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说“人”话|李仕萍:我见过最快乐的那个人——去了

2016-04-24 李仕萍 人类学之滇

1

 

初五,在亲戚家拜年,一片谈笑声和麻将碰撞声中,文从手机上抬头,忽然神色异样地走到面前,轻声说,“ Saya去世了。”

 

“什么?”仿佛当下一个惊雷,我定在那里,手里端着一杯茶。

 

“怎么可能?!真的吗?”

 

----

 

心,一凛,一痛。

 

往事历历在目,回想泪湿眼眶。

 

我们相互拥抱,以此告慰心中共同的莫大失去。

 

确认这个事实后,接受了这是生命中必然的事,也是迟早的事。至少心下欣慰,Saya不负此生。他做了自己热爱的事,还娶了一个男人所能遇到的最好的女人,最后尽享天年,在睡梦中安然静悄停止呼吸,沉入了永恒的安息。


2

 

Saya与文结缘于他们来中国的一次旅行。

 

Saya是颇有名望的学者,文却不名一文。相约谈一小时,没想谈了一下午。伯乐遇到千里马,他激赏道:“这是我教书50年来遇到最好的学生之一。”得知文在申请读书,他拍着大腿反问:“还有谁比我更适合你?”

 

一语定终生。后来他们在风景如画的校园,成了朝夕相对的师生,也是同事和朋友。

 

转眼,几度寒暑。

 

期间,我们走到了一起,也与Saya一家日益亲密。

 

Saya 出生于缅甸珠宝世家,早年在家受教育,后随家人赴美。Saya就是缅语中对老师的尊称。他照缅甸传统在寺庙里短暂剃度出家,并让儿孙辈延续了这个传统。年轻时候的照片里,Saya一米九的个子,瘦而直,帅气逼人,叼着雪茄,身穿笼基(一种缅甸男人穿的筒裙)。他做事有魄力,性情刚直,给人强势印象,不易通融。但我们却没觉得什么不好。话虽不多,能感觉他一直对我们的默默关怀。

 

Saya静时不怒自威,开口却好玩风趣。面对面时,心里的敬重,加上身高差,让我只有“颈仰”的份。我常以微笑掩饰我的拘谨和不善言辞。他偏偏喜欢打趣人。一次,和文一起去系里,他迎面而来,夸张大叫:“看,谁来了!——那对著名的中国夫妇!”我一听他的语气就笑了,噫,我什么时候著名了?每次见到,他总是热情问好,毫无老师的架子。久别重逢时,他向我张开双臂,我却够不到他的肩膀,他得弯下腰来拥抱我。

 

Saya会十几种语言,有时候他和别人海聊,完了别人佩服:“你怎么知道这么多事情呀?”

他答,“因为我活得比谁都长啊!”

 

saya上课从来没讲稿,光人一个进来,先和学生们问候一下,开上几句玩笑,然后两个小时滔滔不绝。人生阅历够丰富,肚子里墨水够多,随时想倒就像拧开水龙头。

 

去调查之前,他给我上课,要如何观察,访谈,记录,尊重宽容,换位理解。

 

“当你在调查中,不仅要去听别人说的话,更要去体会那句话是如何说,以及为何说,没有说出来的东西,比说出来的话更要注意。”

他教我看更多更深更复杂的话外。

 

Saya身体一直很健壮。八十多岁时,腰板依然挺直,能一手一个行李箱上楼梯不喘气。天气好,他骑单车从家去学校,除去旅行,几乎每天都去办公室伏案工作,几十年如一日。生活之规律,堪比康德的下午三点钟漫步。每天自发朝九晚五,自带午饭,一个星期的菜谱是固定的,今天剩饭,明天面条,后天别的什么,轮流着转。他还爱吃零食,电脑旁边摆着一罐糖果,或别的小吃食,时不时补充点能量。

 

其实,我对他的学术基本不懂,但我深深感佩他几十年如一日的坚持,必是发自对知识纯粹的热情和持久的追求。同样的气质,也存在于文的身上。

 

“我做我喜欢做的事,还得到报酬。最快乐莫过于此。”

 

Saya不止一次如是说。他说时胡子一跳一跳的,掩饰不住的快乐和自足,还带着得意的神情,如在目前。我很赞同,但求之不得,心下对他羡慕得很。

 

