机经丨5月6日雅思考情回忆（阅读+听力+写作）

雅思分手大师

IELTS BREAKUP MASTER

阅读部分

Passage 1

Being Left-handed or Right-handed?

The world is designed for right-handed people. Why does a tenth of the population prefer the left?

A.    The probability that two right-handed people would have a left-handed child is only about 9.5 percent. The chance rises to 19.5 percent if one parent is a lefty and 26 percent if both parents are left-handed. The preference,however, could also stem from an infant’s imitation of his parents. To test genetic influence, starting in the 1970s British biologist Marian Annett of the University of Leicester hypothesized that no single gene determines handedness.Rather, during fetal development, a certain molecular factor helps tostrengthen the brain’s left hemisphere, which increase the probability that theright hand will be dominant, because the left side of the brain controls the right side of the body, and vice versa. Among the minority of people who lack this factor, handedness develops entirely by chance. Research conducted on twins complicates the theory, however. One in five sets of identical twins involves one right-handed and one left-handed person, despite the fact that their genetic material is the same. Gene, therefore, are not solely responsiblefor handedness.

B.     Genetic theory is also undermined by results from Peter Hepper and histeam at Queen’s University in Belfast, Ireland. In 2004 the psychologists used ultrasound to show that by the 15th week of pregnancy, fetuses already have apreference as to which thumb they suck. In most cases, the preference continued after birth. At 15 weeks, though, the brain does not yet have control over the body’s limbs. Hepper speculates that fetuses tend to prefer whichever side ofthe body is developing quicker and that their movements, in turn, influence the brain’s development. Whether this early preference is temporary or holds up throughout development and infancy is unknown. Genetic predetermination is also contradicted by the widespread observation that children do not settle on either their right or left hand until they are two or three years old.

C.     But even if these correlations were true, they did not explain what actually causes among animals. Cats will favor one paw over another when fishing toys out from under the couch. Horses stomp more frequently with one hoof than the other. Certain crabs motion predominantly with the left or rightclaw. In evolutionary terms, focusing power and dexterity in one limb is more efficient than having to train two, four or even eight limbs equally. Yet formost animals, the preference for one side or the other is seemingly random. The overwhelming dominance of the right hand is associated only with humans. Thatfact directs attention toward the brain’s two hemispheres and perhaps toward language.

D.    Interest in hemispheres dates back to at least 1836.That year, at amedical conference, French physician Marc Dax reported on an unusual commonality among his patients. During his many years as a country doctor, Daxhad encountered more than 40 men and women for whom speech was difficult, theresult of some kind of brain damage. What was unique was that every individual suffered damage to the left side of the brain. At the conference, Dax elaborated on his theory, stating that each half of the brain was responsiblefor certain functions and that the left hemisphere controlled speech. Otherexperts showed little interest in the Frenchman’s ideas. Over time, however,scientists found more and more evidence of people experiencing speech difficulties following injury to the left brain. Patients with damage to the right hemisphere most often displayed disruptions in perception or concentration. Major advancements in understanding the brain’s asymmetry weremade in the 1960s as a result of so-called split-brain surgery, developed tohelp patients with epilepsy. During this operation, doctors severed the corpuscallous- the nerve bundle that connects the two hemispheres. The surgical cutalso stopped almost all normal communication between the two hemispheres, which offered researchers the opportunity to investigate each side’s activity.

