听说，今天考专四了
听说，今天考「专四」了。你考得怎么样？好像和专八一样，人在前面写，狗在后面追。
借此机会，我们来看看今天考的其中一篇阅读吧。
🤔️小作业：
A. when they switch to slumber
B. how long they sleep well
C. how they fall asleep
D. when they sleep
A. simile B. comparison
C. metaphor D. exaggeration
A. Parents need to be well informed about baby sleep.
B. Babies' sleep cycle tends to be similar to that of adults.
C. A happy link between "baby"and "sleep" is impossible.
D. Babies sleep a lot more during daytime than nighttime.
A. Secrets of parenting babies
B. Baby sleep patterns
C. Does baby sleep matter?
D. What are the must-knows of sleep?
无注释原文：
Babies' sleep patterns can be challenging – here's why you shouldn't despair
From: The Guardian
1 Mar 2018
Pairing the words “baby” and “sleep” can evoke strong emotions. Those who have had limited contact with little ones might interpret this word-combination as implying deep and prolonged slumber. For others, this union of words may elicit memories of prolonged periods of chaotic sleep (or what can feel like no sleep at all).
Coping with the way babies sleep can be difficult. It’s not that babies don’t sleep. In fact, they sleep more than at any other stage of life. It’s more an issue of when they sleep. Newborns start by sleeping and waking around the clock. This is not always easy for parents. There is even research suggesting that in adults waking repeatedly at night can feel as bad as getting hardly any sleep in terms of attentional skills, fatigue levels and symptoms of depression.
As to why infants wake at night, this is best explained by thinking about the two things that govern our sleep: the homeostatic and circadian processes. The crux of the homeostatic process is the straightforward idea that the longer we have been awake the greater our sleep drive (and the more sleepy we feel). It may take an adult an entire day to build up enough sleep drive to fall asleep at bedtime, but an infant may only need an hour or two of wakefulness before being able to drift off to sleep.
The second process is circadian, which works like a clock. Adults typically feel more awake during the morning hours and sleepy at night, regardless of when we last slept. In very young babies this process is not yet developed. This means that sleep is more likely to occur at different points across the 24-hour day.
Practically speaking, the immaturity of these two processes mean that that newborn babies are actually expected to wake at night: they are doing exactly what they are supposed to do! They start life with small stomachs which need to be filled regularly so you child can gain strength and stay hydrated, so it’s a good thing that they are waking regularly to feed. As hard as disturbed sleep can be for caregivers, a waking baby is a good thing.
But how long might this continue? The parenting mantra “this too shall pass” is true when it comes to dealing with certain aspects of a baby’s sleep. Night wakings typically become less frequent as an infant ages, and sleep changes in other ways throughout a person’s life. For example, sleep length reduces and there are changes in sleep architecture (or composition of Rapid Eye Movement, REM, and Non-Rapid Eye Movement, NREM, sleep). A premature baby’s sleep cycle might take just 45 minutes, whereas an adult’s can be double that at 90 minutes. Other changes also occur; for example, whereas babies’ sleep cycles start with REM-like sleep, adults start with NREM sleep.
For some parents, knowing that sleep changes throughout life is enough to help them cope with an infant’s night awakenings. In fact, sleep education alone can help some parents to deal with infant sleep. Other parents want more detailed information, such as about babies’ sleep schedules, bedtime routines, sleep problems, sleep safety, sleep environment, naps, sleep training, and special circumstances. We provide all this information, and more, on our website, where physicians, psychologists, and researchers from the Pediatric Sleep Council have also answered hundreds of questions about sleep via video and text. In addition, on Baby Sleep Day, we will be available to answer your individual questions via our Facebook page.
Remember: sleep matters. Experts agree that sleep is essential for health, growth and general development. It is important not just for babies, but for parents too. If we can improve sleep within a family, and create a happy association between the words “baby” and “sleep”, then the Pediatric Sleep Council and Baby Sleep Day have achieved their goal.
- ◆ -
注：中文文本为机器翻译并非一一对应，仅供参考
含注释全文：
Babies' sleep patterns can be challenging – here's why you shouldn't despair
From: The Guardian
Pairing the words “baby” and “sleep” can evoke strong emotions. Those who have had limited contact with little ones might interpret this word-combination as implying deep and prolonged slumber. For others, this union of words may elicit memories of prolonged periods of chaotic sleep (or what can feel like no sleep at all).