所以,Saya一直不打算退休。但年轻人们有另外的想法,他们觉得他老了,过时了,他做的和想的,不是主潮流了。后来他终于同意退休了,办公室也分配给了其他人。他从此只能呆在家里的书房。

 

3

 

我们叫Saya的夫人“努努”。努努是一个彩绘玻璃艺术家。家里的地下室是她的工作室,里面摆着偌大的工作台,还有各色玻璃原料和制作工具。光是她作品的相册就有厚厚一大本。记得有一幅赠给一个寺庙的作品,画着古树根下缠绕的两条龙,代表夫妇。长途运送中,破损了一片玻璃。努努灵机一动,在破损处,以绿色玻璃补上一片叶子,正从树上飘落空中,暗示了生命的脆弱与无常。努努还收藏着所到世界各地的很多小玩意,很多比我的年纪大得多。


选择做一个自由艺术家,她得以兼顾事业和家庭,照顾Saya的生活起居,并相伴旅行。Saya专注学术,对生活琐事毫不上心,凡事依赖努努,没有努努的能干与付出,他的生活和学术恐怕都难以想象。如努努所说,他们俩就像一辆车,莱曼是引擎,她是油。

 

我和努努很投缘,我们都喜欢阅读、植物和各种手艺。语言磕磕碰碰,也不妨碍我们有很多话说,彼此懂得,在一起的时光总是太短。她以慈爱包容我的尖锐笨拙,我感到被全然地爱着。年龄的差距和性情的投合,造成一种母女闺蜜的感觉。第一年,我们受邀去她家过感恩节和圣诞节,之后,年年如是。

 

努努总是说,无论何时,只要需要她的帮助,她都乐意。她言行如一,对我们生活的方方面面,无论买菜购物的小事情,还是搬家看病的大麻烦,善解人意的她,常常换位地理解到我们的缺失和难处,而主动提供帮助,更别说我们不懂不会的去问她找她了。她有求必应,从不推辞。无论多艰难,想到还有他们一家在,心里就不孤单害怕。

 

他们对我们的帮助多到难以尽述,但从未令我们感到亏欠人情的负担和心理压力,始终相待如亲友,彼此尊重,相互平等,无私关爱。我们感动且感恩,无以为报,唯有真心。

 

偶尔表露出这一点,努努却说:“你们过好就是回报。我们也得到过很多人的帮助,没有机会去回报。所以,帮助你们,也是我对他们的回报。如果你们愿意回报,就去帮助需要的人吧。”




4

 

记忆最深的,是两次Saya和努努来到我们调查所在的亚热带山区。一次在阳光热烈的干季,另一次是湿漉漉的雨季。我们一起吃住在当地的村民家中,共度差不多一个月时光。

 

第一次来,热情的村民们举行了小小的欢迎仪式,在星月之下点起篝火,男女老少手牵手绕着火跳舞,一边喝香甜的水酒,一边敲着铓和象脚鼓。房东三哥边弹边唱,气氛很欢乐。

 

努努穿着牛仔蓝的布裙子,在火光的温暖中,和着音乐的节拍起舞。她的身体已经不年轻,也不轻盈,但从简单而舒缓的动作中,流露出自得其乐的专注,一种自在自然的优雅。旁人有些讶异而有趣地看着她,她似乎没有觉察,也好像不在意。很快,他们就受到某种感染,和她共舞起来。而Saya一直在火边端坐如佛。

 

山区的生活清苦,但也很丰富。冬季里晴和干爽又清闲,有婚丧嫁娶进新房的各种热闹聚会和传统风俗。雨季却相对单调,雨下个不停,到处是泥巴,限制了行动。但我们有了更多的时间共处,散步,谈心,玩笑,点点滴滴有会于心。常常说着说着当下的情形,就牵动努努很多过去的回忆。

 

努努说生大儿子时,是在飞机上开始阵痛的。下了飞机直接去医院,两个小时后就出生了。那是在缅甸,她清楚地记得那个产房和当时的很多细节。几年之后,她居然又在同一个产房里生下了小儿子。

 

他们一边做调查一边带孩子。孩子放养,吃百家饭长大。

“便便完了,就让狗狗过来,把屁屁舔干净。”

我心想,还有这样的?太环保了。

 