E.     In 1949 neurosurgeon John Wada devised the first test to provide access to the brain’s functional organization of language. By injecting an anesthetic into the right or left carotid artery, Wada temporarily paralyzed one side of ahealthy brain, enabling him to more closely study the other side’scapabilities. Based on this approach, Brenda Milner and the late Theodore Rasmussen of the Montreal Neurological Institute published a major study in1975 that confirmed the theory that country doctor Dax had formulated nearly140 years earlier: in 96 percent of right-handed people, language is processed much more intensely in the left hemisphere. The correlation is not as clear inlefties, however. For two thirds of them, the left hemisphere is still the most active language processor. But for the remaining third, either the right sideis dominant or both sides work equally, controlling different language fuctions. That last statistic has slowed acceptance of the notion that the predominance of right-handedness is driven by left-hemisphere dominance inlanguage processing. It is not at all clear why language control should somehow have dragged the control of body movement with it. Some experts think onereason the left hemisphere reigns over language is because the organs of speechprocessing – the larynx and tongue – are positioned on the body’s symmetryaxis. Because these structures were centered, it may have been unclear, in evolutionary terms, which side of the brain should control them, and it seems unlikely that shared operation would result in smooth motor activity. Language and handedness could have developed preferentially for very different reasonsas well. For example, some researchers, including evolutionary psychologist Michael C. Corballis of the University of Auckland in New Zealand, think that the origin of human speech lies in gestures. Gestures predated words and helped language emerge. If the left hemisphere began to dominate speech, it would have dominated gestures, too, and because the left brain controls the right side ofthe body, the right hand developed more strongly.

F.     Perhaps we will know more soon. In the meantime, we can revel in what,if any, differences handedness brings to our human talents. Popular wisdom saysright-handed, left-brained people excel at logical, analytical thinking.Left-handed, right-brained individuals are thought to possess more creative skills and may be better at combining the functional features emergent in both sides of the brain. Yet some neuroscientists see such claims as pure speculation. Few scientists are ready to claim that left-handedness means greater creative potential. Yet lefties are prevalent among artists, composersand the generally acknowledged great political thinkers. Possibly if these individuals are among the lefties whose language abilities are evenly distributed between hemispheres, the intense interplay required could lead to unusual mental capabilities.

G.    Or perhaps some lefties become highly creative simply because they must be cleverer to get by in our right-handed world. This battle, which begins during the very early stages of childhood, may lay the groundwork for exceptional achievements.

Questions 1-5

Which section contains the following information?

1 Preference of using one side of the bodyin animal species.

2 How likely one-handedness is born.

3 The age when the preference of using onehand is settled.

4 Occupations usually found in left-handed population.

5 A reference to an early discovery of each hemisphere’s function.

Questions 6-9

Match each researcher with the correct finding.

 A. Early language evolution is correlated to body movement and thus affecting the preference of use of one hand.

 B. No single biological component determines the handedness of a child.

 C. Each hemisphere of the brain is in charge of different body functions.

 D. Language process is mainly centered in the left-hemisphere of the brain.

 E. Speech difficulties are often caused by brain damage.

 F. The rate of development of one side of the body has influence on hemisphere preference in fetus.

 G. Brain function already matures by the end of the fetal stage.

6 Marian Annett

7 Peter Hepper

8 Brenda Milner & Theodore Rasmussen

9 Michael Corballis

Questions 10-13    T/F/NG

10 The study of twins shows that genetic determination is not the only factor for left-handedness.

11 Marc Dax’s report was widely accepted in his time.

12  Juhn Wada based his findings on his research of people with language problems.

13 There tend to be more men with left-handedness than women.

Passage 2

Save Endangered Language

A Ten years ago Michael Krauss sent a shudder through the discipline of linguistics with his

prediction that half the 6,000 or so languages spoken in the world would cease to be uttered within a century. Krauss's prediction was little more than an educated guess, but other respected linguists had been clanging out similar alarms. Keneth L. Hale of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology noted in the same journal issue that eight languages on which he had done fieldwork had since passed into extinction. A 1990 survey in Australia found that 70 of the 90 surviving Aboriginal languages were no longer used regularly by all age groups.

B Experts in the field mourn the loss of rare languages, for several reasons. To start, there is

scientific self-interest: some of the most basic questions in linguistics have to do with the limits of human speech, which are far from fully explored. Other scientists try to reconstruct ancient migration patterns by comparing borrowed words that appear in otherwise unrelated languages. In each of these cases, the wider the portfolio of languages you study, the more likely you are to get the right answers.

