坦赞铁路TAZARA: How the great Uhuru Railway was built（视频与图）
李克勤（jixuie）题记：坦赞铁路，是毛主席领导的新中国，用国际主义精神为非洲人民建设的一条贯通东非和中南非的交通大干线，是东非交通动脉。东起坦桑尼亚的达累斯萨拉姆，西迄赞比亚中部的卡皮里姆波希，全长1860.5公里。1970年10月动工兴建，1976年7月全线完成。沿线地形复杂，线路需跨越裂谷带。由中国、坦桑尼亚和赞比亚三国合作建成。为赞比亚、马拉维等内陆国家提供新的出海通道。如今，中国在非洲的铁路建设又有了新的发展，例如从埃塞俄比亚的亚的斯亚贝巴到吉布提的亚吉铁路。这里我们一起学习一篇文章，是讲坦赞铁路如何建设的。
视频：《友谊铸就的坦赞铁路》
一、亚吉铁路
2016年10月5日，亚吉铁路正式通车运营。这条呼啸在东非大裂谷的钢铁巨龙，是首次采用全套中国标准和中国装备建造，并由中国企业负责运营的第一条全产业链“走出去”的铁路。
作为最早走出国门的央企之一，从第一次踏上非洲大陆完成迄今为止中国最大援外成套项目之一的坦赞铁路，到如今中国标准、中国装备在非洲落地生根，这条出海的“路”中国中铁走了近50个年头。
On October 5, 2016, the Addis Ababa-Djibouti Railway was put into operation. Like a "steel dragon" roaring across the Great Rift Valley, the railway was constructed by China Railway Group Limited (CREC) and China Civil Engineering Construction Corporation (CCECC) in conformance to Chinese standards with made-in-China equipment.
It will also be operated by the two companies, making it the first overseas railway leveraging advantages of all links throughout the industrial chain of China's railway industry. CREC took the lead in the international expansion of central SOEs. The group made its first footprint on the African continent by undertaking the TAZARA Railway, one of China's largest foreign-aid complete projects. From then on, CREC went on for a nearly 50-year journey of "going global" before it managed to apply Chinese standards and equipment in Africa.
2016年10月3日，在埃塞俄比亚首都亚的斯亚贝巴附近，一列试运行列车在亚吉铁路上行驶。10月5日，由中国企业建设、连接埃塞俄比亚和吉布提两国首都的亚的斯亚贝巴－吉布提铁路（亚吉铁路）即将正式通车。亚吉铁路是非洲第一条现代电气化铁路，被誉为“新时期的坦赞铁路”。由此，非洲铁路史将翻开新的一页，中非传统友谊也将迎来一座新的丰碑。新华社记者孙瑞博摄
二、坦赞铁路建设过程（中英文）
坦赞铁路建设者
下面是一篇在我国驻坦桑尼亚大使馆网站上的文章——
TAZARA: How the great Uhuru Railway was built
2012-04-11
（Compiled by Hilal K. Sued and published on Page 12-13, The African, Saturday April 7, 2012 ）
The TAZARA Railway (also called the Uhuru Railway, Swahili for Freedom Railway, or the Tanzam Railway) was built between 1970 and 1975 by the Tanzania-Zambia Railway Authority (abbreviated to 'TAZARA') to give landlocked Zambia a link to the Tanzanian port of Dar es Salaam, as an alternative to export routes via rail lines to Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe), South Africa, and Mozambique.
The railroad was a turnkey project financed and executed by the People's Republic of China. Total costs were about US $500 million, making it the largest single item foreign-aid project ever undertaken by China.
After World War I, Tanganyika (then German East Africa) was handed over to the United Kingdom for administration as a League of Nations Mandate. A railway was envisioned from Northern Rhodesia (later Zambia) to Tanganyika. However, the plans lay dormant in the worldwide economic depression of the 1930s.
