视听｜爆粗口？讲笑话？口译中遇到这些怎么办？
在诸多的翻译种类中，口译是一份对译者反应能力和心理素质要求极高的工作。
口译者们常常要面临一些令人不知所措的情况：
今天的视频中，美国资深口译员巴里Barry Slaughter Olsen（AIIC成员、从事口译工作25年）在视频中通过真人演示，详细地讲解实时传译的不同方式、口译员笔记方式，还有经常会遇到的情形和困难：
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bilateral interpreting 双边传译
When you think of interpreters, scenes like these are probably the first that come to mind.
当你想到口译者，你可能会立即想到像这样的口译场景。
People in soundproof booths interpreting in real-time to goverment officials below.
坐在隔音间里的人们为下方的政府官员进行实时翻译。
But interpreters often have to do their jobs in private closed-door meetings. This is called bilateral interpreting.
但是口译员常常要在私密的闭门会议中进行口译。这被称为双边传译。
And as anyone who heard about the Trump-Putin meetings knows, it's a very real situation when certain meetings just have a limited number of people in a room.
而对于任何听说过特普会的人都知道，这是个真实存在的情形，屋子里只有几个人。
And those people are sworn to secrecy.
而且这些人都发誓（对会议内容）进行保密。
consecutive 交替传译
Now there are two steps of interpretation, simultaneous and consecutive.
有两种口译方式，同声传译和交替传译。
Consecutive is the most common style of interpreting in diplomatic situations. Here's an example.
交替传译是外交场合中最常见的口译方式。
What happens if the speaker goes on and on without pausing?
如果说话的人说个不停该怎么办？
Interpreters rarely translate word for word. Instead, we remember specific ideas and translate those ideas accordingly.
口译者很少字对字翻译，我们只记忆特定的要点，恰当的翻译这些要点。But when the speaker goes on and on for a long time, interpreters rely on note-taking.
但当说话的人长时间说个不停，口译者就要依靠记笔记了。
Interpreters usually come up with the symbols beforehand.
口译者常常在翻译之前就想好了记录的符号。
simultaneous interpretation 同声传译
Simoutaneous interpretation is usually used with earpieces and microphones, and with interpreters working from a soundproos booth.
同声传译通常使用耳机和麦克风，口译者在隔音间中进行同声传译。
chuchotage 耳语传译
When we are right next to another person, we can employ what we call chuchotage, which means whispering in French.
当我们和另一个人离得很近的时候，我们可以采用所谓的“耳语传译”，在法语中是“耳语”的意思。
This usually is an ideal. Whispering for a long time is bad for the vocal cords. It can also be hard to hear due to ambient noise in the room, like ventilation.
通常这是个理想情况。长时间耳语对声带不好，也会因为屋子里的环境噪音，很难听清。比如通风系统的噪音。
EVS 时间差
Now let's talk about pacing.
现在来说说传译的节奏。
In simultaneous interpretation, you try to maintain an optimal distance from the original speaker.
在同声传译时，你会努力和说话的人保持最佳的时间差。
This is referred to as decalage or ear-voice span. We'll call it EVS.
这被称为时间差。我们称之为EVS。
So when one diplomat starts speaking, the person employing chuchotage would probably start here.
所以当一名外交官员开始讲话，进行耳语传译的人或许会从这里开始。
Even as the speaker is speaking at 100 to 110words per minute, which reserch tells us is the optimal speed for interpreing, the interpreter still has to figure out the optimal EVS.
就算说话的人以每分钟100到110词的速度说话，也就是研究得出的进行口译的最佳语速，口译者依旧需要弄清楚最佳的传译时间差。
Here's the problem, the furthur back in the diplomat speech the interpreter is, the more the interpreter has to keep in their short-term memory.
口译者传译外交言辞的时间差越长，口译者就要在自己短期记忆中记住更多内容。
They're listening and processing as they're interpreting. It's a lot.
他们在传译中是一边聆听，一边在进行翻译。工作量很大。
But get too close to the original speakers' words，they may screw up things like grammar, syntax and style.
但如果翻译的时间差越短，就越可能出现语法，句法和文风之类的错误。
30 minutes
And of course interpreters are prone to fatigue and burnout. Fatigue will hit around 30 minutes of straight interpreting.
当然口译者很容易精疲力尽。一般在30分钟的连续翻译后就会出现疲劳。This is why simoutaneous interpreters often switch in intervals of 30 minutes or less.
所以同声传译员常常在30分钟或更短的时间内就会换人。
If pushed to our limits, interpreters can really suffer.
如果超过口译员的极限，我们就很容易出问题。
rude?
So what happens if the conversation turns emotional or the speaker becomes rude?
那么如果对话变得情绪化，或者发言粗鲁怎么办?
Interpreters are not meant to be mediators. Our only job is to stay true to the message of the speaker.
口译员不是调停者，我们的工作只是真实的传递发言者的信息。
If someone bacomes rude or angry, if threats are made, then we're supposed to interpret those threats faithfully.
如果有人变得粗鲁或者愤怒，如果有人威胁对方，我们应该如实的翻译这些威胁。
jokes?
Jokes are some of the most difficult things to interpret, because they can get lost in translation easily.
但是笑话是最难口译的，因为很容易在翻译中失去了（幽默）效果。"What Attempts at humor are often lost, and there's not much an interpreter can do. There's an anecdote about an interpreter who when faced with an untranslatable joke, simply said: "The speaker has shared a joke, it is untranslatable. Please laugh now."
对幽默的翻译尝试常常都会失败，口译员也无可奈何。一名译员曾经面对一个无法翻译的笑话时，用了一个有趣的方法。这名译员说：“发言者说了个笑话，翻译不出来，请笑一笑。”
This job is tough to juggle the many things that we have to do, to be able to interpret well and accurately. But this job is important, because it's what makes communication possible between countries and between peoples.
翻译工作很艰难，要同时应对很多事情，也要能够流畅和准确的进行翻译。但这份工作是重要的，因为翻译让国与国，人与人之间的交流成为可能。
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