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GRE阅读(36/36)

2017-02-18 天下没有不散的 精神与时间的房子

Michael Jordan in his dorm room, 1983.


P1

An experiment conducted aboard Space Lab in 1983 was the first attempt to grow protein crystals in the low-gravity environment of space. That experiment is still cited as evidence that growing crystals in microgravity can increase crystal size: the authors reported that they grew lysozyme protein crystals 1,000 times larger than crystals grown in the same device on Earth. Unfortunately, the authors did not point out that their crystals were no larger than the average crystal grown using other, more standard techniques in an Earth laboratory. No research has yet produced results that could justify the enormous costs of producing crystals on a large scale in space. To get an unbiased view of the usefulness of microgravity crystal growth, crystals grown in space must be compared with the best crystals that have been grown with standard techniques on Earth. (139 words)

1.It can be inferred from the passage that the author would find the Space Lab experiment more impressive if which of the following were true?

(A) The results of the Space Lab experiment could be replicated in producing other kinds of crystals in addition to lysozyme protein.

(B) The device used in the experiment produced larger crystals on Earth than it did in space.

(C) The size of the crystals produced in the experiment exceeded the size of crystals grown in Earth laboratories using standard techniques.

(D)The cost of producing the crystals in space exceeded that of producing them using standard laboratory techniques.

(E) The standard techniques used in Earth laboratories were modified in the Space Lab experiment due to the effects of microgravity.

2.Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about the device used to grow crystals in the Space Lab experiment?

(A) The device is more expensive to manufacture than are the devices used in standard techniques in an Earth laboratory.

(B) The device has not been used to grow crystals in space since the Space Lab experiment of 1983.

(C) Crystals grown in the device on Earth tend to be much smaller than crystals grown in it in space.

(D) Crystals grown in the device in space have been exceeded in size by crystals grown in subsequent experiments in space using other devices.

(E) The experiments in which the device was used were conducted with proper controls.


P2

An experimental version of the traditional scholarly methods course was designed to raise students' consciousness about the usefulness of traditional learning for any modern critic or theorist. To minimize the artificial aspects of the conventional course, the usual procedure of assigning a large number of small problems drawn from the entire range of historical periods was abandoned, though this procedure has the obvious advantage of at least superficially familiarizing students with a wide range of reference sources. Instead, students were engaged in a collective effort to do original work on a neglected eighteenth-century writer, Elizabeth Griffith, to give them an authentic experience of literary scholarship and to inspire them to take responsibility for the quality of their own work. Griffith's work presented a number of advantages for this particular pedagogical purpose. The body of extant scholarship on Griffith was so tiny that it could all be read in a day. In addition, because Griffith was successful in the eighteenth century, her exclusion from the canon and virtual disappearance from literary history also helped raise issues concerning the current canon. (179 words)

3. The author of the passage suggests that which of the following is a disadvantage of the strategy employed in the experimental scholarly methods course?

(A) Students were not given an opportunity to study women writers outside the canon.

(B) Students' original work would not be appreciated by recognized scholars.

(C) Little scholarly work has been done on the work of Elizabeth Griffith.

(D) Most of the students in the course had had little opportunity to study eighteenth-century literature.

(E) Students were not given an opportunity to encounter certain sources of information that could prove useful in their future studies.

4. It can be inferred that the author of the passage considers traditional scholarly methods courses to be

(A) irrelevant to the work of most students

(B) inconsequential because of their narrow focus

(C) unconcerned about the accuracy of reference sources

(D) too superficial to establish important facts about authors

(E) too wide-ranging to approximate genuine scholarly activity

5. In the context in which it appears, "canon" most nearly means   

(A) dogma   

(B) classic   

(C) tour de force   

(D) ordinance 

(E) tenet   


P3

Experiments show that insects can function as pollinators of cycads, rare, palmlike tropical plants. Furthermore, cycads removed from their native habitats - and therefore from insects native to those habitats - are usually infertile. Nevertheless, anecdotal reports of wind pollination in cycads cannot be ignored. The structure of cycads male cones is quite consistent with the wind dispersal of pollen, clouds of which are released from some of the larger cones. The male cone of Cycas circinalis, for example, sheds almost 100 cubic centimeters of pollen, most of which is probably dispersed by wind. Furthermore, the structure of most female cycad cones seems inconsistent with direct pollination by wind. Only in the Cycas genus are the females' ovules accessible to airborne pollen, since only in this genus are the ovules surrounded by a loose aggregation of megasporophylls rather than by a tight cone. (141 words)

For the following question, consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply  

6. The passage suggests that which of the following is true of the structure of cycad cones? 

(A) The structure of cycad cones provides conclusive evidence in favor of one particular explanation of cycad pollination.

(B) The structure of male cycad cones rules out a possible mechanism for cycad pollination that is suggested by the structure of most female cycad cones.

(C) The structure of male cycad cones is consistent with a certain means of cycad pollination, but that means is inconsistent with the structure of most female cycad cones.

7. The evidence in favor of insect pollination of cycads presented in the second sentence would be more convincing if which of the following were also true? 

(A) Only a small variety of cycad species can be successfully transplanted.

(B) Cycads can sometimes be pollinated by means other than wind or insects. 

(C) Insects indigenous to regions to which cycads are transplanted sometimes feed on cycads.

(D) Winds in the areas to which cycads are usually transplanted are similar to winds in cycads' native habitats.

(E) The transplantation of cycads from one region to another usually involves the accidental removal and introduction of insects as well.


P4

That sales can be increased by the presence of sunlight within a store has been shown by the experience of the only Savefast department store with a large skylight. The skylight allows sunlight into half of the store, reducing the need for artificial light. The rest of the store uses only artificial light. Since the store opened two years ago, the departments on the sunlit side have had substantially higher sales than the other departments.   

8. Which of the following, if true, most strengthens the argument?

(A) On particularly cloudy days, more artificial light is used to illuminate the part of the store under the skylight.

(B) When the store is open at night, the departments in the part of the store under the skylight have sales that are no higher than those of other departments.

(C) Many customers purchase items from departments in both parts of the store on a single shopping trip.

(D) Besides the skylight, there are several significant architectural differences between the two parts of the store.

(E) The departments in the part of the store under the skylight are the departments that generally have the highest sales in other stores in the Savefast chain.


P5

Influenced by the view of some twentieth-century feminists that women's position within the family is one of the central factors determining women's social position, some historians have underestimated the significance of the woman suffrage movement. These historians contend that nineteenth-century suffragism was less radical and, hence, less important than, for example, the moral reform movement or domestic feminism - two nineteenth-century movements in which women struggled for more power and autonomy within the family. True, by emphasizing these struggles, such historians have broadened the conventional view of nineteenth-century feminism, but they do a historical disservice to suffragism. Nineteenth-century feminists and anti-feminist alike perceived the suffragists' demand for enfranchisement as the most radical element in women's protest, in part because suffragists were demanding power that was not based on the institution of the family, women's traditional sphere. (135 words)

9. Select the sentence that includes a qualification of the author's critical attitude toward the study of the historians as they are described in the passage.   

For the following question, consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply

10. The passage provides information to support which of the following statements about the historians discussed in the passage EXCEPT

(A) They rely too greatly on the perceptions of the actual participants in the events they study.

(B) Their assessment of the significance of nineteenth-century suffragism differs considerably from that of nineteenth-century feminists.

(C) They devote too much attention to nineteenth-century suffragism at the expense of more radical movements that emerged shortly after the turn of the century.


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