【二轮复习·阅读理解】四选一阅读考点破解二：理解文中具体信息（附有课件下载）
考点二：理解文中具体信息
文章主题和中心思想的阐述往往需要大量细节信息的支持，这些细节对于理解全文内容至关重要，同时也是归纳和概括文章中心思想的基础。具体信息有时可以直接从文章中获取，有时则需要进行归纳、概括或推断后才能得到。
在考题中，答题信息可以直接在文中获取的，我们称之为直接信息题，这类试题主要出现在每年每套题的阅读理解A篇的信息类文本中。
需要对文中两个或多个信息点进行归纳概括的，我们称之为归纳概括题。
正确选项是对文中信息进行了同义转换，我们称之为语意转换题。
需要对文中提供的数字进行简单计算才可得出答案的，我们称之为数字计算题。
不论哪类细节题，我们在弄清题目所问之后，第一步，在题干中选定定位词(如专有名词、数字、缩略词，以及能体现问题中心的名词或动词等)；第二步，用选定的定位词(一般用1或2个)去文中寻找答题信息句，即信息定位；第三步，仔细阅读找到的信息句及其上下句，将信息句与各选项比较，选出正确答案。即“一定二找三比较”。
直接信息
［典型例题］2020年全国Ⅰ卷·22
Train Information
All customerstravelling on TransLink services must be in possession of avalid ticket before boarding. For ticket information, please ask at your localstation or call 13 12 30.
While QueenslandRail makes every effort to ensure trains run as scheduled，there can be no guarantee of connections between trains orbetween train services and bus services.
［对点练习］
1. (2020年全国Ⅱ卷·21)
The Lake District Attractions Guide
Dalemain Mansion& Historic Gardens
History, Culture& Landscape (景观). Discover
and enjoy 4 centuries of history, 5 acres of celebratedand award-winning gardens with parkland walk. Owned by the Hasell family since 1679, home to the InternationalMarmalade Festival. Gifts and antiques, plant sales, museums & MediaevalHall Tearoom.
Open: 29 Mar—29 Oct, Sunto Thurs.
Tearoom, Gardens& Gift Shop: 10.30—17.00 (16.00 in Oct).
House: 11.15—16.00 (15.00 in Oct).
Town:Pooley Bridge & Penrith
2. 2019年全国Ⅰ卷·21
Need a Job This Summer?
The provincialgovernment and its partners offer many programs to help students find summerjobs…
Summer Company
Summer Companyprovides students with hands-on business training and awards of up to ＄3,000 to start and run their own summer businesses.
Who is eligible:Students aged 15~29, returning to school in the fall.
3. (2019年全国Ⅱ卷·22)
My Favourite Books
Usmar is a writer for Cosmopolitan and co-author of the This BookWill series(系列) of lifestyle books. Here she picks her top reads.
Matilda
I once wrote apaper on the influence of fairy tales on Roald Dahl’s writing…
4. (2019年全国Ⅲ卷·22)
OPENINGSAND PREVIEWS
The Audience
Helen Mirren stars in the play by Peter Morgan, about QueenElizabeth II of the UK
and her private meetings with twelve Prime Ministers in the course of sixty years. Stephen Daldry directs. Also starring Dylan Baker and Judith Ivey. Previews begin Feb. 14. (Schoenfeld, 236 W. 45th St. 212-239-6200.)
5. (2018年全国Ⅰ卷·23)
Washington CapitalSites at Night Bicycle Tour
Duration: 3 hours(7 miles)
Join a small groupbike tour for an evening of exploration in the heart of Washington, D. C. Getup close to the monuments and memorials as you bike the sites of Capitol Hilland the National Mall. Frequent stopsare made for photo taking as your guide offers unique facts and history. Tourincludes bike, helmet, and bottled water. All riders are equipped withreflective vests and safety lights.
