战疫情丨关于“新型冠状病毒”你一定要学会的英语单词（送分帖）

在出现卫生危机时，了解医学专业术语总是有用的。

这不仅能让你跟上铺天盖地的动态新闻，也能在了解风险后做出妥当的防护，更何况谁能保证这些单词将来不会出现在考卷上呢？

耶鲁大学公共卫生学院的流行病学家Peter Krause与南卡罗来纳大学阿诺德公共卫生学院的流行病学教授Melissa Nolan一起，梳理出了与新型冠状病毒相关的术语。现在来跟我们一起学英语、背单词吧。

Peter Krause

耶鲁公共卫生学院流行病学（微生物疾病）、医学(传染病)和儿科学(传染病)高级研究科学家，流行病学（微生物疾病)讲师

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What is Coronavirus?

什么是冠状病毒？

Coronaviruses are a large family of viruses, this term refers to a category of viruses that can cause fever, breathing difficulties, pneumonia and diarrhea. Some are potentially fatal. Others can cause a certain percentage of common colds. The name comes from the Latin word "corona," which means crown. Under a microscope, these viruses are characterized by circles with spikes ending in little blobs.

冠状病毒是病毒的大家族，在系统分类上指可引起发热、呼吸困难、肺炎和腹泻的一类病毒 。其中，有一些冠状病毒具有潜在的致命性；还有一些可以引起一定程度上的普通感冒。这个名字来源于拉丁文“corona”，意思为“王冠”，因为在显微镜下，这些病毒的特点呈现为管状尾部有棘突的球型或椭圆形。

Coronaviruses originate in animals — like camels, civets and bats — and are usually not transmissible to humans. But occasionally a coronavirus mutates and can pass from animals to humans and then from human to human, as was the case with the SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome) epidemic in the early 2000s.

冠状病毒来源于动物，比如骆驼、果子狸和蝙蝠等，通常不会传播给人类。但偶尔一个冠状病毒发生变异后就可以从动物传给人类，然后在人类之间传播，就像在2000年代初期流行的非典(严重急性呼吸系统综合症)。

（本卡片的图片均来源于公号“混子曰”）

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What is Novel Coronavirus?

什么是新型冠状病毒？

A coronavirus strain that has not been previously identified, according to the CDC. The Novel coronavirus in Wuhan, for example, is novel because it is a new respiratory virus that was first identified in Wuhan, China, in December 2019.

据疾控中心公布的消息，新型冠状病毒是此前从未被发现过的冠状病毒毒株。以在武汉爆发的新型冠状病毒为例，之所以称其为新型是因为它是一种于2019年在中国武汉首次被发现的新的呼吸道病毒。

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What is Epidemic?

什么是流行病？

A sudden increase in the number of cases of a disease in a particular geographic area, beyond the number health officials typically expect. An increase that occurs in a relatively small geographic area or among a small group of people may be called an "outbreak."For example, the CDC calls HIV/AIDS, which affects 1.2 million people in the United States, an "epidemic." By contrast, the CDC called two cases of sickness from drinking raw milk (listeriosis) in the United States an "outbreak."

流行病是一种在某个特定的地理区域内，病例数突然增加的疾病，其数量高于卫生官员通常的预期值。而在一个相对较小的地区或在一小群人中的增长可被称为一次“爆发”。例如，疾控中心把在美国影响120万人的艾滋病毒/艾滋病称为“流行病”；而将两例因喝生牛奶（李斯特菌）而染病的病例称为一次“爆发”。

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What is Pandemic?

什么是大流行病？

An epidemic spanning many countries and/or several continents. The difference between an outbreak, an epidemic and a pandemic can be murky and depends on the opinions of scientists and health officials.

大流行病是一场横跨许多国家和/或若干大洲的流行病。不同于疫情的爆发，流行病和大流行病取决于科学家和卫生官员的看法，而且可能并不清晰。

《阿什杜德的瘟疫》（The Plague of Ashdod）是画家Nicolas Poussin（1594-1665）于1630年创作的油画

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What is Emerging Disease?

什么是新发疾病？

A disease that occurs in the population of a certain geographic region for the first time, or a disease that's been present at low levels in a region but then rapidly reaches new peaks in the number of cases reported.

新发疾病是首次发生在某个特定地区的人群中，或在一个区域内呈低水平的存在，但病例数突然被报告激增至新峰值的疾病。

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What is Animal-Human Interface?

什么是动物—人类交界点？

The points of contact between animals and humans — when people cut down forests and set up dwellings where forest animals are still prevalent, for example. Some types of diseases spread from animals to humans at this interface. (Note: In all these definitions "animal" refers to nonhuman animals.)

连接动物和人类之间的点，如人类在动物普遍存在的森林砍伐树木、建造居所。在这个交界点上，一些疾病可以从动物传播到人类。(注意：在这里所有对“动物”的定义中不包括人类。)

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What is Reservoir?

