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高原鼠兔的关键地位:对本土鸟类生物多样性的影响
编者按:近日一位资深学者向绿会小编推荐了这篇文章,我们认为该文的研究对于我国青藏高原的环境保护和生态治理非常有价值。现将此文转载如下。供读者参考、思考、讨论。
按/芝麻 核/绿茵 编/Angel
图:高原属兔(学名:Ochotona curzoniae),萌萌的好似动画片里面的“皮卡丘”。但它是鼠兔,不是老鼠哦!鼠兔是兔形目鼠兔科下的一种动物。图源/百度百科
高原鼠兔(Ochotona curzoniae)的关键地位:对本土鸟类生物多样性的影响
1 引 言
2.2 调查方法
每一个观察点都使用了3条标准1km样线(在观察点1号只有两条),跨越每个研究观察点整个长度。这些样线的放置位置反映出地形和植被的变化。样线用彩色的旗子标记。3 结 果
3.1 鼠兔种群
新的和坍塌的鼠兔洞穴数量反映出投毒和未投毒的观察点高原鼠兔种群密度的差异。鼠兔不断维修它们的洞穴(Smith and Wang, 1991),当鼠兔在一个地区被消灭,其洞穴便会很快坍塌和退化。在7个未下毒的观察点沿着3条1 km样线记录得到新洞穴的平均数量为111.7(SEM=±9.6),这些观察点的鼠兔数量最多。相反,在6个下毒的地点没有新洞穴的记录,部分坍塌的洞穴数目和全部坍塌的洞穴数目分别是15.2(SEM = ±1.9)和28.3(SEM = ±3.9)。在其中3个已下毒的观察点,遇到鼠兔的机会十分稀少(平均每小时看到的少于3个)。且另外3个观察点,一只鼠兔也没有看到。3.2 鸟类调查统计
在调查统计中记录了14个鸟类物种(图2)。其中,1个是高原特有种——褐背拟地鸦,6个是分布于高原上的重要中亚雪雀——褐翅雪雀、白斑翅雪雀、棕背雪雀、黑喉雪雀、棕颈雪雀、白腰雪雀。每个物种的巢基本上都在鼠兔挖的洞穴中。其它2个常见鸟的巢在草地地表:角百灵(Eremophila alpestris),其地理分布范围跨越亚洲大部、欧洲和北美洲;以及凤头百灵(Galerida cristata)。惟一的每小时见到1次以上的一种雀形目鸟是白腰雨燕(Apus pacificus),基本上出现在靠近青海湖的观察点。每小时见到不到1次的雀形目鸟是树麻雀(Passer montanus)和红嘴山鸦(Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax)。还可见到两种肉食鸟:黑耳鸢(Milvus lineatus)和大鵟。在未下毒的观察点见到所有雪雀物种合在一起的概率比起下毒的观测点要高得多(Mann-Whitney U = 42;P < 0.01),未下毒观察点大约是下毒观察点的13倍。其中3种雪雀物种在下毒地区从未遇见过。5/6的物种在未下毒观察点比下毒观察点见到次数多。这些差异在白斑翅雪雀(Mann-Whitney U = 42;P < 0.01)和棕颈雪雀(Mann-Whitney U = 33;P < 0.01)这两个物种上表现得尤其突出。
4 讨 论
致谢:感谢Robert Hoffmann和 Harriet Smith对原稿尽心尽力的审评;感谢嘉道理慈善基金会(香港)的资助。我们感谢中国环境与发展国际合作委员会生物多样性工作组的后勤支持。
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图1.中华人民共和国青海省地图。阴影部分是青藏高原的高山草原。浅色阴影线是主要省区县分界线。圆圈中的数字表示研究观察点:1~7 = 高原鼠兔未被毒杀的观察点;8~13 = 鼠兔被毒杀的观察点
图2. 在中华人民共和国青海省高原鼠兔遭毒杀的观察点(open bars)与未被毒杀的观察点(closed bars)对14种鸟类物种的每小时的观察结果(抽样方法请见文字部分)鸟类物种包括褐翅雪雀、白斑翅雪雀、棕背雪雀、黑喉雪雀、棕颈雪雀、白腰雪雀, 褐背拟地鸦、树麻雀, 红嘴山鸦, 角百灵、白腰雨燕、凤头百灵, 黑耳鸢和大鵟
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