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勒庞、普京和特朗普 | 民粹轴心

2017-05-02 卫报 英文联播

Le Pen, Putin, Trump: a disturbing axis, or just a mutual admiration society?

The week after  won the US presidential election last November,  was inaugurating the headquarters of her own election campaign in Paris, less than a mile from the Elysée Palace she hopes to move into soon.

唐纳德·特朗普去年11月赢得美国总统大选一周后,玛丽娜·勒庞在巴黎建立了自己的竞选总部,距离她希望不久后入主的爱丽舍宫距离不足一英里。


The far-right, anti-immigration Front National leader had been the only French political leader to back Trump in his bid for the White House. She has also made no secret of her admiration for Russia’s president, .

一直以来,这位极右翼、反移民的国民阵线领导人是唯一支持特朗普主局白宫的法国政坛领导人,她也毫不掩饰自己对俄罗斯总统弗拉基米尔·普京的崇拜。


Unveiling her campaign symbol, a blue rose, she said that her election as France’s president would form a trio of world leaders that “will be good for world peace”, leading “a worldwide movement that rejects unchecked globalisation, destructive ultra-liberalism, the elimination of nation states, the disappearance of borders”.

她揭晓的竞选标志是一朵蓝玫瑰,她表示当选法国总统后,将成为“有益于世界和平的”三巨头之一,领导“一场世界范围的运动,拒斥不受节制的全球化、毁灭性的偏激自由主义、民族国家的消灭和疆界的消失”。


Last month, . “A new world has emerged in these past years,” she said. “It’s the world of Vladimir Putin, it’s the world of Donald Trump in the US. I share with these great nations a vision of cooperation, not of submission.”

上个月,勒庞亲赴莫斯科聆听普京演讲。“过去这些年中,一个新世界诞生了,”她说。“那是弗拉基米尔·普京的世界。在美国,是唐纳德·特朗普的世界。我和这些伟大的国家共享一种远见,合作而非颠覆。”


Clearly, there is ideological common ground between the three leaders: variations on a theme of nation-first politics, support for economic protectionism and immigration controls, mistrust of international alliances and institutions such as Nato or the EU, and a rejection of globalism and the liberal consensus.

显而易见,三位领导人拥有意识形态上的共同之处:他们信奉的是“民族第一政治”这一主题的各类变种,支持经济保护主义和移民管控,不信任北约或欧盟等国际联盟和机构,拒绝全球化和自由主义共识。


But Le Pen’s actual ties with the two leaders differ significantly. With Russia, at least, they go beyond the ideological to the personal and the practical. Her meeting with Putin in March was reported to be their first; but , it is possibly their third.

但勒庞与其他两位领导人的真正关联迥然不同。至少就俄罗斯而言,二人不仅在意识形态上惺惺相惜,还有着个人的、事务性的交往。据报道,她三月与普京首次会晤,但根据法国调查记者称,这可能是第三次。


Jean-Marie Le Pen, Marine’s father and an admirer of authoritarianism and ultra-nationalism, told the BBC in an interview recorded before last month that his daughter had previously met the Russian president, and her former foreign affairs adviser Aymeric Chauprade said in 2014 unofficial talks had taken place.

玛丽娜的父亲、独裁主义和偏激民族主义的崇拜者让-马利·勒庞,在上月录制的采访中对BBC说,她的女儿曾拜会俄国总统。玛丽娜的前外交事务顾问艾默里克·肖普拉德表示,2014年曾经举行非正式谈话。


Unless she thinks media attention will serve her, Le Pen’s trips abroad are often conducted discreetly. She has, though, visited  in 2011 – when she told the daily Kommersant: “I won’t hide that, in a certain sense, I admire Vladimir Putin” – and in June 2013 and April 2014.

勒庞的海外旅行通常行程低调,除非她认为媒体的关注有利于她。她2011年曾去过俄罗斯,当时她对俄罗斯《生意人报》说:“我不会掩饰,在某种意义上,我钦佩弗拉基米尔·普京。”2013年6月和2014年4月,她又两次造访。


Front National aides and MEPs have been to Moscow far more often – and two ruling-party Russian MPs were honoured guests at the 2014 party conference that re-elected Le Pen party leader with a 100% mandate.

