专四阅读 |九大文中常设题处，英专生必读
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专四阅读——9大文中常设题处
一、篇首、篇尾，段首句（处）、段尾句（处）
西方人写文章时惯用演绎法：即文章一开始先给出自己的核心观点，然后具体一步步论证。因此，这类文章的主题句往往出现在首段或段首句。文章的首段或尾段往往提出或总结出文章的主旨或结论。
在其他结构的文章中，首段的末句或第二段的首句也是主题句的高发命题点，特别是当文章的首句后出现转折性陈述，而所涉及的主体事物没有发生转变时，那么文章的主题句往往是转折词后出现的与首句相对立的结论。
主题句在末段出现的情况相对比较少，只有当文章首句出现了转折性的陈述，而且观点和论述的主体事物均发生了改变，主题句才会在文章结尾出现。
【例1】The best psychological place from which to speak is an unselfconscious self consciousness, providing the illusion of being natural. Studies suggest that this state of “flow”, as psychologists call it, is very satisfying.（2008年Text D）
100.In the last paragraph the author recommends that ____.
[A] you forget about your nervousness.
[B] you feel natural and speak naturally.
[C] you may feel nervous, but appear naturally.
[D] you may imagine yourself to be natural.
【解析】选[C]。篇尾设题。最后一段首句提到，演讲的最佳心理学位置是处于无意识的自我意识状态，即幻想着表现自然的状态。由此可知[D]为答案。
二、列举处
列举处是指用First(ly)…， Second(ly)…， Third(ly)…， Finally …；Not only… but also；In addition；Furthermore；Moreover；Above all；On the one hand …，on the other hand …等表示顺承关系的词语列举出的事实。但有时也会没有明显的标志词，需要通过上下文来判断。列举处是考查事实细节的主要出题点，常出现Except或Not题型。考生在解答时要根据题干和选项中的关键词找到原文中相应的列举处，然后对照原文与选项做出选择。
【例2】 When someone speaks of a “jovial mood” or a “herculean effort,” he or she is using words with origins in mythology…Many common words, such as the names for the days of the week and the months of the year, also come from mythology. Wednesday derives from the ancient Norse king of the gods, Woden, and Thursday was originally Thor’s day, in honour of Thor, the god of thunder. As a matter of fact, all the planets, except the one we live on, bear names that come from Roman mythology… （2008年Text B）
88. According to the passage, which of the following does NOT have origins in myths or legends?
[A] Jovial.
[B] Wednesday.
[C] Earth.
[D] March.
【解析】选[C]。列举处设题。本题题干关键词have origins in myths or legends恰好与文章最后一段的with origins in mythology相对应。由该段最后…all the planets, except the one we live on…可知，[C]应为本题答案。本题虽无明显的标志词，但不难看出其他三项的内容在该段的前几句都有被列举到。
三、特殊句式、复杂句处
复杂句包括各种插入语、长句、从句、不定式等，命题者主要考查考生对句子之间的指代关系、文章段落的理解等等。解答这类阅读题时，考生一定要注意弄清复杂句的层次逻辑关系。复杂句(尤其是表示条件或让步的主从复合句中)也常暗含着作者的观点和态度；特殊句型(如not … but … 等)或特殊句式及虚拟语气也以不同一般陈述句的方式，预示着所说内容的重要，这部分内容一般是与作者的观点态度有着密切的关系。
【例3】Nowadays, a great deal has changed. In a large number of cases factory workers earn as much, if not more, than their middle-class supervisors. Social security and laws to improve job-security, combined with a general rise in the standard of living since the mid-fifties of the 20th century, have made it less necessary than before to worry about “tomorrow”. Working-class people seem slowly to be losing the feeling of inferiority they had in the past… （2006年Text B ）
