中国科学家准备“编辑”人类

2016-07-24 卫报 英文联播 英文联播

Crispr: Chinese scientists to pioneer gene-editing trial on humans


A team of Chinese scientists will be the first in the world to apply the revolutionary gene-editing technique known as Crispr on human subjects.

一中国科学家团队将首次在人类身体上应用革命性基因编辑技术CRISPR。


Led by Lu You, an oncologist at Sichuan University’s West China hospital in Chengdu, China, the team plan to start testing cells modified with Crispr on patients with lung cancer in August, according to the journal Nature.

据《自然》期刊,四川大学华西医院肿瘤学家卢铀的团队计划8月份在肺癌患者身上测试用CRISPR编辑过的细胞。


Crispr is a game-changer in bioscience; a groundbreaking technique which can find, cut out and replace specific parts of DNA using a specially programmed enzyme named Cas9. 

CRISPR是生物科学界扭转乾坤的技术,这种技术能使用一种经过专门编写的酶Cas9发现、切除并替换DNA的某个特定部分。


Its ramifications are next to endless, from changing the color of mouse fur to designing malaria-free mosquitoes and pest-resistant crops to correcting a wide swath of genetic diseases like sickle-cell anaemia in humans.

其后果是难以尽述的,改变老鼠皮毛的颜色,设计不传染疟疾的蚊子,抗害虫庄稼,修正各类基因疾病,例如人类镰状红细胞贫血。


The concept of editing human DNA has often been controversial. In the UK, genetic modification in humans remains off-limits. Peter Mills, assistant director of the UK Nuffield Council on Bioethics, has told the Guardian of the worries it raises about playing god and “designer babies”.

编辑人类DNA的想法一直以来充满争议。在英国,对人类转基因仍属禁区。英国纳菲尔德生物伦理委员会副主任Peter Mills对《卫报》表示,扮演上帝和“设计婴儿”令人担忧。


A study on non-viable human embryos, also conducted in China, was called off after researchers found what they described as “serious obstacles” to using the method in a clinical setting. 

一项对无法存活的人类胚胎进行的研究此前被取消,该研究也在中国进行,原因是研究者发现在临床使用该方法有“严重障碍”。


And in March 2015 a group of researchers published an open letter in Nature, saying that there were “grave concerns” about the ethical and safety implications of editing the “germ-line” in human genes – the genetic code which is passed on.

2015年3月,研究人员在《自然》杂志发表公开信,表示编辑人类基因的“生殖系”在伦理和安全方面引发“严重关切”,“生殖系”用来传递基因代码。


The Sichuan University trial, it is important to note, does not edit the germ-line; its effects will not be hereditary. 

请格外注意,四川大学的试验并不编辑生殖系,因此其影响并非遗传性的。


What the researchers plan to do is enroll patients with metastatic non-small cell lung cancer, Nature reported, and for whom other treatment options – including chemotherapy and radiotherapy – have failed.

自然杂志称,研究人员计划招募患有转移性非小细胞肺癌患者,包括化疗和放疗在内的其他治疗手段对他们都没有效果。


They will then extract immune cells from the patients’ blood and use Crispr to add a new genetic sequence which will help the patient’s immune system target and destroy the cancer. The cells will then be re-introduced into the patients’ bloodstream.

他们将从病人的血液中提取免疫细胞,使用CRISPR加入一个新的基因序列,基因序列将帮助患者的免疫系统找到并杀灭癌,然后将免疫细胞输回病人的血液中。


China has been at the forefront of Crispr research. In 2014, researchers at Nanjing University reported that they had successfully engineered mutations in macaques – the first reported successful use of the technique in non-human primates. 

中国是CRISPR研究的先锋,2014年,南京大学研究者称,他们在猕猴身上成功实施突变,这是公开报道的首例在非人类灵长类动物身上使用该技术的案例。


Crispr was approved for human trials in the US by a research group backed by tech billionaire Sean Parker, but if it begins on schedule in August the Sichuan University study will beat them to the punch of being the first of its kind.

一家由技术大佬Sean Parker支持的美国研究机构批准在人体上使用CRISPR技术,但如果四川大学的研究在8月如期进行,将赶超美国成为史上首例。



译注

CRISPR是“规律成簇的间隔短回文重复”(Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats)的缩写,是大多数细菌和古细菌的一种天然免疫方式。


不要被术语吓倒,道理很简单,如果我们把细菌或病毒比作敌人,敌人第一次入侵的时候,我们大多情况下没有特效武器,但人体的免疫系统马上就发现这个东西和我们不是一伙儿的。如果这家伙儿没把我们弄死,活下来的我们至少记住这个坏蛋的特征了,并且产生了抗体,下次再碰到同样的敌人时,就不怕了。这些敌人的特征就是CRISPR。


最初,科学家搞不清楚细胞内长串的CRISPR序列是干嘛用的,后来才知道原来是个“小黑本儿”。尽管道理搞明白了,可似乎也没什么用处,直到过了不久,人们想到能把这些特征储存下来,肯定用了些工具,这个工具就是Cas,Cas把基因链剪开,把新序列加了进去。


既然如此,科学家不也可以借用这个工具主动增加一些序列或敲除一些序列呢。最关键的是,到了Cas9蛋白,这个工具特别廉价、特别便宜,几乎有点专业训练的人都能干,所以问题来了……编辑人类竟然如此简单,距离大规模商用如此之近。


可是问题也来了,加入的新基因“能治病”吗?会不会脱靶,坏蛋很狡猾,会七十二变,你专治李逵,他也可能化身李鬼。这还只是技术层面的,毕竟Cas9的精确性比莆田系高明得多,更广泛的担忧是伦理性的,一旦普及,Cas9能做的事似乎不只治病,变种人时代真的来了?你认为呢?