重磅推出：《知道你的权力，当遭遇美国执法人员时》连载 - 3 搜查和授权令
III. SEARCHES AND WARRANTS
第三章 搜查和授权令
Q: Can law enforcement officers search my home or office?
A: Law enforcement officers can search your home only if they have a warrant or your consent. In your absence, the police can search your home based on the consent of your roommate or a guest if the police reasonably believe that person has the authority to consent. Law enforcement officers can search your office only if they have a warrant or the consent of the employ- er. If your employer consents to a search of your office, law enforcement officers can search your workspace whether you consent or not.
问：执法人员可以搜查我的家或者办公室吗？
答：执法人员只有在他们得到授权令或者你的同意时才能对你的家进行搜查。当你不在场时，如果你的室友或者客人同意搜查，且警察有理由相信此人有权允许搜查的话，他们可能搜查你的家。只有当执法人员得到授权令或雇主的允许时，他们才可以搜查你的办公室。如果你的雇主同意对你的办公室进行搜查，那么执法人员可以搜查你的工作地点，无论你同意与否。
Q: What are warrants and what should I make sure they say?
A: A warrant is a piece of paper signed by a judge giving law enforcement officers permission to enter a home or other building to do a search or make an arrest. A search warrant allows law enforcement officers to enter the place described in the warrant to look for and take items identified in the warrant. An arrest warrant allows law enforcement officers to take you into custody. An arrest warrant alone does not give law enforcement officers the right to search your home (but they can look in places where you might be hiding and they can take evidence that is in plain sight), and a search warrant alone does not give them the right to arrest you (but they can arrest you if they find enough evidence to justify an arrest). A warrant must contain the judge’s name, your name and address, the date, place to be searched, a description of any items being searched for, and the name of the agency that is conducting the search or arrest. An arrest warrant that does not have your name on it may still be validly used for your arrest if it describes you with enough detail to identify you, and a search warrant that does not have your name on it may still be valid if it gives the correct address and description of the place the officers will be searching. However, the fact that a piece of paper says “warrant” on it does not always mean that it is an arrest or search warrant. A warrant of deportation/removal,for example, is a kind of administrative warrant and does not grant the same authority to enter a home or other building to do a search or make an arrest.
问：什么是授权令，我该如何明确授权令上的内容？
答：授权令是一张由法官签署的允许执法人员进入某住所或其他建筑物进行搜查或实施拘捕的文件。搜查令准许执法人员进入文件上所述地点来搜查并取得搜查令上标明的物品。逮捕令准许执法人员对你进行拘押。执法人员无权仅凭逮捕令搜查你的住所（但他们可以查巡你躲藏的地方，取走显而易见的证据），而且仅凭搜查令他们无权逮捕你（但如果他们发现有足够的证据时，可以将你逮捕）。
搜捕令上必须签署法官的姓名，你的姓名及住址，搜查日期和搜查地点，被搜查的每件物品的描述，进行搜查和逮捕的机构名称。未注明你的姓名的逮捕令，如果上面对你有足够详细的描述可以识别出是你本人的话，它也是有效的，可用来对你进行逮捕。未标注你的姓名的搜查令，如果上有对警察即将搜查的地址和场所有准确的描述，那么它仍然有效；然而，一份上面写有“批准证”字样的文件并不总是意味着它就是逮捕令或搜查令。例如驱逐证或遣送证，它是一种行政授权令，它不授予同等的权利去进入住宅或其他建筑物来实施搜查或逮捕。
Q: What should I do if officers come to my house?
A: If law enforcement officers knock on your door, instead of opening the door, ask through the door if they have a warrant. If the answer is no, do not let them into your home and do not answer any questions or say anything other than “I do not want to talk to you.” If the officers say that they do have a warrant, ask the officers to slip it under the door (or show it to you through a peephole, a window in your door, or a door that is open only enough to see the warrant). If you feel you must open the door, then step outside, close the door behind you and ask to see the warrant. Make sure the search warrant contains everything noted above, and tell the officers if they are at the wrong address or if you see some other mistake in the warrant. (And remember that an immigration “war- rant of removal/deportation” does not give the officer the authority to enter your home.) If you tell the officers that the warrant is not com- plete or not accurate, you should say you do not consent to the search, but you should not interfere if the officers decide to do the search even after you have told them they are mistaken. Call your lawyer as soon as possible. Ask if you are allowed to watch the search; if you are allowed to, you should. Take notes, including names, badge numbers, which agency each officer is from, where they searched and what they took. If others are present, have them act as witnesses to watch carefully what is happening.
