如果没有表情包，还能不能愉快地聊天？
据说，今天是世界表情符号日（World Emoji Day）。
如果没有表情包，还能愉快地聊天？借此机会，我们就来看看相关研究。
对了，我用AI做了两套表情包，看看是谁还没有用过「LearnAndRecord」专属表情包「卤肉君」？
🤔️小作业：
1. According to the passage, what are the potential negative effects of display rules?
A. They can lead to a loss of genuine emotions.
B. They can lead to a decrease in social harmony.
C. They can make people stop using emojis.
D. They can cause people to reject internet chat messages.
A. To represent feelings of anger and sadness.
B. To hide real emotions behind a false display.
C. To illustrate the disconnection between online and offline interactions.
D. To enhance the impact of the messages being conveyed.
A. The use of emojis doesn't impact personal wellbeing.
B. Masking emotions with emojis correlates with lower subjective wellbeing.
C. Using positive emojis to express negative feelings increases personal wellbeing.
D. Expressing true emotions with emojis deteriorates personal wellbeing.
无注释原文：
Scientists find that people use emojis to hide, as well as show, their feelings
From: Frontiers Science News
Scientists asked 1,289 people who use emojis to respond to internet chat messages and report their feelings and emoji use. They found that more emojis were used between closer friends, that using positive emojis to express positive feelings correlated with personal wellbeing, and that positive emojis could be used to mask the expression of negative feelings.
Have you ever received an unwanted gift and still said ‘thank you’? This choice to hide a negative emotion is a display rule. Although display rules can promote interpersonal harmony, they can also have negative consequences for the person choosing to change how they express emotions. As more social interaction goes online, scientists are investigating how emojis are used to reflect our emotions in different contexts. Are there display rules that apply to emojis, and how do those affect people’s wellbeing?
“As online socializing becomes more prevalent, people have become accustomed to embellishing their expressions and scrutinizing the appropriateness of their communication,” said Moyu Liu of the University of Tokyo, who investigated this question in a study published in Frontiers in Psychology. “However, I realized that this may lead us to lose touch with our authentic emotions.”
Emojis and emotions
Liu recruited 1,289 participants, all users of the most-downloaded emoji keyboard in Japan, Simeji, to investigate how emojis were used to express or mask emotions. Previous research had established that people use emojis as functional equivalents of facial expressions, but not the relationships between emotions expressed and experienced. This is when display rules can prove problematic: if the dissonance between the emotions that you experience and the emotions that you can express is too great, emotional exhaustion can develop, although members of different cultures experience this differently.
Display rules impact more on negative emotions, which it is usually considered less appropriate to express. It is also often more acceptable to express emotions to someone who is closer to you, and it can be more acceptable for a particular gender to express particular emotions. It can also be considered more acceptable to express negative emotions in more individualist societies.
Wearing your heart on your screen
The participants in Liu’s study provided demographic data, answered questions about their subjective wellbeing, and rated how often they use emojis. They were given messages with varying social contexts, responded to them as they would normally, and rated the intensity of the expression of their emotions.
Liu found that people chose to express more emotions with emojis in private contexts or with close friends. Respondents expressed least emotion towards higher-status individuals. Intense expressions of emotion came with matching emojis, unless people felt the need to mask their true emotions: for instance, using smiling emojis to mask negative emotions. Negative emojis were used only where negative feelings were very strongly felt. Expressing emotions with emojis was associated with higher subjective wellbeing compared to masking emotions.
“With online socializing becoming ever more prevalent, it is important to consider whether it is causing us to become more detached from our true emotions,” said Liu. “Do people require a ‘shelter’ to express their genuine emotions, and is it possible to break free from pretense and share our true selves in online settings?”
Liu emphasized that the study should be expanded in the future. The Simeji keyboard is extremely popular among young women, which skewed the sample towards women and generation Z. However, this also reflected the gender imbalance in use of emojis in general and the Simeji keyboard in particular. A broader pool of participants would provide a fuller picture of the display rules around emojis.
“First, the highly gender-imbalanced sample may have led to stronger results. Future research should explore potential gender differences in emoji display rules and examine the structural issues surrounding the formation of these emotion cultures,” cautioned Liu. “Second, Japanese culture’s emphasis on interpersonal harmony and concealment of negative emotions may have influenced the results.”
“I would welcome the opportunity to expand this study and investigate the display rules for emojis across different genders and cultures,” added Liu. “Collaboration with scholars from diverse cultural backgrounds would be invaluable in this endeavor, and I am open to any contact.”