Following World War II, interest in railway construction revived. A map from April 1949 in the Railway Gazetteshowed a line from Dar es Salaam to Kapiri Mposhi, not far from the route that would eventually be taken by the Chinese railroad. A report in 1952 by Sir Alexander Gibb and Partners concluded that the Northern Rhodesia-Tanganyika railway would not be economically justified, due to the low level of agricultural development and the fact that existing railways through Mozambique and Angola were adequate for carrying copper exports. A World Bank report in 1964 also concluded that the line was uneconomical, suggesting that a road should be built instead.
Only a year after Zambia's independence, Rhodesia's white-supremacist government issued its Unilateral Declaration of Independence from Britain, threatening Zambia's trade routes. President Nyerere of Tanzania and President Kaunda of Zambia pursued different avenues for the construction of an alternative rail route. Nyerere, after a visit to Beijing, accepted a team of Chinese surveyors, who produced a short report in October 1966. Kaunda was more skeptical of Communist involvement and pursued Western backing. The resulting Canadian-British aerial survey produced a favorable report in July 1966, but Western funding was not forthcoming.
Chairman Mao originally promoted funding the railway, then estimated at 1 billion USD, in order to secure votes against the Soviet Union attending the Asia-Africa summit in Algiers in 1965. After a visit to China in January 1967, Kaunda dropped his objections to Chinese involvement.
Abdulrahman Mohamed Babu had a key role to play in obtaining Chinese aid for the project. According to his memoirs, Julius Nyerere wanted to build on Zanzibar's close ties with China and create benefits for the whole country. Babu was named head of the trade delegation that preceded Nyerere's presidential delegation to China in 1964.
The outcome of his trip was a trade agreement (separate from the £11 million aid agreement) for £5 million a year for five years. Under this agreement the Tanzanians were to buy whatever they could afford from the Chinese but the Chinese were to buy £5 million worth a year from Tanzania. The Chinese would pay cash for the balance not taken up by purchases from Tanzania.
Due to his personal experience with the Chinese and his ideological affinity for their progressive model of development, Babu seized the initiative and mentioned the difficulties his government faced in trying to secure financing for the TAZARA Railway proposal. On 1 July 1965 the Chinese Government made a firm offer of tied aid to the Governments of Tanzania and Zambia, worth £75 million and £150 million to enable them to build the railway line.
On September 6, 1967, an agreement was signed in Beijing by the three nations. China committed itself to building a railroad between Tanzania and Zambia, supplying an interest-free loan to be repaid over 30 years.
Construction was begun in 1970 and operation commenced six years later. The line starts at the port of Dar-es-Salaam and crosses Tanzania in a south-west direction. It passes through a largely uninhabited area. Since the line opened, there has been industrial development along the line, including a hydroelectric power plant at Kidatu and a paper mill at Rufiji.
The line crosses the TAN-ZAM highway at Makambako and runs parallel toward Mbeya and the Zambian border, enters Zambia, and links to Zambia Railways at Kapiri Mposhi. Total length is 1,860 kilometers (1,160 mi) and the final altitude is 1,400 m (4,600 ft).
Running some 1,870 km (1,160 mi) from Dar es Salaam to Zambia's Kapiri Mposhi the railway is sometimes regarded as the greatest engineering effort of its kind since the Second World War. The railway took only five years to build and was finished ahead of schedule in 1975. Before the railway construction began, 12 Chinese surveyors travelled for nine months on foot from Dar es Salaam to Mbeya in the Southern Highlands to choose and align the railway's path. Thereafter, about 50,000 Tanzanians and 25,000 Chinese were engaged to construct the historical railway.
Braving rain, sun and wind, the workers successfully laid the track through some of Africa's most rugged landscape. The work involved moving 330,000 tonnes of steel rail and the construction of 300 bridges, 23 tunnels and 147 stations. The bridge across the Mpanga River towered 160 feet (49 m) in height, and the Irangi Number Tunnel tunnel was one-half mile (0.8 km) long.
The section from Mlimba to Makambako was the most difficult of the route, crossing mountains and steep valleys. Almost 30 percent of the bridges, tunnels, viaducts, and earthworks along the entire route were located in a 10-mile (16 km) stretch of this section.