什么是贮存宿主？

An animal, plant or environment in which a disease can persist for long periods of time. For example, some bats serve as a reservoir for rabies and can spread the disease by biting humans.

可供一种疾病长期生存的动物、植物或者环境。例如，一些蝙蝠作为狂犬病的贮存宿主，可以通过咬人将疾病传播给人类。

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What is Zoonotic?

什么是人畜共患？

Any disease that spreads from animals to people. The animals can range from tiny ticks to lumbering cattle.

任何可以从动物传染到人类的疾病。这些动物小到蜱虫，大到笨重的牛。

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What is Transmission?

什么是传播？

How a disease is transferred. This happens in different ways. There's direct transmission — person-to-person contact and droplet spread (see definitions below). And there's indirect transmission, for example, consuming contaminated food and water, getting bitten by a disease-carrying mosquito or tick or breathing in a microbe carried by dust.

也就是一种疾病是如何转移的。这可以通过不同的方式发生，如直接传播：通过人与人之间的接触和飞沫扩散(参见下面的定义)；也有间接传播：如接触受污染的食物和水，被携带病毒的蚊虫叮咬，或吸入灰尘中携带的微生物。

What is Person-to-Person Contact?

什么是人传人？

How a disease might spread from one person to another. This can happen in many ways – by kissing, touching, having sex, exchanging bodily fluids, sneezing or coughing.

一种疾病从一个人传播给另一个人，可以通过亲吻、肢体接触、性接触、体液交换、打喷嚏或咳嗽等多种方式。

What is Droplet?

什么是飞沫？

The spray produced by sneezing, coughing or even talking. "Have you ever seen that kind of classic picture of a kid coughing and the amount of droplets coming out?" says Nolan. "It's aerosolized particles from your lungs being respired" — that is, breathed out. Droplets can spread disease when an infected person coughs or sneezes — and the spray lands on a nearby person's mouth, nose or eyes. It can also spread when a person touches a body part or a surface with infected droplets, then touches their face.

飞沫可以通过喷嚏、咳嗽，甚至说话产生。“你见过那种经典的照片吗？一个孩子咳嗽后有很多飞沫被咳出来？” Nolan教授说。“它是从你的肺部被呼吸出来的雾状颗粒”——也就是说，是呼出来的。当感染者咳嗽或打喷嚏时，飞沫落在附近人的嘴、鼻或眼睛上，就完成了疾病传播；亦或，当一个人与被感染者有肢体接触或接触了落有感染者飞沫的物体表面，然后又摸了自己的脸，疾病也会被传播。

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What is Isolation?

什么是隔离？

Separating infected and sick individuals from healthy individuals. Hospitals commonly put sick patients in isolation to prevent the spread of disease.

隔离是将病患与健康人群分开。医院一般通过把病患隔离，防止疾病的蔓延。

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What is Quarantine?

什么是隔离？

The separation or restriction of movement of individuals who appear to be healthy but may have been exposed to an infectious disease to see if they become sick. The length of the quarantine depends on the incubation period for the disease. During the Ebola outbreak, for example, it was 21 days.

将那些看上去健康的但可能有传染病接触史的个体进行分离或出行限制，观察他们是否会生病。隔离的长短取决于疾病的潜伏期，如埃博拉疫情的爆发是21天。

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What is Screening?

什么是筛查？

A health check to see whether a person has a disease — often by taking their temperature and then asking questions about symptoms if the temperature is high. It might be as simple as "Do you have a cough" says Nolan.

一种查看一个人是否患病的健康检查，通常通过测量体温，如果体温高，就要询问对方的症状。最简单的问题可能是“你咳嗽吗？”

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What is Contact Tracing?

什么是接触者追踪？

Identifying people who may have come into contact with a person infected with a disease during. "Once you know what the incubation period is – the time that you're exposed to the virus to the time you develop symptoms – you ask the infected person and say, who have you been in personal close contact with in that time period?" says Nolan.

识别那些可能与感染者有过接触的人。“一旦知道潜伏期是多久，也就是从你接触到病毒的时间到出现症状的时间，你需要问这位感染者这段时间都和什么人有过接触？” 

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What is Reproductive rate?

什么是增生速率？

Also called the R0, pronounced "R naught," the term refers to a number that indicates the infectiousness of a virus or a pathogen in a particular location. "For every one person infected, how many others will be infected?" says Nolan. So for example, if the reproductive rate for a disease in one geographic area is 11, that's the average number of expected secondary cases caused by a single infected person. "Really, it's an indication of how quickly something could spread," she adds.“

也被称为R0，读作“R零 ”，指的是能表明一个病毒或者一个病原体在一个特定地点传染性的数字。“也就是一个感染者能传染给多少个人？”Nolan教授说。举个例子，如果一种疾病的增生速率在一个地区是11，这就是一位感染者二次传播的预期病例数的平均值。她补充道：“真的，这可以显示出蔓延的速度。”

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