将“婴儿”和“睡眠”这两个词组合在一起，往往会激起强烈的情感。对于那些与小孩接触较少的人来说，可能会认为这两个词的组合意味着深沉而长久的睡眠。而对其他人来说，这两个词的组合可能勾起他们对长期混乱睡眠（或感觉几乎没睡）的记忆。
evoke
表示“唤起（记忆）；引起（想法、情感、反应）”，英文解释为“To evoke a particular memory, idea, emotion, or response means to cause it to occur.”举个🌰：The music evoked memories of her youth. 这乐曲勾起了她对青年时代的回忆。
interpret
1）表示“诠释；说明”，英文解释为“to explain the meaning of sth”举个🌰：The students were asked to interpret the poem. 学生们被要求诠释那首诗的意义。
2）表示“把…理解为；领会”，英文解释为“to decide that sth has a particular meaning and to understand it in this way ”举个🌰：The data can be interpreted in many different ways. 这份资料可以从多方面解读。
3）表示“演绎（按自己的感觉演奏音乐或表现角色）”，英文解释为“to perform a piece of music, a role in a play, etc. in a way that shows your feelings about its meaning”举个🌰：He interpreted the role with a lot of humour. 他把这个角色演得十分幽默。
4）表示“翻译，口译”（to change what someone is saying into another language）。
prolonged
表示“延续很久的，长期的”，英文解释为“continuing for a long time”举个🌰：Prolonged use of the drug is known to have harmful side-effects. 据了解，长期服用此药会产生对人体有害的副作用。
slumber
slumber /ˈslʌm.bər/ 相当于sleep，可以作名词，也可以作动词，表示“睡觉，睡眠”举个🌰：I fell into a gentle slumber. 我甜甜地睡去。
elicit
elicit /iˈlɪs.ɪt/ 表示“引出，探出，诱出（尤指信息或反应）”，英文解释为“to get or produce something, especially information or a reaction”举个🌰：Have you managed to elicit a response from them yet? 你设法探到他们的反应了吗？
📍此前Jasper对着每个镜头道歉文中出现的表达：These children tell their parents those things that will elicit praise and hide the parts of their lives that won't. 这些孩子会告诉父母那些可以赢得赞扬的事情，隐瞒自己生活中不会受到赞赏的事情。
chaotic
表示“混乱的；毫无秩序的”，英文解释为“in a state of chaos”举个🌰：The house is a bit chaotic at the moment - we've got all these extra people staying and we're still decorating. 房子里现在有点混乱——我们有客人在这里而且还在进行装修。
Coping with the way babies sleep can be difficult. It’s not that babies don’t sleep. In fact, they sleep more than at any other stage of life. It’s more an issue of when they sleep. Newborns start by sleeping and waking around the clock. This is not always easy for parents. There is even research suggesting that in adults waking repeatedly at night can feel as bad as getting hardly any sleep in terms of attentional skills, fatigue levels and symptoms of depression.
应对婴儿的睡眠方式可能会很困难。这并不是说婴儿不睡觉。实际上，他们在生命中的这个阶段比任何时候都要睡得多。更主要的问题是他们何时睡觉。新生儿一开始是昼夜不分地睡觉和醒来。这对父母来说并不容易。甚至有研究表明，对于成人来说，夜间反复醒来可能会让人感觉像是几乎没有睡一样糟糕，这体现在注意力、疲劳程度和抑郁症状上。
around the clock
around-the-clock = round-the-clock 表示“全天的，全天候的；不分昼夜的”，英文解释为“happening or done all day and all night”举个🌰：He's very sick and needs round-the-clock care. 他的病很重，需要全天候护理。
fatigue
fatigue /fəˈtiːɡ/ 表示“疲劳；劳累”，英文解释为“a feeling of being extremely tired, usually because of hard work or exercise”，如：physical and mental fatigue 身体和精神的疲劳。
As to why infants wake at night, this is best explained by thinking about the two things that govern our sleep: the homeostatic and circadian processes. The crux of the homeostatic process is the straightforward idea that the longer we have been awake the greater our sleep drive (and the more sleepy we feel). It may take an adult an entire day to build up enough sleep drive to fall asleep at bedtime, but an infant may only need an hour or two of wakefulness before being able to drift off to sleep.
至于为什么婴儿会在夜间醒来，这可以通过考虑控制我们睡眠的两个因素来解释：稳态调节过程和昼夜节律过程。睡眠稳态调节过程的关键是一个简单的概念：我们保持清醒的时间越长，我们的睡眠驱动力就越强（我们感觉越困）。对于成人来说，可能需要一整天的时间来积累足够的睡眠驱动力以在睡前时间入睡，但婴儿可能只需要一两个小时的清醒时间就能够入睡。
infant
表示“婴儿”，英文解释为“a baby or a very young child”。
📍上面提到的newborn指新生（儿），不过一般作形容词，如：a newborn infant 新生儿。
govern
govern /ˈɡʌv.ən/ 1）表示“统治；管理；治理”，英文解释为“to control and direct the public business of a country, city, group of people, etc.”