国民阵线的幕僚和其欧洲议会议员访问莫斯科次数更多,两个俄罗斯执政党议员在2014年党大会上成为座上宾,那次大会上,勒庞全票当选党主席。


In further shows of sympathy,  for “completely stupid” EU sanctions against Russia to be lifted, said there was “no invasion” of Crimea because it had “always been Russian”, and argued Ukraine had undergone “a coup d’état”.

更多迹象显示出勒庞对俄罗斯的同情,她称欧洲对俄罗斯的制裁“完全是愚蠢的”,并呼吁予以取消;她表示在克里米亚“压根没有侵略”,因为它“从来就属于俄罗斯”,是乌克兰发动了“政变”。


Nor has the party been shy about accepting Russian money, on the grounds that no French bank will lend to it. The party borrowed €9m in 2014 from the First Czech Russian Bank (which later lost its licence) and acknowledged seeking €3m from Russia’s Strategy bank in 2016.

国民阵线也毫不避讳接受俄罗斯的资助,理由是没有法国银行愿意提供贷款。2014年,该党从第一捷克俄罗斯银行借款900万欧元,后来银行被吊销了执照;并承认于2016年向俄罗斯战略银行申请300万欧元贷款。


The FN has always denied the Russian loans had bought Moscow any influence with the party.  the suggestion was “ridiculous” and “outrageous”, adding: “So because we get a loan, that dictates our foreign policy? We’ve held this [pro-Russian] line for a long time.”

国民阵线一向否认俄国贷款会让莫斯科对本党施加任何影响。勒庞对《世界报》表示,这种说法“荒唐可笑”、“令人震惊”。她说,“因为我们贷了款,就决定了我们的外交政策吗?我们一直以来主张都是如此。”


There seems little doubt that for its part, Russia is attempting to influence the outcome of France’s presidential election, whose final round on 7 May will pit Le Pen against the independent centrist . Current polls suggest she will lose.

毫无疑问,俄罗斯试图对法国总统大选结果施加影响。5月7日,勒庞将对阵独立中间派埃曼纽尔·马克龙。目前民调显示,她将铩羽而归。


Japanese cyber-security group  this week that the Russian hackers known as Pawn Storm, Fancy Bear or APT28 – – had targeted Macron’s En Marche! using exactly the same tactics employed against the Democratic National Committee (DNC) in the operation which US authorities believe helped sway the election in Trump’s favour.

日本网络安全组织Trend Micro本周在一份41页的报告中表示,被称为“兵风暴”、“豪气熊”或“APT28”的俄国黑客组织攻击了马克龙的“向前进”运动,美国间谍机构和民间网络安全公司都认为那是俄罗斯情报机构的分支,其手段与攻击民主党全国委员会如出一辙,美国当局认为后者在大选中帮了特朗普的忙。


Macron’s campaign team confirmed they had been the target of at least five sophisticated cyber-attacks since January aimed at accessing sensitive data. “Emmanuel Macron is the only candidate in the French presidential campaign to be targeted,” the campaign said in a statement. “It’s no coincidence.”

马克龙的竞选团队确认,1月以来,他们至少五次成为高级网络攻击的目标,攻击旨在窃取敏感数据。“埃曼纽尔·马克龙是法国总统选战中唯一遭到攻击的候选人,”竞选团队在声明中表示。“这并非巧合。”


Le Pen’s relations with Trump are less clearcut.  if she could, and he has come close to endorsing her,  that the far-right leader was “the strongest on borders, and the strongest on what’s been going on in France”.

勒庞与特朗普的关系就没那么显而易见了。她曾说过,如果可能的话,她会给他投票。特朗普也倾向于支持她,第一轮投票前,他表示这位极右翼领导人“对边疆问题最强硬,是法国最强势的。”


In January, , the party’s vice-president Louis Aliot, and Guido “George” Lombardi, a businessman neighbour of Trump’s who has portrayed himself as a kind of European far-right fixer for the president.

1月,勒庞被拍到在特朗普大厦与她的搭档、党副主席路易斯·艾略特和特朗普的邻居、商人圭多·“乔治”·隆巴迪一同喝咖啡。隆巴迪一直将自己视作总统接触欧洲极右翼的掮客。


Lombardi was  for the Front National the previous evening, and most of the efforts by Le Pen’s entourage in the US are so far believed to have been directed towards securing much-needed contributions to party funds.

