其他

英语翻译学习者要懂的词汇替换工具

2018-04-05 矿业能源翻译实践与研究

文章来源:华南翻译市场(sctranslation)



我们都知道在英文表达中有一个加分的小技巧,就是“词汇替换”。那么在替换词汇上有哪些好用的方法呢?下面我们就手把手地来教你~

英文写作/翻译中一个重要原则就是避免重复,同义词替换。中文重重复,英语重变化。

 

如果段首句这么写:第一段sth. is important,第二段sth. is also important,第三段sth. is important too,这样的句子出现在作文中,立意、逻辑再高深,成绩也不可能高。

 

无论什么类型的英文写作,在一篇文章里面,特别是相邻比较近的地方,尽量不要使用相同的字词。除非像冠词、代词、连词、介词,助动词,情态动词这样的虚词。

 

这一点在英语中很容易实现,因为英语同义词,近义词数量极其庞大,但是替换的时候最好使用自己对于确切含义、用法、搭配、褒义贬义,比较有把握的词汇。

 

替换有很多类型,比如最简单的对单个词的替换(以下例句均出自《新概念英语》):

 

There is only onedifference between an old man and a young one: the young man has a glorious future before him and the old one has a splendid future behind him: and maybe that is where the rubis. (NCE4-5)

 

Economy is one powerfulmotive for camping, since after the initial outlay uponequipment, or through hiring it, the total expense can be far lessthan the cost of hotels. (NCE4-47)

 

Although mankind hasundergone no general improvement inintelligence or morality, it has made extraordinary progress inthe accumulation of knowledge. Knowledge began to increase as soon as thethoughts of one individual could be communicated to another by means of speech.With the invention of writing, a great advance was made, forknowledge could then be not only communicated but also stored. (NCE4-22)

 

替换时思路要灵活,这种替换不仅仅限于单个词,有时候可能是短语的替换:有些时候它们的词性和搭配完全不同,但表达的意思却非常类似,比如以下的例句:

 

Burglar alarms goingoff at any time of the day or night serve only toannoy passers-by and actually assist burglars to burgle. Car alarms constantly scream at us in the street and are a source of profoundirritation. A recent survey of the effects of noise revealed (surprisingly?)that dogs barkingincessantly in the nightrated the highest form of noise pollution on a scale ranging from 1 to 7. (NCE3-47)

 

Children alwaysappreciate small gifts of money. Mum or dad, of course,provide a regular supply of pocket money, but unclesand aunts are always a source of extra income. (NCE3-15)

 

Kidnappers are rarely interested in animals, but they recently took considerable interest in Mrs. Eleanor Ramsay's cat. (NCE3-19)

 

Except for one or twoplaces such as Zermatt and Chamonix, which had rapidly become popular, Alpinevillage tended to be impoverished settlements cut offfrom civilization by the high mountains. Such inns as there were were generally dirty and flea-ridden; the food simply local cheeseaccompanied by bread often twelve months old, all washed down with coarse wine. (NCE4-3)

 

A Frenchman, forinstance, might find it hard to laugh at a Russian joke. Inthe same way, a Russian might fail to see anything amusing ina joke witch would make an Englishman laugh to tears. (NCE3-29)

 

It isimpossible to give a satisfactory explanation for a pot-holer's motives. For him, caves have thesame peculiar fascination which high mountains have for the climber. Theyarouse instincts which can only be dimly understood. (NCE3-42)

 

此外,如果实在同义词替换不了,还可以用上义词(superordinate)替换,比如我在示范的GRE Argument作文中给出的片段:

 

Moreover, in the past two years other nearbycities may have begun to build similar golf courses or resort hotels. Indeed, the fact that Ocean View has alreadybuilt these facilities might actually portendfailure for Hopewell, …(“facilities”已经包含了“golf courses”和“resort hotels”的含义)

 

再看下面的例子:

 

The lorry was loaded withempty beer bottles and hundreds of them slid off the back of the vehicle and on to the road. (NCE3-33)

 

Giant pandasare considered a national treasure and the Chinese government are doing theirbest to protect this endangered species.

