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你饮下一些黑暗

Tomas Tranströmer

挽歌

我打开第一道门。

这是一个阳光照亮的大房间。

一辆沉重的小车在外面驶过

使瓷器颤抖。

我打开二号门。

朋友！你饮下一些黑暗

而变得明显可见。

三号门。一个狭窄的旅馆房间。

朝向一条小巷的景观。

一根灯柱在沥青上闪耀。

经历，它美丽的熔渣。

By BRUCE WEBER

Tomas Transtromer, a Swedish poet who won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 2011 for a body of work known for shrewd metaphors couched in deceptively spare language, crystalline descriptions of natural beauty and explorations of the mysteries of identity and creativity, died on Thursday in Stockholm. He was 83.

2011年诺贝尔文学奖得主、瑞典诗人托马斯·特兰斯特勒默周四在斯德哥尔摩去世，享年83岁。其作品言简意远，机藏妙喻，刻画天然，晶莹澄澈，发掘身份及创造力的神秘之处。

couch: to lie in ambush or concealment; lurk

The Swedish publisher Albert Bonniers announced the death without giving a cause. In 1990, at age 59, Mr. Transtromer had a stroke that severely curtailed his ability to speak; he also lost the use of his right arm.

瑞典出版商Albert Bonniers宣布丧讯，却未透露原因。1990年，59岁的特兰斯特勒默中风后，表达能力严重受损，右臂也不能活动了。

With a pared-down style and brusque, forthright diction, Mr. Transtromer wrote in accessible language, though often in the service of ideas that were diaphanous and not easy to parse; he could be precisely observant one moment and veer toward surrealism the next.

特兰斯特勒默风格简扼奡兀，措辞平白，又每见思想幽微，难以捉摸，方才还刻画细腻，转头便羽翮超俗。

pare down: decrease gradually or bit by bit

brusque: abrupt and curt in manner or speech

diaphanous: insubstantial; amorphous

accessible: easy to understand or appreciate

observant: paying close attention to detail; watchful or heedful

“The typical Transtromer poem is an exercise in sophisticated simplicity, in which relatively spare language acquires remarkable depth, and every word seems measured to the millimeter,” the poet David Orr wrote in an essay in The New York Times in 2011.

诗人David Orr于2011年在《纽约时报》撰文称："特兰斯特勒默的代表作，简练中见精微，片语间蕴深思，字炼肯綮，斟之毫厘。”

He was a hugely popular figure in his home country — one American critic referred to him as Sweden’s Robert Frost — whose more than 15 books over nearly six decades were translated into 60 languages.

他是母国的明星，一美国评论家将其成为瑞典的罗伯特·弗罗斯特，六十年来出版15本书，被译为60种语言。

And though he was not especially well known among American readers, he was widely admired by English-speaking poets, including his friends Robert Bly, who translated many of his poems, and Seamus Heaney, himself a Nobel laureate in 1995.

他广受英语作家赞誉，尽管美国人不熟悉，其中包括他的朋友Robert Bly，翻译了他的大部分诗作，还有1995年诺奖得主Seamus Heaney。

Many of Mr. Transtromer’s themes and interests, including music (he was an accomplished pianist) and the beauty and inspiration of the outdoors, were evident in his first book, “17 Poems,” published in 1954.

特兰斯特勒默的主题和旨趣，包括音乐（他还是成功的钢琴家），以及来自自然的魅力和灵感，都见于1954年出版的第一本诗作《十七首诗歌》。

The succinct poem “Ostinato” (translated by Robin Fulton) — the title is a musical term referring to a repeated phrase or rhythmic figure — observes nature in both meaning and form:

诗作Ostinato (Robin Fulton译)，题目出自音乐术语“固定音形”，其诗措辞简捷，于形于意都源于对自然的观察。

Under the buzzard’s circling point of stillness

ocean rolls resoundingly on in daylight,

blindly chews its bridle of weed and snorts up

foam over beaches.

Earth is veiled in darkness where bats can sense their

way. The buzzard stops and becomes a star now.

ocean rolls resoundingly on and snorts up

foam over beaches.

For many years, Mr. Transtromer, a trained psychologist, worked in state institutions with juvenile offenders, parole violators and the disabled, and many critics noted that he frequently deployed his inventive and striking metaphors to examine the depths of the human mind.