她像当地的女人一样,用缝有长布带子的背毯将孩子背着干活。

 

“但是因为我穿着裤子,很长时间,他们都以为我们是两个男人在一起,很好奇孩子是怎么来的。因为这里的女人都穿裙子,只有男人才穿裤子。”努努讲着就笑起来,为她瞒过了所有人而觉得好玩。

 

他们每次去调查都要尽可能带上很多药,当地人生病了都知道去找他们问药。就如三毛在沙漠中悬壶济世那样,努努无师自通地治好了不少人。

 

“有一次,一个小男孩在山里被野兽咬破了头,村民们把他带到我们这里。当时,男孩的头一片血肉模糊,一大块头皮像破布一样挂在头骨上,不知道还能不能活。送去医院要连夜走几个小时。没有别的办法,我就把缝衣服的针线消了毒,将他撕裂的头皮一针一线缝合了起来。后来他活过来了,还好好的活了很多年。”

整个过程努努讲来轻描淡写,我却听得心惊肉跳。

 

另有一次,Saya不知什么原因病得厉害,后来瘦得只剩几十斤,什么也吃不下。“幸好,我们的厨师是个中国人,每天熬猪骨头汤给他喝。慢慢地,几个月后,他的身体恢复了元气。”

 

我知道这是很可能的,我也遭遇过几次折磨。有一次,肚子里翻江倒海,吃药都不见效,下不来床了。努努拿出一种白色药片让我试试,吃下去居然立竿见影。她就分了一些药,找个空瓶子装了给我,还贴心地抄了服药说明。第二天,我好了很多,见客厅里有些葡萄,正想拿起来吃,Saya从背后看见,说:“你最好别吃,葡萄会让你继续拉肚子。” 我想也是,就乖乖地放了回去。

 

他们也有吵架的时候。有一次好似 Saya怪责努努没做某件事情。结果努努发奋,连夜翻山越岭,独自穿过原始密林。密林里经过一个小破屋,有人烧火,她就和那人一起就着火,听着周围未知野兽的各种怪异声响。天亮后继续赶路,整整一夜,才走到附近小镇上,办完了事情又连夜赶回来。

 

生活的惊涛骇浪,急流浅滩,以他们的乐观与勇敢,从来都当分内事来面对和承担,反而滋养坚韧的心性和生存的强悍力量。

 

努努讲起过去的经历来绘声绘色,生动有趣,还时不时幽默上一把,自己把自己逗乐,比如她会讲黑灯瞎火起夜时如何被老鼠挡道,它们又如何四散窜逃。每每她讲,我听,间或插问一句,又会牵出更多的故事。如今我只记得一点皮毛,骨肉全失。如果当时记录下来,定是一本有意思的书。

 

对努努他们来说,故地重游,会有很多感触。她也乐意讲那些故事给我听,在我们身上,或许映照出他们自己当年的影子。但我所领略到的精彩,相对于他们漫长而丰富的人生经历来,只是冰山一角。

 

有多少故事,未曾被讲述?

5

 

冬季里,我们一行人到较远的村子参加一个传统的婚礼。文忙着与人交谈,我则拍摄整个过程。努努和Saya语言不通,坐在人群里看热闹。到了夜里,篝火点起来,人们载歌载舞,自娱自乐,起哄捉弄新郎新娘。怕两个老人撑不住,我们就在一个人家的火塘边打地铺将就着睡觉。身上被子不够盖,寒意从门下的缝隙直透过来,我不免担心他们睡得如何。不远处人们通宵达旦唱歌,二四拍子的民谣旋律,咿咿呀呀,一会儿将我摇进睡梦,一会儿又将我从梦里唤醒。迷迷糊糊不知道什么时候,我摸索着起来上厕所,出门碰到努努。我们站在月光下轻声说了些话,天慢慢亮了。

 

对旅途和山居生活的清苦与简素,他们从未抱怨,从不低落。努努的幽默感无处不在,所向无敌。Saya和文忙于和当地村民约谈和讨论,努努则对民间的工艺品感兴趣。房东母亲,一个笑起来如少女,淳朴坚韧又心灵手巧的女人,会手织带各种花纹图样的布,保留着近乎失传的手艺。她们俩逐渐情同姐妹。陪伴着翻译的我,也不禁为这种跨越了种族、语言和文化的情谊动容。人格的朴素和单纯,温厚与蕴藉,待人接物的真诚与尊重,平等与宽和,都在日常之中随时随地流露出来。而最打动我的东西,是不为自我形象或外在眼光所束缚干扰的无为和自如,不知是天生,还是随年龄而来?总之,是学不来的东西。

