受伤的情况下完成这样的极限跳水，跳水者必须必须正确收缩肌肉，使其身体变得更加坚实和紧致。
execute
execute常见的意思表示“（尤指有计划地）实施，履行，表演”，英文解释为“to do something that has been carefully planned formal”举个🌰：The whole play was executed with great precision. 这出戏从头到尾表演得丝丝入扣，有板有眼。
此外，还有“（依法）将…处死”的意思，英文解释为“to kill someone, especially legally as a punishment”举个🌰：One group claimed to have executed the hostage. 一个组织声称他们已处死了那名人质。
flex
flex /fleks/ 表示“活动（手臂、腿等）；使（肌肉）绷紧”，英文解释为“to bend an arm, leg, etc. or tighten a muscle”举个🌰：First, straighten your legs, then flex your feet. 首先，伸直双腿，接着活动双脚。
📍flex your muscles 本身可以表示“（通过军事、政治或经济实力的展示向对手）显示实力，显示力量”，英文解释为“to try to worry an opponent or enemy by publicly showing military, political, or financial power”
stiff
1）表示“不易弯曲（或活动）的；硬的；挺的”，英文解释为“firm and difficult to bend or move”如：stiff cardboard 硬纸板。
2)表示“（人或身体部位）僵硬的，强直的”，英文解释为“If you are stiff or part of your body is stiff, your muscles hurt when they are moved.”举个🌰：Sitting still at a computer terminal all day can give you a stiff neck. 在电脑前一动不动地坐上一整天会令人颈部发僵。
Head and neck injuries often happen when dives go wrong, and shoulder and lower back injuries are common in divers more generally, says Nathaniel Jones at the Loyola University Medical Center in Illinois. “Springboard divers average 100 to 150 dives per day and platform divers 50 to 100 dives per day. Doing so many dives puts them at risk through multiple injury opportunities,” he says.
伊利诺伊州洛约拉大学医学中心（Loyola University Medical Center）的纳撒尼尔·琼斯（Nathaniel Jones）说，跳水失误往往会导致头部和颈部受伤，而肩部和下背部受伤在跳水者中更为普遍。他说：“跳板跳水运动员平均每天要跳100到150次，而高台跳水运动员平均每天跳50到100次。如此频繁的跳水会让他们面临多重受伤的风险。”
springboard
表示“（跳水或体操中的）跳板”，英文解释为“a board that can bend, helping people to jump higher when jumping or diving into a swimming pool or when doing gymnastics”
Jung says that his team wants to experiment with differently shaped models for dives into snow rather than water, such as those that some foxes perform.
郑成桓表示，他的团队希望尝试不同形态的模型进行跳雪、而不是跳水的实验，就像一些狐狸所做的那样。
- 今日要点 -
Experiment
3D-printed models representing human postures
Analyzed forces upon impact with water
Findings
Head-first unsafe above 8 meters
Hands-first unsafe above 12 meters
Feet-first unsafe above 15 meters
Application
Understanding injuries and safe diving techniques
Future Work
Experiments on dives into snow
- 词汇盘点 -
- 词汇助记 By ChatGPT -
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