C Despite the near constant buzz in linguistics about endangered languages over the past ten

years, the field has accomplished depressingly little. “You would think that there would be some organized responses to this dire situation,” some attempt to determine which language can be saved and which should be documented before they disappear, says Sarah G. Thomason, a linguist at the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor. “But there isn't any such effort organized in the profession. It is only recently that it has become fashionable enough to work on endangered languages”. Six years ago, recalls Douglas H. Whalen of Yale University, “when I asked linguists who was raising money to deal with these problems, I mostly got blank stares.” So Whalen and a few other linguists founded the Endangered Languages Fund. In the five years to 2001 they were able to collect only $80,000 for research grants. A similar foundation in England, directed by Nicholas Ostler, has raised just $8,000 since 1995.

D But there are encouraging signs that the field has turned a corner. The Volkswagen

Foundation, a German charity, just issued its second round of grants totaling more than $2 million. It has created a multimedia archive at the Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics in the Netherlands that can house recordings, grammars, dictionaries and other data on endangered languages. The Ford Foundation has also edged into the arena. Its contributions helped to reinvigorate a master-apprentice program created in 1992 by Leanne Hinton of Berkeley and Native Americans worried about the imminent demise of about 50 indigenous languages in California. Fluent speakers receive $3,000 to teach a younger relative (who is also paid) their native tongue through 360 hours of shared activities, spread over six months. So far about 5 teams have completed the program, Hinton say, transmitting at least some knowledge of 25 languages. “It's too early to call this language revitalization,” Hinton admits, “In California the death rate of elderly speakers will always be greater than the recruitment rate of young speakers. But at least we prolong the survival of the language.” That will give linguists more time to record these tongues before they vanish.

E Twenty years ago in New Zealand, Maori speakers set up “language nests”, in which

preschoolers were immersed in the native language. Additional Maori-only classes were added as the children progressed through elementary and secondary school. A similar approach was tried in Hawaii, with some Success—the number of native speakers has stabilized at 1,000 or so, reports Joseph E. Grimes of SIL International, who is working on Oahu. Students can now get instruction in Hawaiian all the way through university.

F One factor that always seems to occur in the demise of a language is that the speakers begin

to have collective doubts about the usefulness of language loyalty. Once they start regarding their own language as inferior to the majority language, people stop using it for all situations. Kids pick up on the attitude and prefer the dominant language. In many cases, people don‟t notice until they suddenly realize that their kids never speak the language, even at home.

G Linguists agree that ultimately, the answer to the problem of language extinction is

multilingualism. Most Americans and Canadians, to the west of Quebec, have a gut reaction that anyone speaking another language in front of them is committing an immoral act. You get the same reaction in Australia and Russia. It is no coincidence that these are the areas where languages are disappearing the fastest. The first step in saving dying languages is to persuade the world‟s majorities to allow the minorities among them to speak with their own voices. 

Question 20-25

Use the information in the passage to match the people (listed A-G ) with opinions or deeds below.A Nicholas Ostler

B Michael Krauss
C Joseph E. Grimes
D Sarah G. Thomason E Keneth L. Hale

F Douglas H. Whalen G Leanne Hinton

20 Helped linguists to record endangered languages because the existing period has been extended.

21 Reported language conservation practice in Hawaii.
22 Predicted that many languages would disappear soon.

23 Experienced languages dying out personally.24 Raised language fund in England.

25 Not enough efforts on saving until recent work.

Questions 26-27

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.

26 What is purpose that master-apprentice program sponsored by the Ford Foundation?

A To teach children how to speak.
B To revive endangered language.
C To preserve endangered language.
D T0 increase communication between students.

27 What should the speakers of majority language do according to the last paragraph?

A They should teach their children endangered language.
B They should learn at least four languages.
C They should show their loyalty to a dying language.
D They should be more tolerant to minority language speakers. 