 

6

 

文的毕业典礼,我们都参加了。Saya穿着自己的博士服,在庄重的气氛中将文的方帽的流苏从一边拨到另一边。他已经在这个学校服务了将近六十年,那是他最后一次参加学生的毕业典礼。

 

我们张罗了一些中国菜,邀他们一家来家里吃饭。Saya曾说很喜欢吃中国的红豆沙包子。这在国内再普通不过,在小镇却买不到。买来的冻豆沙也不新鲜,我决定自己动手,试将红豆煮熟成泥,过滤加糖烘干做成了豆沙,揉面蒸出平生第一笼红豆包子。他们觉得好吃,但想必猜不到豆沙是我做的。

 

收拾行李时,很多东西曾是努努送的东西,带不走了。想到生命中这么重要的人,自此一别,天各一方,也许相见无期,忍不住泪流满面。努努照例来车站送别,我们怕她伤心,就没心没肺地笑着,用相约再见来冲淡离别。拥抱,珍重,转身落座,努努还在窗外。司机催努努回去,关上车门说,“她哭了”。


有时候幻想他们若年轻一点,就能够一起老去。转觉自己贪心,能够相识一场,已经是生命中莫大的缘分和福分了。

 

回国之后,他们的中国之行没能成行,我们则陷入到重建生活的各种忙乱与对环境的重新适应中,思念,只有通过邮件来传达。也许不需要太多言语,也知道彼此牵挂。在人与人的交接的经历中,是记忆中他们的关怀给我持久的温暖和勇气,是他们的人格予我深沉的鼓舞与信念,使我不论在什么境地下,也不至于对人性太过悲观。

 

 

7

 

在一起时,常常忘记Saya和努努的身体年龄,而且他们看上去确实比实际年龄年轻得多。身体的衰老是自然的,但他们身上没有一丝暮气,有的是由内而外辐射的生活热情与心灵活力,一种安宁清明的气场。

 

一直乐观地笃信Saya会长命百岁。

 

挥手若不经意,回眸青山隐隐。

 

Saya的告别在3月,漫漫长冬蕴蓄的能量正释放为一个无边的花季。想起他的话,这一辈子,做着热爱的事,还周游世界,白头偕老,儿孙绕膝,桃李芬芳,福寿双全。单纯,丰富,创造价值,享受生命。其实,没有什么需要悲伤。

 

万物轮回不灭,生生不息,我们同在这春天里。



 

后记

 

《中论》的篇首说:不生亦不灭,不常亦不断,不一亦不异,不来亦不出。”对曾经出家的Saya来说,人身只是生命形式之一种,在生死流转中,业力也不会随肉身的转化而散为虚无。凡所从来,必有归处,实则不来亦不去。

 

沈从文在《水云》中也写道:

 “凡曾经一度在你心上活过来的,当你的心还能跳跃时候,另外那一个人生命也就依然有他本来的光彩,并未消失。”

 

我想起佛教的因陀罗网,万千珠子重重映照以至于无穷,人与人生命的相互映照、相互影响和相互渗透,不也如此吗?

 

哲学家马丁·布伯说,“我和你”的相遇是在“你”之中看见神明。Saya、努努和我们,原是彼此生命中的偶然,因为偶然而来的缘分,我们相遇过。如今,Saya虽已不在,但他的印象依然保存在我们的心上,也以另外的模样保存在其他很多人的心上他对我们的生命过程的影响,也已经化为我们的一部分,并将伴随我们的余生,渗透我们的人格和文字,并未消失,且进而影响到我们触及的人和事,如同无限微妙复杂的蝴蝶效应,辗转相因,波及到不可知处。努努不也说过,善意的行动会像链条一样接续下去吗?

