国际照明委员会（CIE）关于蓝光危害的立场声明

2019年3月

CIE Position Statement on the Blue Light Hazard

March, 2019

很多媒体报道声称发光二极管（LED）等光源的使用会对人体健康造成危害，这类危害一般称为“蓝光危害（BLH）”，泛指实际的眼损伤风险及对一般健康状态的影响。

There have been a number of reports in the media about the risk to human health following exposure to light from sources such as light emitting diodes (LEDs), referring to the term “blue light hazard” (BLH). This has been loosely used to represent the risk of actual eye damage and the influence on general well-being.

术语“蓝光危害”仅在考虑到眼视网膜组织的光化学风险（技术上称为“光斑病变”）时使用，通常与凝视阳光或焊接电弧等明亮光源有关。术语中包括“蓝光”，因为光化学损伤的风险取决于波长，并在光谱位于435 nm到440 nm的蓝光波段达到峰值。国际非电离辐射防护委员会（ICNIRP）发布了“蓝光危害函数”并规定了波长相关加权函数和指导性曝光极限[1]。CIE已将此函数标准化，并作为CIE S 009:2002“灯和灯系统的光生物安全”的一部分，现发布为IEC/CIE 62471:2006[2]。没有任何证据表明人体偶尔暴露在限值范围内的光辐射下会对健康产生任何不利影响。

The term “blue light hazard” should only be used when considering the photochemical risk to the retinal tissues of the eye (technically referred to as “photomaculopathy”), usually associated with staring into bright sources, such as the sun or welding arcs. “Blue” is included in the term because the risk of photochemical injury is wavelength-dependent, peaking in the blue part of the optical radiation spectrum around 435 nm to 440 nm. The International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) have published the “blue light hazard function”, a wavelength-dependent weighting function, and guideline exposure limits [1]. The CIE has standardized this function as part of the CIE S 009:2002 "Photobiological safety of lamps and lamp systems", now published as IEC/CIE 62471:2006 [2]. There is no evidence in humans of any adverse health effects from occasional exposure to optical radiation at the exposure limits.

LED等白光灯具，通常会包含与蓝光危害相关的光。看起来“偏冷光”的灯或高色温的灯，相对于“偏暖光”或低色温的灯而言，可能包含更多蓝光成分。常规照明中白炽灯和LED灯中，相同色温的灯具其蓝光危害曝光极限是相同的。实用评估表明，在合理可预见的使用状态下，灯具是不会超出蓝光危害曝光极限的。此外，这种灯具的蓝光曝光程度经常是低于观视蓝天时的曝光程度的。

Lamps, including LEDs, which emit primarily white light will usually contain a proportion of light at wavelengths that are relevant to the assessment of the blue light hazard. Lamps that are “cooler”, or attributed to a high colour temperature, are likely to contain a higher proportion of blue light than sources that are “warmer” or of a lower colour temperature. Indeed the proportion of the blue light hazard exposure limit from incandescent and LED lamps for general lighting are similar for similar colour temperatures. Practical assessments have shown that the blue light hazard exposure limits are not exceeded under all reasonably foreseeable use conditions. Furthermore, the exposure levels are often lower than experienced from viewing a blue sky.

对实际情况中人眼曝光程度的考虑是非常重要的[3]。已有大量研究和媒体报道声称，白光光源对人眼健康存在不利影响。这些研究大多数是基于非常规状态，包括：

• 长时间曝光

• 高色温LED灯（蓝光成分非常多）

• 显著超出ICNIRP曝光极限的曝光

• 凝视光源

• 使用夜行动物模型或人体离体细胞

It is also important to consider eye exposures in practice [3]. A number of studies have been published, with associated media coverage, which claim adverse effects from white-light sources. Most of these studies have unusual conditions, including:

• long-term exposure,

• high colour temperature LEDs (i.e. a very high blue component),

• exposures significantly in excess of the ICNIRP exposure limit,

• fixation on the light source,

• the use of nocturnal animal models or human cells in vitro.

白色光源发出接近蓝光危害曝光极限剂量的蓝光时，发出的光会很亮，这样就产生了令人不适的眩光。凝视这样的光源会被认为是不正常的行为。另外，高色温的照明对于大多数人而言都是令人不愉快和不舒服的，尤其是作为家用照明。对于行为正常的人来说，每天都会有大量时间暂时曝光在高剂量的光中。然而，在一天当中这些曝光量的积累并不会曝光超过曝光极限。

It is fundamental to appreciate that a white-light source emitting blue light at levels sufficient to approach the blue light hazard exposure limit would be extremely bright, thus producing discomfort glare, and that to stare into such sources would be considered unusual behaviour. Also, very high colour temperature lighting is perceived by most people as unpleasant and uncomfortable, particularly for lighting of homes. It is recognized that during normal behaviour, we experience transient exposures to high light levels, and may get many such exposures per day. However, accumulation of these exposures over the day will not result in the exposure limits being exceeded.