前一晚,隆巴迪为国民阵线举办了筹款晚会。据信,勒庞的随从迄今在美国的主要工作只是筹到急需的款项。


But Trump and Le Pen did not meet, staff from both sides have insisted. Nor did the Front National’s European affairs adviser, Ludovic de Danne, or its US representative, Denis Franceskin, get to see Trump in November, when Lombardi invited them to Trump Tower for the election night party.

但双方坚称,特朗普和勒庞并未会面,国民阵线的欧洲问题顾问路多维奇·德·丹内和驻美国代表丹尼斯·法兰西金也未与特朗普谋面,隆巴迪11月曾邀请二人去特朗普大厦参加当选晚会。


The FN representatives were told the president-elect did not have security clearance to come down to the lobby. But in pre-election remarks to the Hollywood Reporter, Trump said there was “no common ground to be explored” with Europe’s far right and he did not want to “establish alliances beyond the Atlantic”.

国民阵线的代表们被告知候任总统未能获得安全许可下到大厅里来。但大选前,特朗普对《好莱坞记者》说,他与欧洲极右翼“没有共识”,且无意“建立跨大西洋联盟”。


Some of his backers are less reticent. Le Pen has met leading Trump supporters including congressman Steve King, a Republican from Iowa who has courted controversy for making .

他的一些支持者就没那么安分了。勒庞会晤了特朗普的主要支持者、来自爱荷华的共和党人、国会议员史蒂夫·金,后者因对移民发表煽动性言论而引发争议。


And while Steve Bannon’s star may now be waning, the former Breitbart CEO and Trump’s chief strategist .

尽管史蒂夫·班农风光不再,这位前布莱哈特网站首席执行官、特朗普的首席战略官毫不掩饰自己对法国极右翼的钦佩。


Bannon told French website Radio Londres last summer that he saw Marion Maréchal-Le Pen, Le Pen’s niece, as “the new rising star”, and predicted France’s 2017 elections would be “historic”. Maréchal-Le Pen has praised “alternative media” and said she would be delighted to work with Breitbart if it opened a Paris bureau, as it has promised – but so far failed – to do.

班农去年夏天对法国网站“隆德雷斯广播”说,他认为勒庞的侄女玛丽安·马雷夏尔-勒庞是“冉冉升起的新星”,他预测法国2017年大选“具有历史意义”。马雷夏尔-勒庞则赞扬了“另类媒体”,表示如果布莱哈特开设巴黎分社,她乐意提供帮助,布莱哈特一直承诺要开设巴黎分社,但迄今尚未成功。


Bannon has also drawn inspiration from some of the Front National’s favourite literature, , a far-right Catholic theorist seen as the founding father of French ultra-nationalism, and Jean Raspail, author of  depicting a France submerged by immigration and often described as racist.

班农还从某些国民阵线最钟意的文献中获得灵感,其中包括极右翼天主教理论家、法国偏激民族主义奠基人查尔斯·莫拉斯的作品,以及《圣徒营地》作者让·拉斯帕伊的作品。《圣徒营地》是1973年发表的一部极具争议的作品,描述了法国被移民淹没,作品常视作带有种族主义歧视。


The far-right candidate is also backed by a ruthless, highly organised and very popular web and social media campaign that echoes the successful online agitprop techniques used by Trump’s “alt-right” supporters during the US presidential campaign. US-based  by pretending to be French.

这位极右翼候选人还得到网络和社交媒体运动的支持,后者冷酷无情、组织良好、人气很高,与特朗普的“另类右翼”支持者在美国总统大选中使用的宣传伎俩相似。据报道,美国的极右翼因特网卫士伪装成法国人伸出援手。


Le Pen herself, however, seems to think that if the Trump-Le Pen nexus is an inspiration for anyone, it is for the US president.

然而,勒庞本人认为,如果说特朗普-勒庞组合对某人有益,那个人是美国总统才对。


“I do not take Trump as a model,”  in January. “He is the one who is applying what I have been proposing for years.”

“我不把特朗普视为榜样,”她1月对《北方之声报》说。“他推行了我多年以来的主张。”




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