 

这就是生命与生命链接的奇妙。


本文转自李仕萍微信个人公众号“水生木生林”



附:莱曼简历(张文义撰)

2016年春节, F. K. Lehman 教授于睡梦中与世长辞, 享年94. 教授中文名为莱曼,缅甸名为Chitlaing, 晚年论著多署名F. K. L. Chitlaing。本科学数学,辅修语言学,后获哥伦比亚大学人类学博士学位。有6门母语,一生习得17门语言。受聘于美国伊利诺伊大学香槟校区人类学系、语言学系、和认知科学中心近60年。研究兴趣广泛,曾在东亚、东南亚、和南亚50多个田野点展开过人类学和语言学调查, 发表过一本专著和两百多篇论文。曾任美国缅甸研究协会主席(近30年),主编《人类学与民族学科学》(5年)和《数学人类学与文化理论》(18年)等杂志。曾获伊利诺伊大学杰出贡献奖。曾与中国多所大学, 如云南大学和云南民族大学有长期合作关系.

 

莱曼教授在人类学中的贡献主要在对缅甸钦人等多民族跨区域社会网络的研究。其博士论文研究钦人的社会结构(1963 TheStructure of Chin Society. Urbana: University of Illinois Press),之后,他探讨了东南亚各民族在长期历史过程中形成的网络关系,如早期克钦人受马帮贸易影响而产生的政治制度变迁,和今天中缅边境贸易中傣族和佤族人扮演的culturalbroker 角色。其研究整合了区域中宏大政治经济结构和社区中宗教和社会组织的细节。这方面比较突出的论文有:

1989Internal Inflationary Pressures in the Prestige Economy of the Feast-of-MeritComplex: The Chin and Kachin Cases from Upper Burma. Pp.89-102 in Susan D.Russell, ed., Ritual Power, and Economy:Upland-Lowland Contrasts in Mainland Southeast Asia. DeKalb: NorthernIllinois University.

2009The Central Position Of The Shan/Tai Buddhism For The SociopoliticalDevelopment Of Wa And Kayah Peoples. Journalof Contemporary Buddhism 10, 1: 17-30.

 

立足民族志个案研究,莱曼教授探讨相似的政治经济和的历史共同塑造的区域社会文化形式。他的以下两篇论文曾在东南亚历史和社会文化研究中引起强烈反响。人类学家和历史学家曾为此两次召开国际会议。

1995 CanGod be Coerced? — Structural Correlates of Merit and Blessing in Some Religionsof South East Asia. Pp. 20-51 in Blessingand Merit in Mainland Southeast Asia in Comparative Perspective, edited byCornelia Ann Kammerer and Nicola Tannenbaum. Yale University Southeast Program,Monograph #45.

2003   TheRelevance of the Founders’ Cult for Understanding the Political Systems of thePeoples of Northern South East Asia and its Chinese Borderlands, pp. 15-39 inNicola Tannenbaum and Cornelia A. Kammerer, eds. Founders’ Cults in Southeast Asia: Ancestors, Polity, and Identity,New Haven: Monograph 52, Yale University Southeast Asia Program.

 

在语言学和认知科学方面,莱曼教授从计算科学的视角寻求人类社会文化观念的的结构和过程,其方法结合了数学的形式逻辑与人类学的意义诠释。

1985Cognition and Computation, in Janet W.D. Dougherty, ed., Directions in Cognitive Anthropology. pp. 19-48 Urbana: Universityof Illinois Press.

1993(Janet D. Keller and ___) Computational Complexity in the Cognitive Modellingof Cosmological Ideas, pp. 74-92 in Pascal Boyer, ed., Cognitive Aspects of Religious Symbolism. Cambridge UniversityPress.

2002  (withDavid J. Herdrich) On the Relevance of Point Fields for Spatiality in Oceania. Pacific Linguistics, special issue,179-197.

2004On the "Globality Hypothesis" about Social/Cultural Structure AnAlgebraic Solution. Cybernetics andSystems 36, 8 (Special Issue on Cultural Systems): 803-816

 

综合其在人类学中的民族志研究和在认知科学与语言学上的形式化(formalized)研究,莱曼教授探讨人类认知在语言和文化符号上的统一性与多样性相互衍生的机制,既体现在民族志个案中,也表达在认知的统一数学模式中。

 

莱曼教授的学术热情发自内心。他经常跟学生说,写论文是因为我喜欢,自然就写出来了。还说,我做自己喜欢的事,别人还给我发钱。最快乐莫过于此!