虽然CIE认为“蓝光危害”对于一般照明中使用的白光光源甚至富含蓝光成分的光源来说都不是问题，但针对多日连续暴露于接近蓝光危害曝光极限的光辐射这类情况仍建议谨慎。事实上应避免这种暴露。这种曝光对于白光光源来说不太可能，但是对于主要发出蓝光的光源来说则是可能的。

Whilst the CIE considers that the “blue light hazard” is not an issue for white-light sources used in general lighting, even for those that are blue-enriched, caution is suggested for circumstances occurring over many days where continuous exposure to optical radiation, at levels that approach the blue light hazard exposure limit. Indeed such exposure should be avoided. Such exposure is unlikely for white-light sources, but may be possible with sources that primarily emit blue light.

还应认识到，使用主要发出蓝光的光源导致儿童眼睛的暴露同样需要引起顾虑。尽管没有超过蓝光曝光极限，这样的光源对于儿童来说太亮了而会使他们感到眩晕。因此，不建议对儿童可能看到的玩具和其他设备使用蓝色指示灯。如果在此类产品中使用蓝光为主要光源，则蓝光曝光极限应降低为十分之一。这对于发出紫光和深紫光的光源尤为重要。

It should also be recognized that the use of sources emitting primarily blue light are a cause of concern for exposure to children’s eyes. Even if the blue light exposure limit is not exceeded, such sources may be dazzlingly bright to youngsters. For this reason, the use of blue indicator lamps is not recommended for toys and other devices that may be viewed by children. Where blue-light sources are used in such products, the blue light exposure limit should be reduced by a factor of 10. This is even more important for light sources emitting violet and deep-violet radiation.

有文献称蓝光暴露可能与年龄相关性黄斑变性的风险有关。这种说法目前是推测性的，并没有经过同行评议作支撑。

There have been claims that exposure to blue light may be linked to the risk of age-related macular degeneration. Such claims are currently speculative and are not supported by the peer-reviewed literature.

当提及昼夜节律紊乱或睡眠障碍时，不应使用术语“蓝光危害”。不过，CIE意识到公众存在蓝光对人类健康的非视觉影响方面的担忧，并已就此发布了一份立场声明[4]，同时将考虑适时发布该声明的更新文件，例如CIE S 026:2018[5]。

The term "blue light hazard" should not be used when referring to circadian rhythm disruption or sleep disturbance. However, the CIE recognizes that there is public concern over the non-visual influences of blue light on human health and has previously issued a position statement on this [4], an update on this will be issued in due course taking in to account, for example, CIE S 026:2018 [5].

参考文献

References

[1] ICNIRP Guidelines on Limits of exposure to incoherent visible and infrared radiation. Health Physics. 105(1):74‐96; 2013 (available from www.icnirp.org).

[2] Sliney, D H, Bergman, R and O’Hagan, J. Photobiological Risk Classification of Lamps and Lamp Systems—History and Rationale. LEUKOS, 12:4, 213-234, 2016, DOI: 10.1080/15502724.2016.1145551.

[3] IEC 62471:2006/CIE S 009:2002 Sécurité photobiologique des lampes et des appareils utilisant des lampes / Photobiological safety of lamps and lamp systems (bilingual edition).

[4] CIE Position Statement on Non-Visual Effects of Light – Recommending Proper Light at the Proper Time, June 28, 2015.

[5] CIE S 026/E:2018 CIE System for Metrology of Optical Radiation for ipRGC-Influenced Responses to Light.

关于CIE及其立场声明

About the CIE and its Position Statements

国际照明委员会，也被称为CIE，源自其法文名称为“the Commission Internationale de l´Eclairage”，致力于全球合作，并就有关光与照明、颜色与视觉、光生物学与图像技术的科学和艺术的所有事项交流沟通。

The International Commission on Illumination – also known as the CIE from its French title, the Commission Internationale de l´Eclairage – is devoted to worldwide cooperation and the exchange of information on all matters relating to the science and art of light and lighting, colour and vision, photobiology and image technology.

CIE拥有强大的技术、科学和文化基础，是一个独立的非营利组织，在自愿的基础上为成员国服务。自1913年成立以来，已被国际标准化组织（ISO）认可为相关领域的最高权威。因此，CIE被国际标准化组织（ISO）认可为一个国际标准化机构，发行有关光与照明基础研究的全球标准。

With strong technical, scientific and cultural foundations, the CIE is an independent, non-profit organization that serves member countries on a voluntary basis. Since its inception in 1913, has been accepted as representing the best authority on the subject and as such is recognized by ISO as an international standardization body. As such the CIE is recognized by ISO as an international standardization body, publishing global standards on the fundamentals of light and lighting.

CIE立场声明首先确保与相关CIE技术委员会达成一致，并经CIE行政董事会批准，该董事会包括所有CIE部门（执行CIE科学工作的机构）的董事。

CIE position statements are approved by the CIE Board of Administration, which includes the Directors of all the CIE Divisions (the bodies that carry out the scientific work of the CIE), after first ensuring agreement with the relevant CIE Technical Committees.

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翻译：蔡建奇（中国标准化研究院视觉健康与安全防护实验室主任，《照明工程学报》编委）