89. Working-class people’s sense of security increased as a result of all the following factors EXCEPT________.
[A] better social security
[B] more job opportunities
[C] higher living standard
[D] better legal protection
【解析】选[B]。复杂句处设题。本题题干线索词sense of security为上述段落第二句中made it less necessary to worry about “tomorrow”的同义转述，因此解答本题的关键是要正确理解该句。该句提到，social security，laws to improve job security，rise in the standard of living，这些因素都降低了工人阶级的人们对“未来”的担心；因此，只有[B]文中没提到，故为答案。
四、因果关系处
表示因果关系的句子也是命题者所青睐的出题来源，因为因果句阐述了两个事件或者事实之间的内在联系，是作者进行分析或者得出结论的地方。出题者为了考查考生的阅读能力和逻辑分析能力，经常会把含有因果关系的句子倒过来考，因此选项中因变成了果、果变成了因，考生需要注意辨别实际的因果关系，防止受到迷惑。
表示因果关系的词语有：because, because of, so, for, since, as, thus, therefore, consequently, in consequence, as a result; result from, result in, cause, originate from, lead to, attribute to, derive from; base, basis, reason, result, consequence等。有时候文章中虽然没有出现表示因果关系的标志性词语，但是在逻辑上也存在着因果关系，这个时候考生就需要自己进行判断和推理。
【例4】Public speaking fills most people with dread. Humiliation is the greatest fear; self-exposure and failing to appeal to the audience come a close second. Women hate it most, since girls are pressurized from an early age to be concerned with appearances of all kinds.
（2008年Text B）
95. Women hate public speaking most mainly because of .
[A] their upbringing very early on.
[B] their inability to appeal to the audience.
[C] their sense of greater public pressure.
[D] their sense of greater humiliation.
【解析】选[A]。因果关系处设题。从表因果关系的主从复合句可知，女性最恨公众演讲的原因是他们从小就受到外界压力，要注意自己各方面的言行。因此[A]正确。
五、代词照应
在阅读文章中，为避免重复罗嗦，通常会用代词替代前面提到过的人或物。在上文谈论的人或物不止一个的情况下，代词的指代内容就变得不易辨别。因此解题的关键就在于找到该代词的前指，弄清句子中的语义关系和逻辑意义。
【例5】Public speaking fills most people with dread…Women hate it most, since girls are pressurized from an early age to be concerned with appearances of all kinds.
Most people have plenty of insecurities, and this seems like a situation that will bring them out. If you were under pressure to be perfect, you are terrified of falling in the most public of ways.（2008年Text D ）
96. “This” in Paragraph Two refers to _____.
[A] insecurity.
[B] sense of failure.
[C] public speaking.
[D] pressure.
【解析】选[C]。本题考查代词指代处。第二段首句谈到，大部分人都有很多不安全感，“this”是将这些不安全感全都显现出来的一种情况。联系上下文，极易被[A]干扰，但仔细阅读，发现该句中的them指代的才是insecurities；this指的是上文已出现过的public speaking，故[C]正确。
六、观点总结处
文章中表达作者对某人或某事物的观点、态度的地方或涉及其他人或组织机构的观点、态度也常受出题者青睐。解题时要留意文中出现的think of, believe, argue, conclude, determine等观点总结词以及doubt, appreciate, hate, against等带有感情色彩的词语。
【例6】（3）While extroverts will feel less fear before the ordeal, it does not mean they will necessarily do it better. Some very shy people manage to shine. When I met the British comedian Julian Clary, he was shy and cautious, yet his TV performances are perfect.
（4）In fact, personality is not the best predictor of who does it well…
（2008年Text D）
98. What is the author’s view on personality?
[A] Personality is the key to success in public speaking.
[B] Extroverts are better public speakers.
[C] Introverts have to learn harder to be good speakers.
[D] Factors other than personality ensure better performance.
【解析】选[D]。观点总结处设题。以上两段都在谈论性格与在公众演讲中表现好坏的关系。其中第（3）段具体谈论了两种性格的人，即extroverts和very shy people；第（4）段首句由in fact引出作者的总结性观点，即性格不是保证较好演讲效果的因素，故[D]为答案。
七、转折、对比处
转折句或转折关系常常是文章内容的强调之处，是作者表达观点或陈述事实的关键地方。一般而言，作者常常借用转折连词来引出文章或段落的主旨大意。在表示转折关系的词中，however是阅读中引起语义或文义转折的常用连词，命题人常就该词前后的内容进行命题；but和yet出现在段首或一个理论或现象刚刚说完之后，表示语义出现重大转折，其后面的内容常常是句子的重点，也是命题人设题的依据。
【例7】When the sun is up in Amsterdam, the largest city in the Netherlands sits quietly on the Amstel River. You can rent a bicycle, visit the Van Gogh or Anne Frank museum, or take a water taxi.