 

他也是一位令人钦佩的导师。他对研究生说,你决定做一个人类学家, 就不只是我的学生了, 是我年轻的同行!激励年轻人去发现和改变人类学。

 

他还是一位好老师。课上,他不是对着一个叫做班级的东西讲课, 而在跟具体鲜活的人交流。

 

莱曼教授与夫人结婚近60年,有两个儿子,两个孙子。

 

 

 

以下节选自莱曼教授生前自己写的研究介绍:

My main research efforts are being devoted to mathematical anthropology, cognitivescience, and linguistics, as well as to the linguistics of Burmese and of theChin languages of the India-Burma borderlands (major Lai Chin trilingualdictionary project has now been given three years of Research Boardsponsorship, and I am putting forward an application to NEH for its completion,with my Linguistics graduate student, A. Ceu Hlun), and the anthropology of theChin peoples and of the complex of peoples involved in cross border ethnic andtrade relations on the China-Burma border. This last work began in January of1997, during my attendance in Kunming, Yunnan, PRC at an internationalconference, where I presented a major paper, long since published, after whichmy former student and late colleague, Dr WANG Zhusheng and I did pilot fieldwork on the basis of which we are now planning a longer term field researchthere, with some funding already secured, partly in connection with the newexchange arrangement between his Yunnan University and our Center for EastAsian & Pacific Studies. This work has now been resumed as of the Summer of2001, under invitation from Yunnan University's Research Center of BorderRegions and Minority Nationalities in Southwest Chin, with a year's field workto be begun in December, 2002. This involvement with field projects inSouthwest China began with my Summer 2001 field work with a graduate studentamong the Wa of that province. This Summer’s work was on the ethnography of theWa of Yunnan, and especially their form of Charismatic Buddhism. Then, foreleven months of 2003, contiued in Summer, 2007, I did field work on theinter-ethnic cross border trade between China and Burma, mainly on the gemtrade but on other aspects as well — mostly in Ruili, in Southern Yunnan, butalso at Teng Chong and in Mandalay, Myitkyina and Lashio, in Burma. In theSummer of 2006, after presenting a paper at the 8th International Conference onBurma Studies at Singapore (which I helped chair as Chairman of the BurmaStudies Group of the Association for Asian Studies) I went back to Kunming andto Mandalay to arrange extensions of this work along other sections of thatborder, which is to be undertaken in the Summer of 2007.

My work, on the theoretical side, is chiefly in abstract algebra and the theory ofquantification and this is applied both to linguistics and semantics and to thedevelopment of formal-intensional theory of cognition. Also, I am trying towork out a comprehensive view of Burmese social structure and cultural historyas part of a larger view of (a) Theravåda Buddhist ideology and (b) theorganisation of ethnic relations in South-eastern Asia.  This takes intoconsideration both my own field materials and extensive translations.  Amonograph on kinship algebra, including the general theory of alliance andaffinity,  is actively contemplated, too.  All this leads me torevise my major course lectures recurrently, and I consider my introduction tothe curriculum of work on algebraic methods particularly important.  I amlikewise working actively in linguistics, both on the formal, theoretical side,mainly on syntax and semantics, and on Tibeto-Burman and Tai languages quitegenerally.  It is my constant aim to try and interrelate all theseinterests and activities round the theories of cognition and artificialintelligence research; this is the focus, in particular, for relating myanthropology and my linguistics, and both to my substantive Southeast Asiainterests, Burmese and other. I also keep up active interest in anthropologicaltheory in general, and have done work in ethnicity theory and on symbolism,trying to put the study of them on a formal, abstract basis. Some of the mostimportant results are the results of recent (1990-91) work with my Ph.D. thesisstudent, R. R. Sands, and the theoretical work on a comprehensive cognitivelyoriented formal theory of society, culture and ethnicity is now being puttogether by the two of us. For instance, my work on quantification insemantics, logic and mathematics has found important and far reachingapplications in my work on formal syntax regarding the theory of EmptyPronominal Categories and related aspects of the theories of syntacticGovernment, Binding and Control. 