Passage 3

文章标题:

嗅觉和记忆

文章大意:

味觉 视觉 声音 对记忆的影响。主线是三个试验，第一个试验篇幅最大，一个女科学家做了两个实验，验证嗅觉比其他感觉更emotional，还有嗅觉刺激的brain区域和其他感觉不一样；第二个试验科学家将一件事物的嗅觉和另外一个与这件事物不相关事物的其他感觉提供给试验者（有点说不明白……汗，举个例子，比如草莓的味道和台灯的外形，文章中不是这个例子），让试验者用这些不相关的感觉编故事，再后来记得不太清楚，第三个是中国的例子，在最后一段比较短，说是老人讲故事时要闻SPICE

题目类型：

Matching

单选

Summary

NYNG

参考答案：

Matching：

开始应该是选择研究成果和3个人

1）记忆存储在人脑中的不同部位 这好像是文中出现的第二个科学家的成果（不包括一开始提到的那个诗人还是什么的） 是A

2）嗅觉跟其他感觉不同 第一个人 B

3）嗅觉有助于回忆细节remind people of more details C

4）味道和看到的东西不一定要直接联系 don't relate to 好像是第一个人吧 B

5）A

单选

B B C C

第一道问第一个人做的第一个实验reveal了什么东西 我选的 smell 比其他sense 更强的那个（干扰项有脑袋的某个部位对于存储记忆很重要 个人觉得不对 因为他是先用嗅觉和其他对比 然后对大脑take image发现某个部位比较活跃 这是为了强调smell的）

第二道问第二个实验 我选的 证明了第一个实验的结论是正确的

填空

1）make a story

2)brain scan

3)脑袋某个部位的名称 old factory cortex(拼写请照原文)

4）中国家庭那个 the scent of spice

听力部分

Section 1

Two Day Trip

1.activity for the 1^st day :climbing(swimming)

2.Borrow shoes(bring own helmet and socks)

3.Have a good view of the city(river, animals)

4.dinner: pizza

Activity for the 2^nd day 

5.football(NOT basketball)

6.dancing 

7.name of the block: Paige

8.total number of people: 65

9.fee per student: $150(students can save 75)

10.fee doesn’t include: transport

Section 2

Bridge to Brisbane Fun Run

Questions 11-14 Multiple choice questions

11. where is the sport parking place recommended?

A. playground

B.river bank

C.shopping mall

12. where were the timing devices put?

A. T-shirt(badge)

B. on the shoes

13. which team started first?

A.yellow( late)

B. red(1^st, safe)

C.purple

14.what part of volunteers are in great need?

A. give first aid

B. hand out water to athletes

C.launch the beginning

Questions 15-20 Mapping

15. F stage

16. A.information center

17. B bag collection

18. H. information center

19. G. Prize

20. I. water area

Section 3

Field trip to Mexico墨西哥沙漠考察

（21-24) Multiple Choice

21. How to enroll in this group? If you want to join the trips, students have to first:

A. Asks a tutor   

B. …   

C. Fills an application form

22. The scholarship for this trip is:

A. 450pounds    

B. 1000 pounds  

C. 2000 pounds

(the overall fee is 2000, the company will fund 1000. but the question ask how much university will cover）

23. How do biologists determine a desert? 

A. The water evaporate faster than rain fall

(The evaporation in deserts is really fast. Where evaporation is much than the rainfall) 

B. More than40 cm rainfall 

24. The destination desert was originally a: 

A. Grassland 

B. Marine desert (It covers all three places, but the one they choose to go is the…)

25. Why did the university choose this desert as the study subject?

A. Plants

B. Birds www.ysfenshoudashi.com

C. Animals 

(Male student: We are studying the biology and why should we go to the desert? Female teacher: You probably don’t know that the birds there are…)

（26-30) Completion 

26. This study project is designed for: life-science undergraduate

27. They will use a ship as the base 

28. Student has to bring along their laptop computer to keep a journal every day.

29. The oldest plant in this area is: 12,000 years old

(twelve thousands, says most are over 800 years old, while the oldest is 12000

30.  A book recommendation: the teacher recommends him to prepare now and there’re lots of books in the library BUT ONE OF his favorite books is a book called the Baked Earth. 

Section 4

Elephant 

31. biologists recored the dates of birth are the same as their mothers have. 

32.weight is high  

33 bones

34.layers

35.cooperation: two elephants use a rope to find food

36.lack of rain

37.walk(work)
38.older female elephants are aware of danger

39.difficult to study in the wild

40,how sensitive one to another

写作部分

大作文

原题：Young people who commit serious crimes (violent attack or robbery) should be punished in the same way as adults.
To what extent do you agree or disagree? 