But when the sun goes down, the partying begins. In the big clubs and in coffee shops, tourists gather to hang out, talk politics and smoke.（2008年 Text A）
81. At the beginning of the passage, the author indicates that .
[A] Amsterdam is generally known as a quiet city.
[B] parties go on all day long in Amsterdam.
[C] Amsterdam presents two different pictures.
[D] Amsterdam attracts many daytime visitors.【解析】选[C]。转折、对比处设题。在上述第一段作者首先谈到，当太阳升起时，阿姆斯特丹这座城市“静静地守候在阿姆斯托河上”；接着，第二段又转到另一个方面：但当太阳落下时，聚会就会开始。综合上述两处可知[C]正确。
八、人物引言处
说明文或者议论文中经常引用他人的观点来支持、佐证作者的观点。引文有可能是从正面来支持作者的观点，也有可能是作者通过驳斥反面观点从而论证自己的观点。因此，引文间接地表达了作者自己的观点，有一定的隐蔽性和迷惑性，所以也是出题考查的热点地区，通常会考查考生的推理能力和对作者态度观点的判断能力。
【例8】（5）“We have a huge mismatch between the school calendar and the realities of family life,” says Dr. Ernest Boyer, head of the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching.（6）Dr. Boyer is one of many who believe that a radical revision of the school calendar is inevitable. “School, whether we like it or not, is educational. It always has been.” （2007年 Text D）
98. Why was Dr. Boyer’s idea unpopular?
[A] He argues for the role of school in solving social problems.
[B] He supports the current school calendar.
[C] He thinks that school year and family life should be considered separately.
[D] He strongly believes in the educational role of school.
【解析】选[D]。人物引言处设题。根据题干中Dr. Boyer’s idea把答案依据定位于第（5）、（6）段。由第五段中Boyer的观点We have a huge mismatch between…可排除[B]、[C]。由School… is educational. It always has been.可知他认同学校的教育作用，故[D]为答案。
九、例证处
为了使自己的观点更有说服力、更加明确，作者经常用举例子或打比方来论证，句中常由as，such as，for example，for instance，take… as an example等引出的短语或句子作为例证，这些例句或比喻就成为命题者提问的焦点。被设问的例子或比喻往往是与文章或段落中心紧密相关的。另外，对于那些与文章或段落中心关联不明显的例子，可以通过上下文来理解。出现在文章中的任何一个例子，考生都可以在上下文找到一段该例子的总结性文字，解答选择题时要牢牢抓住这部分内容。
【例9】…Many (but not all) English dictionaries give you a brief indication of a word’s origins in brackets before or after the explanation of the meaning. For tantalize the following explanation is given: [> Tantalus]. This means that you should look up the name Tantalus to find out the word’s origins, and if you do, you will find out that in Greek mythology, Tantalus was a king who was punished in the lower world with eternal hunger and thirst; he was put up to his chin in water that always moved away when he tried to drink it and with fruit on branches above him placed just a little bit out of his reach. Can you see why his name was changed into a verb meaning “to tease or torment by arousing desire”?（2008年 Text B）
87. The example of tantalize is to show _____.
[A] how the word came into existence.
[B] how Tantalus was punished in the lower world.
[C] how all English dictionaries show word origins.
[D] how the meaning of the word changed over the years.
【解析】例证处设题。该段用tantalize一词举例，谈到了部分字典对于该词来源的注释。其中最后一句为该例子的总结性文字，由此可知这个例子显示了该词是如何形成的，故[A]为答案。考生在解题时如果没能抓住最后总结性的话语，极易被其他项干扰。
英语专业四级词合集
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