TA ||打造城市情景空间—虚拟与真实 (中英文)
Walking the Path vs. Knowing the Path
—Designing Places for Authentic Cities
为城市打造情景空间—虚拟与真实
In an age of technology that so often produces simulated reality at the expense of the real, how do we design American and global cities to be smarter and more enjoyable to live in? Today’s technology and artificial intelligence has amplified the power of humans significantly. However, human feelings will never been delivered through a map on your device, or by virtual reality, as no technology has by far successfully “hacked” humans by fully decoding our complex emotions.
当今世界，科技更新带来层出不穷的虚拟现实，人们对于智能仪器的关注甚至以牺牲周边的真实世界为代价。面对这样的大背景，设计师应该如何去创造出更智能、更宜人的城市空间呢？人工智能的高速发展，使人类的潜能再次得到空前的拓展与激发。但是迄今还没有任何一种技术可以成功“駭进”人类本体，解读复杂的人类情绪与情感。因此，带有情景、叙事感的物质空间给人的情绪和感动，是无法从智能手机上的给予的虚拟世界和地图来获取的。
Remember the 1999 movie The Matrix, about the “double life” lived by Neo and a group of rebels who hacked into the Matrix to “unplug” enslaved humans? If given the choice between a red or blue pill representing simulated reality or authentic cities, what would people choose today? Some historians have predicted that “authority may actually shift away from humans to algorithms,” implying that powerful data will gain significant ability to understand humans and eventually take over.
还记得1999年的电影《黑客帝国》中尼欧与一群反抗者潜入MATRIX系统解放被奴化的人类的故事中描写的“双重世界”吗？如果红色药丸代表虚拟现实，蓝色药丸代表真实的城市，今天的人们会选择哪一个世界呢？一些历史学家预言“控制权将从人类转到算法手中”。这意味着强大的数据将获得理解人类的重要能力，最终接管这个世界。
“Homo sapiens is on the brink of an upgrade—sort of. As we become increasingly skilled at deploying artificial intelligence, big data, and algorithms to do everything from easing traffic to diagnosing cancer…” says historian and best-selling author Yuval Harari in his new book, Homo Deus: A Brief History of Tomorrow. “The tipping point is when you have an external algorithm that understands you—your feelings, emotions, choices, desires—better than you understand them yourself. That’s the point when there is the switch from amplifying humans to making them redundant.”
历史学家兼畅销书作家尤瓦尔•赫拉利在他的新书《未来简史》中提到“就像智人正处在升级的边缘一样，我们在使用人工智能、大数据与各种算法方面的能力正在加速提升，这些技术几乎可以为我们解决从缓解交通到诊断癌症的所有问题”“转折点就是当你获得一个可以了解你的感觉、情感、选择、需求、一切的终极算法，而这一算法比你更了解你自己的那个时刻。这个转折点就是从机器辅助人类向机器不再依赖人类过渡的拐点”。
We’re not likely to unplug ourselves, and humanity has proven its ability to rise to the challenges posed by dangerous new technologies. As a landscape architect and city builder, I am always enthusiastic about the beauty of experiencing real places, and how much authentic environments can affect our emotions and health. I believe it’s imperative that we construct public spaces with authentic cultural contexts that feed humanistic feelings. When it comes to the experience of city living, such as getting from point A to point B, having dinner with friends, or spending one’s weekends in a shopping park, what are the most precious memories we take away? One can easily share an Instagram post about New Orleans, but can a picture ever convey the fullness of one’s experience walking down Bourbon Street?
我们一方面受制于这个智能世界而不能自拔，另一方面也不断证明我们有能力面对进而超越危险的新兴技术给我们带来的各种挑战。作为一名景观建筑师与一个城市建造者，我一直对真实环境带来的那种美妙体验满怀激情，并相信周边环境对人的身心健康与情感世界产生的深刻影响。我认为，在真实的文化背景中打造可以触及人类情感的公共空间是一个至关紧要的课题。当我们研究都市生活的真实体验，包括从A点到B点的出行、和朋友共进晚餐、在购物中心度过一个周末等经验，我们从中获得的宝贵记忆究竟是什么呢？比如：人们可以在Instagram这种社交平台上即时分享新奥尔良的美图，但是一张照片能不能表达出人们步行在Bourbon大街上的完整体验呢？
Taking as an example George Town, a UNESCO world heritage site (and Malaysia’s most vital tourist hub), the most classical way for tourists to explore the streets is by “cycle rickshaw” (flower bicycle) rides. Although this classical mode of transport is quite primitive,it aids travelers in capturing their most genuine feelings and have an authentic encounter with the city.