Construction camps were set up for each 40-mile (64 km) section of track, being relocated as the work progressed. Paw-paw and banana trees were grown to provide shade and food, and workers tended vegetable gardens in the camps in off-hours.
Beginning in Dar es Salaam, the railway cuts through the coastal strip before passing between Mikumi National Park and the vast Selous Game Reserve.
Travellers get the opportunity to see Selous' abundance of game – giraffe, elephant, zebra, antelope and warthog, which with time are now used to the rumbling noise of the train. After the Selous, the railway cuts through the fertile Kilombero Valley. It skirts the great Kibasira Swamp before tackling the greatest challenging area between Mlimba (the Kingdom of Elephants) and Makambako (the Place of Bulls). This is the place where constructors of the railway met the greatest challenge. With the track rising to an altitude of 2,500 m (8,200 ft) through contorted mountains, precipitous valleys and deep swamps, it was necessary to construct 18 tunnels, while also crossing four major rivers. Because of the heavy rainfall experienced in this area, intricate drainage works had to be integrated with every feature.
At one stage the railway runs over a swamp. But perhaps, the most spectacular feature is the bridge across Mpanga River valley, which stands above the river on three 50 m (164 ft) tall pillars.
After climbing the Southern Highlands, the railway levels out onto a rolling plateau. Here the weather becomes noticeably cooler, the air sharper. This is the coffee and tea country of Njombe with large estates punctuated only by groves of bamboo and fields of maize. During the months of June and July, frost, and even an occasional sprinkling of snow, is not uncommon.
On the approach to Makambako the Udzungwa Mountains National Park rise 2,137 m (7,011 ft) to the north, while the Kipengere Range roll ahead to the south. Makambako is one of the meeting points of the railway and the Tanzania-Zambia Highway. Another is the Songea-bound road, making Makambako a busy town where travellers in transit to Songea, Iringa, Dar es Salaam and Mbeya find their connections.
The residents of Makambako capitalise on the opportunity to sell their products to travelers. Young boys and girls do an enterprising trade in fruits, cooked maize, sweet potatoes, roasted chicken, sugar cane, chewing gum and cigarettes.
From Makambako the railway and the highway run a parallel course towards Mbeya running past the Kipengere Range that towers to the left. Mostly grassland, with occasional belts of forest along the river courses, they rise to a height of over 2,400 m (7,900 ft).
After the Kipengele Mountains, the Uporoto Range takes over with the Usangu Flats stretching to the right. Many streams cross the highway to empty into these flats where game, which has strayed outside the Ruaha National Park, may be sighted.
At Chimala, a track leading south offers a scenic drive to Ntamba in the Uwanji area, where pyrethrum is cultivated. The woodlands include Brachystegia trees, while a variety of flowers, among them the rare Eulophia norlindhii orchid, flourish in the grass beneath the trees. Butterflies and hawk moths add their touch of color. From the top of the Ntamba escarpment one may have a superb view over the Usangu and Buhoro Flats.
From Chimala the highway and the railway pass through a series of scenic delights, including sights of interesting birds such as martins and swifts, waterfalls and stretches of open savannah with flat swampy areas, usually full of flowers, before entering Mbeya town, clustered around verdant hills with the protective backdrop of the Mbeya Range towering over it. From Mbeya town, both the railway and the highway head northwestwards to Tunduma where they cross the border into Zambia.
The gauge is 3 ft 6 in (1,067 mm) to match Zambia Railways. Zambia Railways are connected to Zimbabwe, and South Africa, so that TAZARA is a point of access to the railroad systems of Central and Southern Africa.
（http://tz.china-embassy.org/eng/media/t921927.htm）
马季唐杰忠的相声《友谊颂》，在我们小时候可是家喻户晓，人人皆知，讲的就是坦赞铁路修建过程的，该视频前面是王谦祥李增瑞先生解读《友谊颂》的视频；第二部分是《友谊颂》相声；第三部分是央视《中国文艺》向经典致敬节目采访唐杰忠老先生的录像，十分珍贵。
请注意：（本文蓝色字，点击可直接阅读）