- ◆ -
注：中文文本为机器翻译并非一一对应，仅供参考
含注释全文：
Scientists find that people use emojis to hide, as well as show, their feelings
From: Frontiers Science News
Scientists asked 1,289 people who use emojis to respond to internet chat messages and report their feelings and emoji use. They found that more emojis were used between closer friends, that using positive emojis to express positive feelings correlated with personal wellbeing, and that positive emojis could be used to mask the expression of negative feelings.
科学家们对1289名表情符号使用者进行了一项调查，让他们在互联网聊天中使用表情符号，并记录他们的情绪和表情符号使用情况。研究发现，越亲近的朋友间，表情符号的使用越频繁；使用正面的表情符号来表达正面情绪与个人幸福感有相关性；而正面的表情符号可以用来掩盖对负面情绪的表达。
correlate
表示“相互关系；联系；相关”，英文解释为“If two or more facts, numbers, etc. correlate or are correlated, there is a relationship between them.”举个🌰：Stress levels and heart disease are strongly correlated (= connected). 压力程度和心脏病密切相关。
mask
mask /mɑːsk/ 作名词，表示“面具，面罩，口罩”，作动词，表示“掩饰；掩盖；遮蔽”，英文解释为“to prevent something from being seen or noticed”举个🌰：I've put some flowers in there to mask the smell. 我在那儿放了一些花来遮住那种味道。
Have you ever received an unwanted gift and still said ‘thank you’? This choice to hide a negative emotion is a display rule. Although display rules can promote interpersonal harmony, they can also have negative consequences for the person choosing to change how they express emotions. As more social interaction goes online, scientists are investigating how emojis are used to reflect our emotions in different contexts. Are there display rules that apply to emojis, and how do those affect people’s wellbeing?
你是否曾经收到过不想要的礼物，但还是说了“谢谢”？这种选择隐藏负面情绪的行为是一种“表达规则”。尽管表达规则能够促进人际和谐，但也可能对选择改变情绪表达方式的人产生负面影响。随着越来越多的社交互动转移到网上，科学家们正在研究表情符号是如何在不同的情境中反映我们的情绪的。那么，是否有适用于表情符号的表达规则，这些规则又如何影响人们的幸福感呢？
interpersonal
interpersonal /ˌɪn.təˈpɜː.sən.əl/ 表示“人际的”，英文解释为“connected with relationships between people”举个🌰：The successful applicant will have excellent interpersonal skills. 成功的申请人应具有出色的人际交往技巧。
harmony
harmony /ˈhɑː.mə.ni/ 表示“协调，和谐，一致”，英文解释为“a situation in which people are peaceful and agree with each other, or when things seem right or suitable together”如：racial harmony (= good feelings between different races) 种族和谐。
context
1）表示“（事情存在、发生的）背景，环境”，英文解释为“the situation within which something exists or happens, and that can help explain it”举个🌰：It is important to see all the fighting and bloodshed in his plays in historical context. 结合历史背景解读他戏剧作品中所有的争斗和流血事件，这点很重要。
2）表示“上下文；语境”，英文解释为“the text or speech that comes immediately before and after a particular phrase or piece of text and helps to explain its meaning”。
补充：
📍out of context表示“脱离上下文”，英文解释为“If words are used out of context, only a small separate part of what was originally said or written is reported, with the result that their meaning is not clear or is not understood.”举个🌰：The reporter took my remarks completely out of context. 记者引用我的话完全是断章取义。
🎬 电影《凯文怎么了》（We Need to Talk About Kevin）的台词中提到：Listen buddy, it's easy to misunderstand something when you hear it out of context. 如果你听到的东西脱离了上下文就很容易产生误解。
🎬 电影《钢铁侠2》（Iron Man 2）的台词中提到：You do understand that reading a single paragraph out of context does not reflect ... 你知道，如果脱离上下文只读一段是不能体现...
🎬 电影《三代人》（3 generations）的台词中提到：This is not helpful, you can't take things out of context. 这样做没用，你不能断章取义。
“As online socializing becomes more prevalent, people have become accustomed to embellishing their expressions and scrutinizing the appropriateness of their communication,” said Moyu Liu of the University of Tokyo, who investigated this question in a study published in Frontiers in Psychology. “However, I realized that this may lead us to lose touch with our authentic emotions.”