作为心理学家，特兰斯特勒默在国家机构工作多年，与少年犯、假释逃犯和残疾人共处，许多评论家提到他时常借用独出心裁、惊为天人的暗喻，审查人类思维的深奥之处。

He often began his poems with descriptions of mundane settings and acts, but he was also interested in dreams and the other uncontrollable wanderings of thought. In “Preludes” (translation by May Swenson) he wrote:

诗作常起于人间俗事，却也意向梦境，任思维失控游走。《序曲》(May Swenson译)：

Two truths approach each other

One comes from within,

one comes from without — and where they meet you have the chance

to catch a look at yourself.

Tomas Gosta Transtromer was born in Stockholm on April 15, 1931. His father was a journalist. His parents divorced when he was young, and he was reared mostly by his mother, a teacher.

托马斯·戈斯塔·特兰斯特勒默，1931年4月15日生于斯德哥尔摩。父亲是记者。儿时父母离婚，主要由母亲将他养大。母亲是一个教师。

He studied literature, history, religion and psychology at Stockholm University, graduating in 1956.

他在斯德哥尔摩大学学习文学、历史、宗教和心理学，1956年毕业。

Mr. Transtromer’s poetry production slowed after his stroke, but he took refuge in music, playing the piano with just his left hand.

中风后，特兰斯特勒默诗作渐少，却在音乐中寻求寄托，他用左手弹钢琴。

Mr. Transtromer was considered a candidate for the Nobel for a decade or more. Each year, on the day the prizes were to be announced, Swedish journalists, anticipating his selection, gathered in the stairwell of his Stockholm apartment building, about a mile from the Swedish Academy, which administers the prizes.

特兰斯特勒默被认为将获诺奖十余载，每年诺奖公布当天，希望他获奖的瑞典记者都会聚在他在斯德哥尔摩寓所的楼梯井中，寓所和公布结果的瑞典皇家科学院相距约一英里。

He was the seventh Swede to win the Nobel for literature, and he was the only winner in nearly 20 years to be known mainly as a poet. (The last was Wislawa Szymborska in 1996.)

他是第七位获得诺贝尔文学奖的如点人，也是近20年来首位获得诺奖的诗人，上一位是1996年的辛波斯卡。

His selection was not without controversy. Some critics complained of home-nation favoritism and said that Philip Roth and other fiction writers were more deserving.

他的获奖也不无争议。一些评论家认为瑞典科学院偏袒本国作家，而Philip Roth和其他小说家更该获此殊荣。

Mr. Transtromer’s work was also at the center of a dispute between translators: Robin Fulton, whose work with Mr. Transtromer included the 2013 collection “The Great Enigma,” and Robin Robertson, a Scottish poet who translated a 2006 Transtromer volume, “The Deleted World.”

特兰斯特勒默的作品同样引发两位译者的争议：他们是Robin Fulton和Robin Robertson。Fulton与特兰斯特勒默出版了诗选The Great Enigma，苏格兰诗人Robertson翻译了特兰斯特勒默2006年的诗卷The Deleted world。

Mr. Robertson, who does not speak Swedish, referred to his work as “versions” of Mr. Transtromer’s poems and suggested that it was more important to get the spirit and tone of a poem right than every last idiom.

Robertson不通瑞典语，他将自己的作品看做是特兰斯特勒默的，并认为正确捕捉到诗歌的精神和韵味比字句相对更为重要。

The book set off a debate about the nature of translation. Mr. Fulton objected to what he called “the strange current fashion whereby a ‘translation’ is liable to be praised in inverse proportion to the ‘translator’s’ knowledge of the original language.”

该书引发了关于翻译本质的讨论。Fulton反对“译作获誉的程度与译者对源语言的掌握成反比这一怪异的当下潮流”。

“Through his condensed, translucent images, he gives us fresh access to reality,” the Swedish Academy said in awarding him the Nobel.

瑞典皇家科学院的颁奖理由是，他“用凝炼澄澈的形象，让我们以全新的方式走进现实。”

答题卡

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答题卡参考答案

1. 希姆博尔斯卡（波兰）

2. 《长袜子皮皮》

3. Godiva

4. 英格玛-伯格曼

5. 埃斯特拉公主（应为维多利亚公主）