问：如果执法人员来到我家，我该怎么做？
答：如果执法人员敲你的门，不要开门，隔着门问他们是否有搜查令。如果答复是否定的，不要让他们进入你的家也不要回答任何问题或者，除了告知他们“我不想与你们对话”外，什么都不要说。如果执法人员说他们真有搜查令，要求他们把搜查令从门底下塞入（或通过窥视孔或门上的玻璃出示给你看，或者把门开到足够能看见搜查证）。如果你觉得你必须开门，那么走到外面，随后关门然后要求看搜查令。确保搜查令上面标注了所有上述提到的内容，如果他们找错了地方或者你看到搜查证上有些其他的错误，要告诉执法人员。（要记住：移民驱逐证、遣送证不能授予警察进入你住所的权利）如果你告诉警官这个搜查令是不完整的或不准确的，你应告诉他们你不同意搜查；但是如果在你已告知执法人员他们出了错误后，他们仍然决定进行搜查，那你不应该阻碍他们。尽快电话联系你的律师。问你是否被允许观看搜查的情况；如果你被允许，你应该观看。你应该记录这些信息，包括姓名，警徽号码，每个工作人员所在机构名称，搜查的位置，都拿走了哪些物品。如果有他人在场，让他们做为你的目击者来仔细观察事情的经过。
Q: Do I have to answer questions if law enforcement officers have a search or arrest warrant?
A: No. Neither a search nor arrest warrant means you have to answer questions.
问：如果执法人员有搜查令或拘捕令，我必须回答问题吗？
答：不，无论是搜查令或逮捕令都不意味着你必须回答问题。
Q: What if law enforcement officers do not have a search warrant?
A: You do not have to let law enforcement officers search your home,
and you do not have to answer their questions. Law enforcement officers cannot get a warrant based on your refusal, nor can they punish you for refusing to give consent.
问：如果执法人员没有搜查令，怎么办？
答：你不必让执法人员搜查你的家，你也不必回答他们的问题。执法人员不能依据你拒绝同意搜查而获得授权令，他们也不能因为你拒绝作出允许而惩罚你。
Q: What if law enforcement officers tell me they will come back with a search warrant if I do not let them in?
A: You can still tell them that you do not consent to the search and that they need to get a warrant. The officers may or may not succeed in get- ting a warrant if they follow through and ask the court for one, but once you give your consent, they do not need to try to get the court’s permission to do the search.
问：如果执法人员告诉我如果我不让他们进入，他们会取得搜查令再回来，我怎么办？
答：你仍然可以告诉他们你不同意搜查，他们需要得到搜查令。如果执法人员坚持并向法院申请，他们也许能或也许不能取得搜查令。可是一旦你允许他们搜查，他们则不必要尝试取得法院的批准就可以搜查了。
Q: What if law enforcement officers do not have a search warrant, but they insist on searching my home even after I object?
A: You should not interfere with the search in any way because you could get arrested. But you should say clearly that you have not given your consent and that the search is against your wishes. If someone is there with you, ask him or her to witness that you are not giving permission for the search. Call your lawyer as soon as possible. Take note of the names and badge numbers of the searching officers.
问：如果执法人员没有搜查令，但在我反对后他们仍坚持搜查我家，我怎么办？
答：你不应以任何方式妨碍警方的搜查，因为你可能被拘捕。但你应明确地声明你没有同意他们搜查，这个搜查是违背你意愿的。如果有某个人在场，请他们做证你没有同意搜查。尽快给你的律师打电话。记录下执行搜查的工作人员的姓名，徽章号码。
更多阅读：
重磅推出：《知道你的权力，当遭遇美国执法人员时》连载 - 1 盘问
重磅推出：《知道你的权力，当遭遇美国执法人员时》连载 - 2 受到阻拦和逮捕
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