语意转换
2. 2019年全国Ⅰ卷·29
As data andidentity theft becomes more and more common, the market is growing for biometric (生物测量) technologies — like fingerprint scans—to keep others out of private-spaces. At present, these technologies are still expensive,though.
3. (2018年全国Ⅱ卷·25)
Many of us love July because it’s the month whennature’s berries and stone fruits are in abundance. These colourful and sweet jewels from BritishColumbia’s fields are little powerhouses of nutritional protection.
Of the commonberries, strawberries are highest in vitamin C…
When combined withberries or slices of other fruits, frozen bananas make an excellent base forthick, cooling fruit shakes and low fat “ice cream”. For this purpose, selectripe bananas for freezing as they are much sweeter.
点拨：由题干中的lemon juice可定位到第三段倒数第二句“If youlike, a squeeze of fresh lemon juice on the bananas will prevent them turningbrown.”，比较各选项， B选项keep their colour(使其保持不变色)与文中prevent them turning brown(阻止它们变成褐色)同义，故选B。
数字计算
点拨：本题问“少于6千人讲的语言，目前有多少种？”由第一句可知世界上目前共有大约6800种语言, 又由最后一句“世界语言的一半，不到6千人讲”，由此可知，不到6千人讲的语言只有6800的一半，即3400种，故选B项。
归纳概括
［典型例题］2020年全国Ⅰ卷·24
Returning to a book you've read many times can feel like drinks with an old friend. There's a welcome familiarity—but also sometimes a slight suspicionthat time has changed you both, and thus the relationship. But books don't change, people do. And that's what makes the act of rereading so rich and transformative.
The beauty ofrereading lies in the idea that our bond with the work is based on our presentmental register. It's true, the older I get, the more I feel time has wings.
But with reading, it's all about the present. It's about the now and what one contributes to the now, becausereading is a give and take between author and reader. Each has to pull theirown weight.
2. (2020年全国Ⅱ卷·29)
When you were trying to figure out what to buy for the environmentalist on your holiday list, fur probably didn't cross your mind…
Unusual fashion shows in New Orleans and Brooklyn have showcased nutria fur made into clothes in different styles. “It sounds crazy to talk about guilt-free fur—unless you understand that the nutria are destroying vast wetlands every year,” says Cree McCree,project director of Righteous Fur.
Scientists in Louisiana were so concerned that they decided to pay hunters ＄5 a tail…
Nutria were broughtthere from Argentina by fur farmers and let go into the wild. “The ecosystem down there can't handle this non-native species (物种). It's destroying the environment. It's them or us,” says MichaelMassimi, an expert in this field.
3. 2019年全国Ⅲ卷·31
Before the 1830s, most newspapers were sold through annualsubscriptions in America…
The trend, then, was toward the “penny paper”—a termreferring to papers made widely available to the public…
This developmentdid not take place overnight. It had been possible (but not easy) to buy singlecopies of newspapers before 1830…But the phrase “penny paper” caught thepublic’s fancy, and soon there would be papers that did indeed sell for only apenny.
This new trend of newspapers for “the man on the street” did not begin well. Some of the early ventures(企业) were immediate failures. Publishers already in business, people who were owners of successfulpapers, had little desire to change the tradition. It took a few youthful anddaring businessmen to get the ball rolling.
4. (2018年全国Ⅲ卷·29)
…many excellent Chinese architects are making great effortsto take the center stage.
Their effortshave been proven fruitful. Wang Shu, a 49-year-old Chinese architect, won the 2012 Pritzker Architecture Prize…
Wang serves ashead of the Architecture Department at the China Academy of Art (CAA). Hisoffice is located at the Xiangshan campus (校园)of the universityin Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province. Many buildings on the campus are his originalcreations.
5. (2018年全国Ⅲ卷·31)
“Today, many Chinese people are learning Western styles andtheories rather than focusing on Chinese traditions. Many people tend to talkabout traditions without knowing what they really are,” said Wang.
The study oftraditions should be combined with practice. Otherwise, the recreation oftraditions would be artificial and empty, he said.