All these formal interests in cognition, quantification, syntax and semanticsconstitute the core of my current work, with Dr. Janet D. Keller, on ourcourse, Anthropology 370, and our projected textbook on anthropologicallinguistics.  Similarly, my work on the mathematical analysis of kinshipand marriage structures has led directly to important results concerningso-called global structuring of social and cultural systems; this is central tomy course, Anthropology 339, on Anthropological Theory and my advanced courseon formal theory and kinship systems (Anthropology 453). I have also returnedto the teaching of the anthropology of South Asia (India etc.) since the Autumnsemester of 1994, and in 1995, teaching it again, I have worked with my nowretired colleague H. A. Gould on his projected volume on the comparative studyof systems of caste. This brings me back to my own comparative work on socialstratification having to do with the category of sumptuary Estate systems,which began in my doctoral dissertation. My work on kinship mathematics remainsvery current (see my 2001 paper in AnthropologicalTheory); I am on 2 panels for the AAA meetings of November, 2001 andcontinue my collaboration in this line of work with, D. W., Read of UCLA, D. B.Kronenfeld of UC Riverside, and others and also in connection with thee-journal (refereed), MACT.

With the pilot field work of 1989-90 and with the arrival in this country of my longtime Chin associate, Lian Uk B. A. LL.B., I returned to my research on the Chinand Mizo (Lushai) peoples of the India-Burma border; I am planning long-termfield work there, and have again started writing and publishing on Chinlanguage and ethnography. My paper (October, 1990), on the bearing of pilotwork on the Lakher language upon the general theory of the syntax of agreementsystems. With the assistance of the Burma Project of the Open Society Instituteof New York (Soros Foundation), I have participated in two conferences (on inNew York in the Spring of 1995, one in Washington D.C., in July) devoted to thesalvage ethnography and cultural history by and for the use of the minorityethnic communities of Burma. I have helped organise this project in general,and, with Mr. Lian Uk, I am now putting together manuscript and video materialfrom and on the Chin State of Burma for editing and archiving and eventualpublication. In this connection I am also actively revising my basicethnographic monograph on the Chin (1963) for republication, under an offerfrom White Lotus publishers, Bangkok.

My published paper on the descriptive and historical phonology of the Burmesedialects of Upper Burma is the result of my Spring, 1988 season in Mandalay. J.Fraser Bennett), who took his Ph.D. under me in Linguistics in the Spring of1995, picked up on my own earlier work on the Red Karen (Kayah) language, andhe and I and a colleague  (Dr. D. B. Solnit) formerly at the University ofMichigan, who has also worked on these dialects, have recently jointly renewedwork on the Kayah, where Solnit and I did field work in the Summer of 1994. Inaddition, I returned then briefly to Burma to set up plans for long term fieldresearch on a possible dialect atlas of the Burmese language, and am preparinga research and funding proposal for that purpose at this time.

I was an invited participant in a panel on work in Kinship organised by mycolleague, Professor D. Read of UCLA, for the 1995 AAA meetings on surveyingkinship theory in general, and this work grows out of the co-operative workthat Read and I continue to do towards a projected large conference andeventual published volume on kinship mathematics and related matters. I now(1997-98) have a small grant from the UIUC Graduate Research Board forfurthering the computational part of this research, which now includes Dr.Giovanni Bennardo (with especial regard to Tongan data).

My work on the cognitive analysis of culturally distinctive constructions of spaceand spatiality continues apace. In November, 1997, at the AAA meetings, I presenteda paper on point-field representations of space, with special reference toPolynesia (Samoa more particularly), and this is now being prepared forpublication together with my pupil, David Herdrich, Government Archaeologistfor American Samoa, on the basis of his rich ethnographic data collected forhis dissertation on Samoan conceptions of space.

On my new work on the China-Burma border, see the opening lines of this section.My most recent fieldwork has been during the winter of 2009-2010 in a Kachin(Jingpo)village in Southwestern China, with my doctoral student, Zhang Wenyi,again  connected withcross-border/interethnic relations and the modellng of cognitive changes due tointerethnic relations, in this case attempt9ng to model the emergence of newcognitive consensus in terms of chaos theory

I have directed five Ph.D. theses in linguistics, over twelve in anthropology,including two at other universities (University of Chicago, SUNY Stony Brook),been on some two score of thesis committees in anthropology, linguistics,education-cognitive science, and other departments, and been external examinerfor numerous theses, here and abroad (India: Gauhati, Calcutta, Australia:Sydney, Switzerland: Zürich, Denmark: Copenhagen).

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