“随着网络社交变得越来越普遍，人们已经习惯了对自己的表达加以修饰，仔细权衡自己的交流是否得当。”东京大学刘沫妤在《心理学前沿》（Frontiers in Psychology）上发表的一项研究中分析了这个问题。她说：“然而，我意识到这可能会导致我们与真实情绪失去联系。”
prevalent
表示“盛行的；普遍存在的”，英文解释为“A condition, practice, or belief that is prevalent is common.”举个🌰：This condition is more prevalent in women than in men. 这种情况在女性中比在男性中更为普遍。
🎬电影《感谢你抽烟》（Thank you for smoking）中的台词提到：The health issue's way too prevalent. 健康问题太普遍了。
对比：
📍pervasive表示“到处存在的，到处弥漫着的，遍布的”，英文解释为“Something, especially something bad, that is pervasive is present or felt throughout a place or thing.”如：the pervasive influence of mobile phones in daily life 手机在日常生活中无处不在的影响。
accustomed
accustomed /əˈkʌs.təmd/ 表示“习惯的；适应了的”，英文解释为“familiar with something”举个🌰：She quickly became accustomed to his messy ways. 她很快就习惯了他的邋遢作风。
embellish
embellish /ɪmˈbel.ɪʃ/ 表示“装饰，修饰；给…添枝加叶，渲染”，英文解释为“to make something more beautiful or interesting by adding something to it”举个🌰：The ceiling was embellished with flowers and leaves. 天花板上装饰着花和叶。
scrutinize
scrutinize /ˈskruː.tɪ.naɪz/ 表示“仔细察看，审查”，英文解释为“If you scrutinize something, you examine it very carefully, often to find out some information from it or about it.”举个🌰：Her purpose was to scrutinize his features to see if he was an honest man. 她的目的是仔细察看他的特征看他是不是个诚实的人。
authentic
表示“可靠的；真实的；真的；真正的”，英文解释为“An authentic piece of information or account of something is reliable and accurate.”举个🌰：I had obtained the authentic details about the birth of the organization. 我已经弄到了有关该组织成立的可靠的详细资料。
Emojis and emotions 表情符号与情绪
Liu recruited 1,289 participants, all users of the most-downloaded emoji keyboard in Japan, Simeji, to investigate how emojis were used to express or mask emotions. Previous research had established that people use emojis as functional equivalents of facial expressions, but not the relationships between emotions expressed and experienced. This is when display rules can prove problematic: if the dissonance between the emotions that you experience and the emotions that you can express is too great, emotional exhaustion can develop, although members of different cultures experience this differently.
刘沫妤招募了1289名参与者，以研究表情符号是如何用来表达或掩盖情绪的。参与者都是日本下载量最大的表情符号键盘Simeji的用户。此前研究已证实，人们利用表情符号来代替面部表情，但并未探讨所表达的情绪和所感受到的情绪之间的关系。这是表达规则可能存在问题的地方：如果你所感受到的情绪和你所表达的情绪之间的差异过大，可能会产生情绪耗竭，尽管不同文化的人们对此的体验各不相同。
keyboard
keyboard /ˈkiː.bɔːd/ 表示“（计算机、打字机等的）键盘”，英文解释为“the set of keys on a computer or typewriter that you press in order to make it work, or the row of keys on a musical instrument such as a piano”
equivalent
1）作形容词，表示“（价值、数量、意义、重要性等）相等的，相同的”，英文解释为“equal in value, amount, meaning, importance, etc.”举个🌰：Eight kilometres is roughly equivalent to five miles. 八公里约等于五英里。
2）作名词，表示“相等的东西；等量；对应词”，英文解释为“a thing, amount, word, etc. that is equivalent to sth else”。
比如，提到Weibo时候会介绍为中国版的Twitter，常见的有几种说法：
🧣Weibo, China's Twitter-like service (SCMP)
🧣Weibo, the Chinese equivalent to Twitter (NPR NEWS)
🧣Twitter-like Weibo (Reuters)
🧣Weibo, a Twitter-like platform (NYT)
dissonance
dissonance /ˈdɪs.ən.əns/ 1）表示“不和谐音”，英文解释为“a combination of sounds or musical notes that are not pleasant when heard together”如：the jarring dissonance of Klein's musical score 克莱因乐谱中刺耳的不和谐音。
2）表示“分歧，异议”，英文解释为“disagreement”
Display rules impact more on negative emotions, which it is usually considered less appropriate to express. It is also often more acceptable to express emotions to someone who is closer to you, and it can be more acceptable for a particular gender to express particular emotions. It can also be considered more acceptable to express negative emotions in more individualist societies.
