缺乏早期样品,还能追溯回病原体扩散的第一天吗?
当一种新传染病出现的时候,人们心中难免担忧——该病原体是否在更早的时间就已经在人群中扩散,却受限于彼时的认知水平和主观意愿并没有被诊断和报道。而随着早期样品的流失,该传染病起始的时间将成为一个永远的谜。在没有早期的疾病诊断和病原体样品的情况下,科学家是否有办法依靠后期收集的样品推断一个病原体在人群中扩散的起始时间?
答案是肯定的。
可以做一个这样的类比:在某一时刻有人向平静的水面投入了一枚石子,引起一圈涟漪(这里只考虑最外圈的涟漪)并向四周扩散。如果你并没有看到石子落入水面的一刻,但是希望估计一下其发生的时间,会怎么做呢?你可能首先根据涟漪判断一下石子落入水中的圆心位置,并通过一段时间的观察估计涟漪相对于圆心的扩散速度,最终结合此刻涟漪距离圆心的距离来推测石子落水事件发生于多久之前。如果第一眼看到的涟漪直径很小,你会判断石子落水就在不久之前;而如果涟漪已经扩散开来,石子落水应该发生在更久之前。你甚至可能将涟漪扩散的过程在脑海中进行“回放”,圆圈不断缩小并汇聚于一点的那一刻就是石子投入水面的时间。
图1 水面的涟漪与进化的“涟漪”
确定病毒祖先开始扩散的时间?
分子钟如何推翻HIV起源的阴谋论?
图3 HIV-1 M group扩散时间的预测
图4 全球的结核杆菌起源于公元前1.5万年左右。分析结果来源于nextstrain.org,其数据来源于GISAID(下同)
图5 根据HA基因序列确定H1N1pdm亚型开始扩散的时间约为2008年7月
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