《储能科学与技术》推荐|彭章泉等:飞行时间二次离子质谱在锂基二次电池中的应用
作者:赵志伟
单位:中国科学院大连化学物理研究所
DOI:10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2021.0672
1 简要概况
2 应用介绍
2.1 锂离子电池
锂离子电池是当今移动电子设备的主流电源。在过去的几年,锂离子电池在电动汽车、规模储能方面的应用发展势头迅猛。然而,锂离子电池在三十多年发展历史中仍然有诸多的基础问题未得到充分解决[27]。2.1.1 溶剂化结构锂离子溶剂化结构是一个充满争议性和挑战性的主题。这是因为,锂离子电池溶剂化结构不仅影响本体电解液中Li+的传输,而且也会对界面固体电解质膜(SEI或CEI)的化学组成、结构、锂离子脱溶剂化动力学产生显著影响。研究者广泛认可的是,Li+与溶剂分子能够发生配位作用,但配位数是多少(是否完全溶剂化或形成离子簇),阴离子与溶剂和Li+如何相互作用,仍在争论中。当电解液由多种电解质盐和溶剂组成,并且浓度、温度等因素改变时,这些问题将变得更为复杂。先进的实验方法(如红外光谱、拉曼光谱、核磁等)和理论计算(密度泛函理论、分子动力学模型)已经被广泛应用于研究Li+与电解液的相互作用[2.2 锂硫电池
锂硫电池被认为是下一代二次锂电池的最有技术前景的器件之一。大量的工作聚焦于硫正极的改性和设计,并取得了较大进展。但是,高活性的锂金属负极限制了锂硫电池的实际应用。这是因为,金属锂的数量有限,锂离子在沉积和剥离过程的不可逆性严重限制了电池的循环寿命[2.3 锂氧电池
非水溶剂锂氧电池由于超高的理论能量密度而备受研究者关注。但是,实际的锂氧电池仍然面临诸多挑战,如循环寿命低、倍率能力差、过电势高等[46]。深入理解锂氧电池充放电反应原理,揭示其性能受限因素至关重要。研究发现,锂氧电池放电(即氧还原反应)形成产物过氧化锂(Li2O2)易导致电极堵塞,通常在一段恒定电压的放电平台后,电压急剧下降导致其放电容量远远低于理论预期。此外,锂氧电池充电电势也取决于放电过程的速率和深度[47]。因此,理解电极界面Li2O2形成和分解的反应位点和传输限制对于改善锂氧电池充放电性能显得至关重要。2019年,Wang等[48]选择了两种模型电极,即碳电极和碳负载催化剂Ru的碳电极,以揭示放电过程氧反应界面。将锂氧电池首先在16O2气氛中放电至1000 mA·h/g,随后在18O2气氛中放电至2000 mA·h/g,构建了特殊设计的放电产物Li2O2结构。为了揭示其化学结构,以二次离子为18O-指示剂,利用ToF-SIMS获得放电产物的三维化学信息。图9显示了两种模型电极的ToF-SIMS深度扫描18O-的3D分布图像。随着溅射深度增加,18O-的信号强度逐渐降低,当溅射至距电极表面175 nm时,两个电极的18O-信号几乎消失。18O-信号分布表明后者形成的Li218O2位于放电产物的顶面。进一步地,使用微分电化学质谱研究了锂氧电池充电过程,发现充电过程首先释放18O2,随后是16O2。因此,无论有无催化剂的锂氧电池充放电反应界面均位于Li2O2/电解液界面。该研究为可充电锂氧电池的反应机制提供重要见解,开发的同位素标记的ToF-SIMS共性技术可普遍应用于揭示其他金属-氧气(Na/K-O2)电池的反应机制。3 总结和展望
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引用本文: 赵志伟,杨智,彭章泉.飞行时间二次离子质谱在锂基二次电池中的应用[J].储能科学与技术,2022,11(03):781-794.
ZHAO Zhiwei,YANG Zhi,PENG Zhangquan.Application of time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry in lithium-based rechargeable batteries[J].Energy Storage Science and Technology,2022,11(03):781-794.
第一作者:赵志伟(1993—),男,博士,主要研究方向为锂基电池的光/质谱电化学,E-mail:zwzhao@dicp.ac.cn;
通讯作者:彭章泉,研究员,主要研究方向为能源材料界面电化学,E-mail:zqpeng@dicp.ac.cn。
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