表达规则对负面情绪的影响更大，因为人们通常认为表达这些情绪不太恰当。而且，向亲近的人表达情绪通常更容易被接受，而对于特定性别来说，表达特定的情绪也更可能被接受。在更个人主义的社会中，表达负面情绪也可能被认为更合适。
Wearing your heart on your screen 表露真心
The participants in Liu’s study provided demographic data, answered questions about their subjective wellbeing, and rated how often they use emojis. They were given messages with varying social contexts, responded to them as they would normally, and rated the intensity of the expression of their emotions.
该研究的参与者提供了人口统计学数据，回答了关于个人主观幸福感的问题，以及使用表情符号的频率。参与者收到了在不同社交情境下的消息，像往常一样回复消息，并对其情绪表达的强度进行评估。
wear your heart on your sleeve
wearing your heart on your screen是一个利用了英语习语wear your heart on your sleeve的变体。习语wear your heart on your sleeve的意思是公开表达你的情感，而不是隐藏你的真实感受，英文解释为“to make your feelings and emotions obvious rather than hiding them”。此处将"sleeve"改为"screen"，以表明在数字通信（如聊天、社交媒体等）中公开表达情感的概念。标题在形象地描绘了使用表情符号来公开表达感情的现象。
demographic
demographic 1）作形容词，表示“人口的；人口统计的；人口学的”，英文解释为“relating to demography (= the study of populations and the different groups that make them up)”举个🌰：There have been monumental social and demographic changes in the country. 该国的社会和人口状况已经发生了巨大的变化。
2）作名词，表示“（顾客）族群”，英文解释为“a group of people, for example customers, who are similar in age, social class, etc.”举个🌰：This demographic (young teenagers) is the fastest-growing age group using the site. 该族群（十几岁的年轻人）是使用这个网站人数增长最快的年龄群体。
subjective
📍subjective表示“主观的”，英文解释为“influenced by or based on personal beliefs or feelings, rather than based on facts”；
反义词：
📍objective表示“客观的”（based on real facts and not influenced by personal beliefs or feelings）。
Liu found that people chose to express more emotions with emojis in private contexts or with close friends. Respondents expressed least emotion towards higher-status individuals. Intense expressions of emotion came with matching emojis, unless people felt the need to mask their true emotions: for instance, using smiling emojis to mask negative emotions. Negative emojis were used only where negative feelings were very strongly felt. Expressing emotions with emojis was associated with higher subjective wellbeing compared to masking emotions.
刘沫妤发现，人们在私人场合或与亲密朋友交流时，更倾向于用表情符号表达更多的情绪。受访者对地位较高的人表达的情绪最少。强烈的情绪表达往往配有相应的表情符号，除非人们觉得需要掩盖自己的真实情绪：例如，使用微笑的表情符号来掩盖负面情绪。负面表情符号只在负面情绪非常强烈的情况下使用。与掩盖情绪相比，用表情符号表达情绪与更高的主观幸福感相关。
respondent
表示“回答者；答复者；应答者”，英文解释为“a person who answers a request for information”举个🌰：In a recent opinion poll, a majority of respondents were against nuclear weapons. 在最近的一次民意调查中，大多数调查对象表示反对发展核武器。
“With online socializing becoming ever more prevalent, it is important to consider whether it is causing us to become more detached from our true emotions,” said Liu. “Do people require a ‘shelter’ to express their genuine emotions, and is it possible to break free from pretense and share our true selves in online settings?”
刘沫妤说：“随着网络社交变得越来越普遍，我们有必要考虑一下，网络社交是否让我们越来越脱离自己的真实情感。人们是否需要一个‘避风港’来表达自己真实的情绪，有没有可能摆脱伪装，在网络环境中分享真实的自我?”