2）表示“支配；控制；影响”，英文解释为“to have a controlling influence on something”举个🌰：Prices of goods are governed by the cost of the raw materials, as well as by the cost of production and distribution. 商品的价格不但取决于生产和运销成本，而且取决于原材料的价格。
homeostatic
homeostatic 形容词性，homeostasis /ˌhəʊ.mi.əʊˈsteɪ.sɪs/ 名词，表示“体内动态平衡（机体、活细胞、组织等，在其外部环境变化的情况下，保持内部不变或平衡状态的能力或趋向）”，英文解释为“the ability or tendency of a living organism, cell, or group to keep the conditions inside it the same despite any changes in the conditions around it, or this state of internal balance”举个🌰：Warm-blooded animals are able to achieve temperature homeostasis. 热血动物能够实现体温平衡。
circadian
circadian /sɜːˈkeɪ.di.ən/ 表示“（动植物的）昼夜的，约一日的，约24小时的（节律，周期）”，英文解释为“used to describe the processes in animals and plants that happen naturally during a 24-hour period”举个🌰：Our circadian clock makes it difficult to sleep during the day. 昼夜生理时钟让我们很难在白天睡觉。
crux
the crux /ˈkrʌks/ 表示“关键；核心；症结”，英文解释为“the most important or serious part of a matter, problem, or argument”举个🌰：Now we come to the crux of the matter. 现在我们来谈问题的症结。
drift off
表示“渐渐入睡”，英文解释为“to gradually start to sleep”举个🌰：I couldn't help drifting off in the middle of that lecture - it was so boring! 我在听讲座的过程中不知不觉地睡着了——这个讲座太乏味了！
The second process is circadian, which works like a clock. Adults typically feel more awake during the morning hours and sleepy at night, regardless of when we last slept. In very young babies this process is not yet developed. This means that sleep is more likely to occur at different points across the 24-hour day.
第二个过程是昼夜节律，它就像一个时钟。不论上次睡觉是什么时候，成年人通常在早晨感觉更清醒，而在晚上感觉困倦。对于非常小的婴儿来说，这个过程尚未发育成熟。这意味着更可能在24小时内的不同时间点睡眠。
Practically speaking, the immaturity of these two processes mean that that newborn babies are actually expected to wake at night: they are doing exactly what they are supposed to do! They start life with small stomachs which need to be filled regularly so you child can gain strength and stay hydrated, so it’s a good thing that they are waking regularly to feed. As hard as disturbed sleep can be for caregivers, a waking baby is a good thing.
从实际角度来说，由于这两个过程还未发育全，新生婴儿在夜间醒来实际上是正常现象：他们正按部就班地做着应该做的事情！新生儿的胃很小，需要定期进食以增强体力并保持水分，因此他们经常醒来进食是件好事。尽管睡眠不断受到干扰对照顾者来说会很艰难，但对醒来的婴儿是好的。
immaturity
immaturity /ˌɪməˈtjʊərɪtɪ/ 1）表示“幼稚；不成熟”，英文解释为“Immaturity is a lack of the qualities and behaviour that you would expect from a sensible adult.”举个🌰：I am disgusted by the immaturity and stupidity presented in this column. 我对这个专栏的幼稚和愚蠢感到厌恶。
2）表示“发育未全，未成熟”，英文解释为“the state of being not yet completely grown or developed”如：physical immaturity 体格上的不成熟。
hydrated
📍hydrated /haɪˈdreɪ.tɪd/ 表示“摄入足够水分（或其他液体）的”，英文解释为“having absorbed enough water or other liquid”举个🌰：Be sure to stay hydrated during the race by drinking plenty of fluids. 在比赛中一定要多喝水，保持水分。
📍dehydrated /ˌdiː.haɪˈdreɪ.tɪd/ 表示“脱水的，极度干渴的”，英文解释为“not having the normal amount of water in your body so that you feel ill or weak”
But how long might this continue? The parenting mantra “this too shall pass” is true when it comes to dealing with certain aspects of a baby’s sleep. Night wakings typically become less frequent as an infant ages, and sleep changes in other ways throughout a person’s life. For example, sleep length reduces and there are changes in sleep architecture (or composition of Rapid Eye Movement, REM, and Non-Rapid Eye Movement, NREM, sleep). A premature baby’s sleep cycle might take just 45 minutes, whereas an adult’s can be double that at 90 minutes. Other changes also occur; for example, whereas babies’ sleep cycles start with REM-like sleep, adults start with NREM sleep.