 

同义词替换这个工作在平时练笔的时候就要有意识地注意,如果替换时没有把握最好借助软件或电子字典的帮助。

 

下面看看具体怎么使用:

 

首先可以借助word这个软件。比如A is very important. 要替换important这个字,可以用鼠标左键先把important刷黑,点击右键,再选同义词即可(见下图)。这是最简单的方法,但效果一般,没有解释,只能给你一个提示。




或者可以借助lingoes(灵格斯词霸),同时下载安装好Roget's II: The NewThesaurus 英语同义词词典,比如同样查important 的同义词,输入important回车,在左侧字典列表中选择Roget's II: The New Thesaurus,即可(见下图),也可以点击某个同义词反查含义。




另外一个工具就是韦氏电子字典:




首先选择同义词字典Thesaurus:



然后输入查询important, 同样可以点击单词反查含义:



还有非常好用的朗文字典,主要是右边栏的“Thesaurus”功能,其中有两个主要的功能栏:Thesausus和Longmanlanguage activator: 



比如查important的同义词,点击Thesuasus, 弹出窗口:




其中每一个单词再点击可以出现英文解释和例句,比如significant: 



Longman language activator功能更为强大,点击出现窗口,出现的单词联想分类更多:



向下拉动窗口右侧的蓝色小方块可以显示更多内容:



每一个词条也有英文解释和例句。比如点击play a leading part/role:



提高英文写作能力一定要经常练笔,每次练习时一定努力保证质量,在同义词替换方面以上工具可以有很大的帮助。

下面我们还给大家总结了45组翻译中常用的动词替换词,希望对大家有帮助。


1. 强调

stress/emphasize/underline

2. 象征,代表
symbolize/signify/stand for/represent

3. 变成,改变,演变 

become/transform into/change into/develop to/evolve into

4. 考虑 
consider/think about/take into account/think over

5. 举办,举行

hold/conduct 

6. 使用,利用

use/utilize/make use of

7.  购买 

buy/purchase

8.  认为 

think/consider/hold

9.  加强 

strengthen/enhance

10. 喜欢 

like/enjoy/prefer/be fond of 

11. 改善,完善 

improve/better/perfect

12. 促进 
promote/facilitate/advance/further

13. 培养

cultivate/develop/foster


14. 开发

exploit/develop


15.发现 

find/discover/detect


16. 受益 

benefit/profit


17. 超过 

exceed/surpass/overtake


18. 包括 

include/contain/cover


19. 增加

increase/raise/grow


20. 取得

acquire/obtain/achieve


21. 探索,搜索

explore/seek/search


22. 开展,发起

launch/start/carry out


23. 穿着

wear/dress


24. 描述 

describe/depict


25. 发明,创造 

invent/create


26. 生产,制造  

produce/manufacture


27. 引起 

bring/cause/arouse/provoke/lead to 


28. 采取 

adopt/apply/take


29. 禁止 

ban/forbid/prohibit


30. 阻止 

prevent/stop


31. 停止,暂停 

stop/suspend/cease


32. 庆祝 

celebrate/congratulate


33. 灌溉

 irrigate


34. 装饰 

decorate/adorn/paint


35. 模仿

imitate/copy/stimulate/mimic


36. 启发

 inspire/enlighten


37. 建议 

suggest/advise/propose


38. 提供

provide/offer/afford


39. 展现 

show/reveal/display /exhibit


40. 尊敬 

respect/esteem/honour 


41. 种植 

plant/grow/cultivate


42. 吸引 

attract/draw/fascinate


43. 投资 

invest/put into


44. 体验 

experience/suffer/undergo


45. 传播 

spread/transmit/disseminate/propagate



部分来源参考自李延隆老师


·END·


推荐阅读


朋友圈三天可见,透露了他的社交观!

习大大的春节祝福金句翻译来啦!!

   干货 | 十个免费英文原版电子书网站

   全球矿业“老三”,8年完成终极进化,今年利润达934亿,壕掷183亿分红

◀◀◀ 长按二维码关注我们

阳光创译欢迎你的到来

https://v.qq.com/txp/iframe/player.html?vid=u0536r25vy4&width=500&height=375&auto=0



好消息!关注微信平台有福利哦!

回复“术语”、“地质报告”、“网站”获得神秘好礼!

也可回复“兼职”了解我们的招聘信息哦!


阳光创译

打造中国地质矿业翻译领军品牌


服务内容

笔译:包括报告、法规、标书、合同、技术手册和行业规范。

口译:包括野外考察陪同、旅游陪同、展会陪同、商务谈判、各种会议交替传译以及同声传译。

语种:英、俄、法、德、西、阿、日、韩、意、越、藏等72个语种。


联系方式

项目部电话:15227323620

译员邮箱:1967546028@qq.com

业务电话:010-82865216 

译员投递简历命名方式:姓名+语种+全/兼职翻译+矿业能源微信

地址:北京市海淀区五道口华清嘉园甲15号楼2008室

公司网址:http://www.bjsuntrans.com


您可能也对以下帖子感兴趣

文章有问题?点此查看未经处理的缓存