detached
detached /dɪˈtætʃt/ 1）表示“分离的，分开的；拆下的”，英文解释为“separated”举个🌰：The label became detached from your parcel. 标签已经从你的包裹上掉下来了。
2）表示“认为与己无关的；毫不关心的，心不在焉的”，英文解释为“A detached person does not show any emotional involvement or interest in a situation.”举个🌰：She seemed a bit detached, as if her mind were on other things. 她似乎有些心不在焉，好像心思在别的事情上。
shelter
shelter /ˈʃel.tər/ 表示“掩蔽（处）;遮蔽（处）”，英文解释为“(a building designed to give) protection from bad weather, danger, or attack”如：an air-raid shelter 防空洞。
genuine
genuine /ˈdʒen.ju.ɪn/ 1）表示“真正的；非伪造的；名副其实的”，英文解释为“If something is genuine, it is real and exactly what it appears to be.”举个🌰：If it is a genuine Michelangelo drawing, it will sell for millions. 如果这幅画是米开朗琪罗的真迹，它的售价将会达数百万。
2）表示“真诚的；诚实的；真心的”，英文解释为“If people or emotions are genuine, they are honest and sincere.”举个🌰：She looked at me with genuine surprise - "Are you really going?" she said. 她真的很惊讶，看着我问道：“你果真要走吗？”
pretense
pretense /prɪˈtens/，pretence的美式拼写。pretence表示“妄称；自称；标榜”，英文解释为“a claim that you have a particular quality or skill”，也可以指“假象；伪装；虚伪的表现”，英文解释为“the act of behaving in a particular way, in order to make other people believe sth that is not true”举个🌰：Their friendliness was only pretence. 他们的友善态度只不过是装出来的。
📍false pretences表示“欺骗，欺骗行为”（If you do something under false pretences, you do it when people do not know the truth about you and your intentions.）
Liu emphasized that the study should be expanded in the future. The Simeji keyboard is extremely popular among young women, which skewed the sample towards women and generation Z. However, this also reflected the gender imbalance in use of emojis in general and the Simeji keyboard in particular. A broader pool of participants would provide a fuller picture of the display rules around emojis.
刘沫妤强调，这项研究的规模将在未来进一步扩大。表情符号键盘Simeji在年轻女性中非常受欢迎，这使得样本偏向于女性和Z世代。然而，这也在总体上反映了表情符号使用中的性别失衡，尤其是Simeji键盘的使用。更广泛的参与者群体将提供关于表情符号的表达规则更全面的画像。
skew
表示“歪曲；曲解；使不公允；影响…的准确性”，英文解释为“to change or influence sth with the result that it is not accurate, fair, normal, etc.”如：to skew the statistics 影响统计数字的准确性。These last-minute changes have skewed the company's results. 这些最后一刻才做出的改变影响了公司的业绩。
sample
表示“（用于检验、分析的）样本，试样”，英文解释为“A sample of a substance is a small amount of it that is examined and analysed scientifically.”举个🌰：They took samples of my blood. 他们采了我的血样。
Generation Z
Generation Z /dʒen.əˌreɪ.ʃən ˈzed/ 表示“Z世代（Generation Z的缩写，指1990年代后期和2000年代前期出生的人）”，英文解释为“short for Generation Z : a way of referring to the group of people who were born in the late 1990s and early 2000s.”
Gen X /ˌdʒen ˈeks/ 表示“X世代（Generation X的缩写，指1960和1970年代出生的人）”，英文解释为“short for Generation X : a way of referring to the group of people who were born in the 1960s and 1970s.”
“First, the highly gender-imbalanced sample may have led to stronger results. Future research should explore potential gender differences in emoji display rules and examine the structural issues surrounding the formation of these emotion cultures,” cautioned Liu. “Second, Japanese culture’s emphasis on interpersonal harmony and concealment of negative emotions may have influenced the results.”
刘墨渝提醒道：“首先，高度性别不平衡的样本可能导致研究结果过于显著。未来的研究应该探索表情符号表达规则在性别之间的潜在差异，并研究这些情绪文化形成的结构性问题。其次，日本文化强调人际和谐和负面情绪的隐藏，可能影响了研究结果。”
concealment
concealment /kənˈsiːl.mənt/ 表示“隐藏；隐匿；隐瞒”，英文解释为“the act of hiding something”如：the concealment of evidence/facts/weapons 隐瞒证据/隐瞒事实/隐藏武器。
“I would welcome the opportunity to expand this study and investigate the display rules for emojis across different genders and cultures,” added Liu. “Collaboration with scholars from diverse cultural backgrounds would be invaluable in this endeavor, and I am open to any contact.”
她补充说：“我非常期待有机会扩大这项研究的规模，探讨在不同性别和文化中表情符号的表达规则。与来自多元文化背景的学者合作对这项工作非常有价值，我非常期待与他们的交流。”
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