但这种情况会持续多久呢？谈到应对婴儿睡眠时，家长们的口头禅“这一切终将过去”是正确的。随着婴儿的成长，夜间醒来的频率通常会降低，而且在人的一生中睡眠还会发生其他方面的变化。例如，睡眠时间会减少，睡眠结构（或快速眼动睡眠REM和非快速眼动睡眠NREM的组成）也会发生变化。早产儿的睡眠周期可能只有45分钟，而成年人的睡眠周期可能是其两倍——90分钟。还有其他变化，例如，婴儿的睡眠周期从类似快速眼动睡眠开始，而成年人从非快速眼动睡眠开始。
mantra
mantra /ˈmæntrə/ 1）表示“准则”，英文解释为“You can use mantra to refer to a statement or a principle that people repeat very often because they think it is true, especially when you think that it not true or is only part of the truth.”，举个🌰：Listening to customers is now part of the mantra of new management in public services. 倾听顾客的要求是当今公用事业新型管理准则中的一部分。
2）表示“老话，口头禅，口号”，英文解释为“a word or phrase representing a rule or principle which someone often uses, but which other people often find annoying or boring”
3）还可以解释为“（佛教和印度教中的）祷语”，英文解释为“A mantra is a word or phrase repeated by Buddhists and Hindus when they meditate, or to help them feel calm.”
composition
composition /ˌkɒm.pəˈzɪʃ.ən/ 表示“成分；构成；结构”，英文解释为“the parts, substances, etc. that something is made of”如：the composition of the atmosphere 大气的构成。
premature
表示“过早的；不成熟的；仓促的”，英文解释为“happening or done too soon, especially before the natural or suitable time”如：premature birth/death 早产/夭折。
For some parents, knowing that sleep changes throughout life is enough to help them cope with an infant’s night awakenings. In fact, sleep education alone can help some parents to deal with infant sleep. Other parents want more detailed information, such as about babies’ sleep schedules, bedtime routines, sleep problems, sleep safety, sleep environment, naps, sleep training, and special circumstances. We provide all this information, and more, on our website, where physicians, psychologists, and researchers from the Pediatric Sleep Council have also answered hundreds of questions about sleep via video and text. In addition, on Baby Sleep Day, we will be available to answer your individual questions via our Facebook page.
对一些父母来说，了解睡眠在一生中的变化就足以帮助他们应对婴儿夜间醒来的问题。事实上，仅仅是睡眠教育就可以帮助一些父母应对婴儿的睡眠问题。其他父母想要更详细的信息，比如关于婴儿的睡眠时间表、睡前习惯、睡眠问题、睡眠安全、睡眠环境、午睡、睡眠训练以及特殊情况。在我们的网站上，我们提供了包括这些内容在内的许多信息，儿科睡眠委员会的医生、心理学家和研究人员还通过视频和文字回答了数百个关于睡眠的问题。此外，在婴儿睡眠日当天，我们将通过我们的Facebook主页回答您的个人问题。
pediatric
英式 paediatric /ˌpiː.diˈæt.rɪk/美式 pediatric 表示“儿科学的，小儿科的”，英文解释为“relating to the medical care of children”如：paediatric medicine 儿科学。
Remember: sleep matters. Experts agree that sleep is essential for health, growth and general development. It is important not just for babies, but for parents too. If we can improve sleep within a family, and create a happy association between the words “baby” and “sleep”, then the Pediatric Sleep Council and Baby Sleep Day have achieved their goal.
请记住：睡眠很重要。专家们一致认为，睡眠对健康、成长和整体发育至关重要。不仅对婴儿很重要，对父母也很重要。如果我们能够改善家庭的睡眠，并在“婴儿”和“睡眠”这两个词之间建立起快乐的联系，那么儿科睡眠委员会和婴儿睡眠日就实现了他们的目标。
- 今日要点 -
Challenges
Irregular sleep schedules
Parents' stress and fatigue
Reasons for Night Waking
Sleep drive
Underdeveloped circadian rhythm
Need for feeding
Developmental Changes
Decrease in night wakings over time
Evolution of sleep patterns
Coping Strategies
Education and understanding
Seeking information and support
- 词汇盘点 -
- 词汇助记 By ChatGPT -
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