以乔治市为例，这座城市是联合国教科文组织认证的马来西亚非物质文化遗产，同时也是该国最重要的旅游中心。这里最经典的旅游项目就是乘坐人力三轮车（又称“花车”）游览大街小巷。虽然这种传统的交通工具比较原始，它却可以帮助游客感受到这个城市最原汁原味的一面，得到真实的体验。
Making places that are informed by authentic cultural value reinforces the connection between people and places, through experiential reactions while “walking the path.” Designing such places has been hard given fixed formulas. It requires designers to really make cultural uniqueness visible by interpreting and revitalizing it, through means of design, programming, and operation. Thanks to psychology, cognitive science and neuroscience, we have a much better idea of the kind of urban environments that people like or find stimulating. The book Places of the Heart, by Colin Ellard, offers insight into how space moves us, indicating “Human beings have evolved to operate in particular types of environments, with optimal levels of complexity that are ultimately related to our biology.” He further pointed out “Perhaps the defining characteristic of humanity: we build to change perceptions, and to influence thoughts and feelings; by these means, we attempt to organize human activity, exert power, and in many cases make money.”
在根据原汁原味的文化价值系统打造的空间场所中，人们在“循踪而行”的过程中得到试验性的空间体验，将进一步强化人与空间的深层联系。在固定的设计模式中创造这种空间场所的难度很高。它要求设计师通过空间设计、项目配置与管理运营等多种手段对独特的文化内涵进行解读、是其得以焕发新生，从而使文化特质“外化”。近年来，心理学、认知科学与神经科学的研究使我们对哪种类型的都市环境会使人们更感兴趣或更能被激发有了更深入的了解。Colin Ellard在他编著的《心灵的场所》一书中对建筑空间场所如何让我们感动提出了自己的见解。他指出“人类已经进化成为在特定类型的环境中生存的物种。在这种环境中空间场所的复合性与我们的生物特征高度契合”。他进一步指出“也许人类特征的某种定义就在于我们通过建造去改变既成印象，去影响彼此的思想与感受，并试图通过这种手段组织各种人类活动，展现人类的力量，同时创造财富”。
Two stories about place-making that were curated to enhance people’s experiences –public waterfront promenades designed with a site’s unique heritage always in mind.
两个以场所塑造强化空间体验的实例 ——带有独特场地文化特质的公共滨水散步道
设计休闲步道情景空间的挑战是它不一定有大量商业环境来吸引人气，令人愿意驻足、欣赏并与环境互动必须要考虑到更加细微丰富的场所打造，让人感受到自然、人文底蕴的巨大感召，而放下手中的智能手机、全情投入到场所中。
Shekou Postindustrial Promenade (Initial phase: first kilometer)
深圳湾西段 – 蛇口后工业散步道（首期：第一公里）
Shekou Coastal Promenade will be a new addition to the global city of Shenzhen’s open space system, expressing the renewed culture and the city’s desire to transform an out-of-date industrial shoreline into a vibrant waterfront. The once disconnected, dull and even dangerous shoreline walk has been designed to incorporate various programmatic elements and culturally enriched landscape elements. Part of an international competition winning scheme called “Culture Lines from Hinterland,” Phase I was built along a 1,000-meter-long shoreline, formerly an engineered barge docking edge, with some loose sandy beach area and an disused pier. It’s about one fifth of the total length of this coastal transformation project.
蛇口海岸散步道将成为深圳这一国际化城市的开放空间体系中的一个新建项目。它体现了这一城市新兴的文化特质与市府将老旧工业区岸线改造为活力滨水区的诉求。这个一度被视为与城区脱离的、毫无生气、甚至有些危险的海岸步道系统，将被改造为集各种功能元素与文化元素于一身的层次丰富的景观空间。作为国际设计竞赛优胜方案《蛇口隐城的文化前沿》中的一个组成部分，本项目的一期工程将在这个由松散的沙滩和一个废弃的码头组成的老旧工业泊船码头区中，建造了一段一公里长的海滨岸线，完成占海岸改造工程全长五分之一的开发项目。
As an important recreational route for cyclers and joggers, this promenade separates pedestrians and bike traffic; along the way it provides places of interest for staying, viewing and experiencing memorable landscapes that were designed to remind people about the past of this waterfront. Below are renderings of the Promenade. A variety of spatial nodes are linked to compose a rich experience.
这条散步道为骑单车与慢跑的用户提供了一条重要的休闲路线，将步行与自行车交通流线分离，并在沿线布置了各种供人停留、观景使用的趣味空间，使人们在获得令人难忘的景观体验的同时，感受到这一滨水区的特定历史记忆。下图为散步道的渲染图。其中的各种空间节点被连成一体，形成了丰富的空间体验。
Interpreting nature’s rich, complex and subtle beauty lays a foundation for place-making through paving patterns, topographic forms and planting textures.