题目翻译：犯了严重罪行（暴力袭击或抢劫）的年轻人应该像成年人用同样的方式惩罚。请问你同意不同意？ 

思路分析：本题上一次出现在2015年4月25日。有别于一般的犯罪类话题要求分析原因和解决方案等（延长监禁时间、进行教育等），这道题在审题的时候需要大家对题目中的几个关键词young people、serious crimes、in the same way as adults进行思考。是不是要和成年人人一样对犯罪的行为用同样的方法审判，我们需要考虑到年轻人的年龄特殊阶段和思想不成熟性；我们也要想到这样做的严重后果，既考虑到对年轻人的影响也有对社会的影响。

当然，完全不惩罚也是不行的，我们也可以从这方面进行思考， 

P1：In many parts of the world, serious juvenile delinquency, such as robbery or violent attack, frequently appears as the headline in newspaper or TV programs. Some, therefore, insist that to deter it these young offenders should be penalized in regular court as adult criminals. However, I totally disagree with this proposal. 

第一段翻译：在世界许多地方，严重的青少年犯罪，如抢劫或暴力袭击，经常出现在报纸或电视上成为头条报道。因此，有些人坚持认为这些年轻的罪犯应该在普通法院作为成年罪犯受到惩罚。然而我完全不同意这个建议。

P2：There are several sound reasons why these non-grown-ups should be judged differently. Firstly, they are mentally immature so that they cannot tell right from wrong. When committing serious crimes, they deem these acts as cool, being unaware that they are breaking the law. However, these adult criminals, in most cases, are capable of judging their activities and therefore should be completely responsible for their deeds. Secondly, this may pose more serious problems to these young people and society. Giving these young a heavier sentence means that they lose the chance to receive education and learn workable skills as their peers do. Thus, when released from prison years later, they may become unemployed and commit crimes again.   

第二段翻译：非成年人的审判应该和成年犯区别开来是有一些非常有道理的理由。首先，他们在心智上是不成熟的，所以他们不能分辨对与错。当犯下严重罪行时，他们认为这些行为很酷，不知道他们触犯了法律。他们不像那些成年犯罪分子，那些人在多数情况下是有能力判断自己的行为也因此应该为自己的行为负责。其次，这有可能对这些年轻人和社会带来更严重的问题。给他们一个更重的审判意味着这些年轻人失去接受教育和学习工作技能的机会。这样等到多年后从监狱中出来后，他们有可能失业、继续犯罪。

P3：However, these convincing arguments in trying them differently than adults cannot deny the importance of punishing them. The prime reason is that punishment and sentences can serve to deter these underage felony offenders. In prisons, they, deprived of their freedom, will feel regretted for what they have done. Once out of prison (after finishing serving the sentence), they will start a new life and become good members of society. However, less-serious penalty will not reduce the number of young criminals effectively. Also, punishing these young law breakers can lessen the pains of the victims, which, to a certain extent, can help to maintain the social order.

第三段翻译：然而，这些令人信服的论点不能否认惩罚他们的重要性。首要的原因是惩罚和判决可以起着阻止他们未成年重罪犯的方法。在监狱里，他们被剥夺了自由，他们会为自己所做的事感到后悔。一旦出狱（服刑后），他们可能会更加珍惜自由，有一个新的开始，成为社会的好成员。然而，不太严重的刑罚不会有效减少年轻罪犯的数量。此外，惩罚他们可以减轻受害者和他们的家人的痛苦. 

P4：In conclusion, as the reasons mentioned above, I totally disagree with the idea that juvenile delinquent should be punished in the same way as adults. Punishing young criminals needs to consider more factors. On the one hand, justice must be served; one the other hand, judges and law makers need to avoid more serious results of punishing these young who commit crimes.   

结尾段翻译：总之，由于上述原因，我完全不同意青少年罪犯应该像成年人一样受到惩罚的观点。惩罚这些年轻的犯罪分子需要考虑更多因素。一方面，正义必须要实现，另一方面法官和立法者也需要避免惩罚他们带来的更严重的后果。 

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