展示滨海自然环境中丰富、复杂、微妙的美景，并在此基础上，通过铺装图案、地形造景与植栽肌理等元素，打造特色空间场所。
On top of the ground plane, landscape and site furniture are introduced to create comfort that helps people to stop and relax along the corridor with great views. Borrowing from wooden fishing boats and quarry stones, the idea is to design benches and seat walls to create a contextual material vibe of this place.
在地面层的基础上，方案引入了景观元素与场地小品，在走廊沿线打造供人们停留与休憩的舒适空间，并提供各种美景供人观赏。方案还借用了船只的木饰面意向与天然石材的造型特点，设计了条凳与坐墙，与这一地块在大背景中的特定材料氛围相呼应。
Many simple but effective Corten metal art installations are curated along the Promenade. They each serves as a thematic place-making node that delivers impressions of the tide, the wind, the coastal grasses and industrial city skylines.
散步道沿线布置了多组由耐候钢制作的风格简洁的艺术装置，作为空间节点的点题元素，让人联想到潮汐、海风、海岸上的草丛、与工业化的城市天际线。
Breeze Plaza Corten Steel Light Installation, Invisible City Steel Installation and the High Tide Stone Block terrace.
微风广场的耐候钢灯具装置、隐形城市的钢结构小品、与高位潮汐石块平台，形成独特的景观。
Marking the end of the initial phase, “Window to the Sea Plaza” is situated in a location where the city road and promenade meet and open up the views from the street to the ocean. A shade structure featuring the fishnet concept was proposed to help frame the picture window. Using thematic design cues from fishing boats and fishnet, seating and shade canopy create a moment reinforcing the visual connection and memory of the region’s fishing history.
“望海之窗”作为首期工程的收尾节点，位于城市道路与散步道交汇处，将景观视角从街道引向开放的海洋。这里根据“渔网”的概念设计了一组遮荫小品，提供框景元素。通过综合运用从渔船到渔网的各种主题型设计线索，以独特的座位和遮荫小品创造了一个时空节点，强化与这一地区各种渔业历史相关记忆的视觉联系。
Design rendering of the canopy, and construction phase photos.
雨篷的设计渲染图与施工照片。
Jade City Levee Walk
As Southeast Asia’s hub for jade crafting and trading, Foshan’s Jade City in Pingzhou is now known as a top national tourism destination. Pingzhou’s modern jadeite industry began in the 1980s and has matured rapidly since 2000. There are about 100 manufacturing businesses and more than 3,000 stores on Pingzhou’s Jade Street. The jade market district features many gardens built specially to display the work of the great carving artisans.
佛山玉城位于平洲，是东南亚的玉器加工与贸易中心，也是国家级的旅游胜地。平洲的现代玉器工业起源于八十年代，在2000年后迅速发展，建立了成熟的产业结构体系。平洲玉器街集中了上百家工厂与三千多家商业门店。玉器市场区中建立了许多花园，用于展示雕刻工匠的各种作品。
When the adjacent riverfront open space was planned to become a public park, an international competition was held to solicit design proposals that promote and celebrate the Jade City culture. A riverfront park system diagram below shows the scale of this transformation of Foshan’s 45-kilometer-long, former industrial waterfront. The river corridor is still largely used for shipping. Currently, an engineered levee system does not support recreational purposes, and the experience of a levee walk was mostly uniform and boring. As a key vision of this project, turning the waterfront into a livable place that captures and promotes local cultural characteristics has been driving the design of parks and greenways. The waterway used to be the lifeline of this town, and now it’s the time to put some soul back into the forgotten riverfront.
当市府将相邻地块的河滨开放空间规划成一个市民公园时，组织了一次国际设计竞赛，以收集各种彰显并推广玉城文化的设计方案。下图中河滨公园系统示意图展示了南海桂城长达45公里的老旧工业区岸线，对这一区域的改造计划涉及区域性的规模与尺度。目前，这一河道仍是一条主要的航运河道。现有的人工防洪堤系统无法满足休闲要求。防洪堤自身的形态和空间也比较呆板和单调。本项目的一个重要开发愿景就是将河滨区转换成为一个突出当地文化特色的活力场所。方案中的公园与绿化空间都是围绕这一愿景设计的。曾经是这个地区的生命线的河流，急切呼吁将水乡的灵魂重新注入这片被人遗忘的河滨地区。
The park and levee promenade at the Jade City is intended to render a sequence of place experiences—from jade quay boat dock, to the elevated viewing bridge, then onto the jade pavilion and cantilevered event deck. Keeping the levee structure intact, the idea is to propose an entertainment destination with contemporary structures along a narrow linear space on the improved levee, with the vibe of a busy historical boat quay. Space, materiality and programming supports building a vibrant waterway hub where people remember the cultural uniqueness of Jade City by exploring a transformed levee walk.Vernacular materials and a formal vibe of traditional building morphology are interpreted and applied into the levee place-making proposal. The goal is to create a new cluster of landscape architecture cladded by brick, tile, and jade materials with a traditional sensibility, extending the jade city’s cultural programs all the way to the riverfront, including tea house, gallery, and museum and dock spaces.
玉城公园与防洪堤散步道的开发致力于为用户提供从玉石码头到空中观景桥，再到玉舫景亭与滨河事件平台的一系列空间体验。方案保持防洪堤结构不变，在改造后的防洪堤旁边用现代建筑的手法打造一条狭窄的线性空间，在传统的船码头特有的活力氛围中，开发一个新型娱乐场所。通过空间、材料与功能配置，重现一个生气勃勃的水路枢纽，使人们在体会防洪堤步道的改变与升级的同时，追忆玉城的人文传统与特色。
Vernacular materials and formal vibe of traditional building morphology are interpreted and applied into the levee placemaking proposal. The goal is to create a new cluster of landscape architecture cladded by brick, tile, and jade materials with traditional sensibility, extending the jade city’s cultural programs all the way to riverfront, including tea house, gallery, and museum and dock spaces.
本地材料的运用与传统建筑形式固有的正规氛围相结合，成为解读与设计防洪堤空间场所的重要设计元素，在方案中得以充分体现。开发项目致力于在尊重历史传统的前提下，建造一组以砖石、面砖和玉石材料覆面的景观建筑，通过茶室、画廊、博物馆与码头空间的开发，在各个层面将玉城的文化功能延伸到河滨走廊。
The section crossing the levee and inner lake shows the long viewing bridge building/gallery space and the amazing sunset views people will have from within. The rendering below is the jade pavilion/tea house behind levee structure, and event deck on the level top, where special celebrations and festivals will take place. The big water steps reminds people of the impression of an old river port in the region, and now provides a viewing point for the postindustrial parks cross water.
横跨防洪堤与内湖的场地剖面显示了地块中间设置的观景长桥、其内部建筑空间与展廊空间，以及人们从内向外欣赏到的日落美景。下图是防洪堤结构后方玉石景亭/茶室，以及防洪堤上方聚会平台的渲染图。人们将在这些场所进行各种节庆活动。跌水大台阶将提醒人们这里曾是一座区域性旧河港，现在则改造成为眺望河对面后工业公园的一个观景点。
When the era ends (and if AI eventually become dominant), human cultural heritages may only be found in fragmented memories and perhaps virtual reality. Authenticity is a buzzword of the 21st century. Landscape architects must fully understand a philosophical approach and employ related skills to make the value of heritage visible and able to be experienced in physical environments. As TCLF Director Charles Birnbaum has recently pointed out, the next frontier in creating fully resilient sites is to develop proficiency in integrating “authentic” cultural values that take into account functional, aesthetic, and ecological perspectives.
当我们目前所处的时代走向终极的那个时刻，（或人工智能最终主导世界的时刻），也许我们只能在碎片化的记忆深处或者虚拟的现实中找到人类文明的遗迹。“本真”是二十一世纪的关键词。景观建筑师必须充分理解设计中的哲学意涵，在方案中综合运用各种设计手法，展现文化遗产的特色，提高它们的可见度，使人们在空间环境中真实体会到这些文化遗产的独特魅力。文化景观基金会主席Charles Birnbaum先生在最近的一次讲话中指出，在打造最富弹性的空间场所时，下一个前沿领域将集中研究如何在考虑功能、美观与经济需求的同时，将“本真”的文化价值充分融入场所设计与开发的过程中。
Shekou project photographs, diagrams by Peiwen Yu
蛇口项目照片与本文示意图，由俞沛雯制作
图片制作：Source graphics by Peiwen Yu, Tarana Hafiz, Xin Sui, Kunkook Bae, Kuang Xin, Michael Robinson, Lei Zang, Fangyi Lu, Allison Pate
文章转载自俞沛雯的Blog Renchi Space http://wp.me/p5QC7J-ha
土人学社（TA）成立于2015年，是由美国艺术与科学院院士，国家千人计划专家，长江学者，哈佛大学设计学博士、北京大学建筑与景观设计学院教授俞孔坚发起成立，为一个非营利国际设计研学机构。
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