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【纪念专栏】“全球学者”傅高义,担忧观念鸿沟,疫情下为中美关系不遗余力|视频回顾

傅高义 北京大学中外人文交流研究基地 2022-01-24


小i导读

 


当地时间12月20日,哈佛大学费正清中国研究中心在社交媒体上发布消息称,著名中国问题学者、研究中心前主任傅高义(Ezra F. Vogel)去世,终年90岁。
傅高义,1930年7月生,费正清东亚中心前主任、社会学家、汉学研究学者,也是美国著名中国问题专家。他对中国问题的观察和写作持续数十年,精通中文和日文,被认为是美国唯一的一位对中日两国事务都精通的学者,撰有《邓小平时代》、《日本第一》、《日本的中产阶级》、《重整旗鼓一重建美国实例分析》和《共产主义制度下的广州:一个省会的规划和政治(1949-1968年)》等著作。
傅高义教授为增进中美两国人民的理解付出了毕生努力,曾多次与北京大学国关学者展开学术交流,并对青年学者们寄予厚望。今年6月30日至7月3日,高义教授还参加了由《环球时报》社、美国卡特中心、北京大学中外人文交流研究基地共同主办的“第五届中美青年学者论坛”。他对青年人寄语:在这个风云变幻的世界,当科技和经济发展迅速时,学会一门技能并不能保证让你们的余生都不必担心生计的问题。在学会一门技能之后,你们必须做好适应大环境的准备。
泰山其颓,哲人其萎。小i将连续发出傅高义教授纪念专题,深切缅怀傅高义教授并铭记他为中国研究和中美关系所做的贡献。本期回顾“第五届中美青年学者论坛”会议和傅高义教授主旨演讲以下为发言全文。



本文约3854字,读完约10分钟


傅高义教授在“第五届中美青年学者论坛”上的主旨发言视频


1879 年,有一位女士在 72 天内环游世界,创造了当时最快绕行地球一圈的记录。从那时起,交通和通讯技术的发展拉近了人们之间的距离,也使得不同国家的公民必须找到在同一片天空下合作生存的方式。正在走向社会的青年人们要知道,像全球疫情、气候变化、军控等全球性议题迫切地需要国家与国家、政府与政府之间的协作——尤其是在两个最强大的国家之间:中国与美国。


In 1879, a woman made history by traveling around the world faster than anyone ever before, in 72 days. Since then continuing development in the technology of transportation and communication is bringing people of the world closer together. Now we have no choice but to find ways to work with each other. As you are embarking on your careers, the key problems the world confronts, -- pandemics, global warming, orderly international trade, the control of weapons of mass destruction require close cooperation between the people and governments around the world, especially between the two most powerful nations, China and the United States.


正如你们所了解,最近几年以来,中国与美国之间协作不多,而冲突不少。中美关系中的非议与争执让两国之间为了共同利益的协作变得越来越难。对于你们这一代人而言,应对中美关系中敌对的成分将会是一个重要的挑战:你们要找到办法,让中国与美国的民众与政府能够共同努力合作。


As you know, during the last several years instead of the United States and China making progress in working together, we have grown more contentious, making it more difficult to cooperate for our common good. A key challenge for your generation is how to manage our rivalry, to find ways for American and Chinese people and our governments to work together.


中美竞争  


今天,中国与美国正在为了经济、政治上的优势展开竞赛,而双方的敌意因此日益增长。在历史上,“崛起国”与“守成国”之间的竞争常常会因为一些计划外的国际事件而卷入军事冲突。因为军事科技的快速发展,在今天,这样的一场冲突可能会比历史上任何一场战争都要更有破坏性;这样的一场冲突中将不会有赢家,只会两败俱伤。


As the two countries compete for economic and political dominance, mutual antagonism has grown. As you know, throughout history an existing dominant power and a rising power often end up fighting because unplanned incidents set off conflicts. Military technology continues to advance, and a conflict could be more devastating than any war in history, leaving no winner, only losers.


现在的中美竞争几乎已经扩散到所有领域:美国政府和企业为了经济优势与中国展开竞争,而美国也在扩展自己的政治影响,争取国际支持。在军事上,为了在一场潜在的军事冲突中占据上风,两国之间也展开了在先进武器方面的竞争。


The rivalry between China and the United States is now spreading to almost every field. Our governments and companies contend for economic supremacy. Our nations compete for political influence and for hearts and minds around the world. Militaries compete in advanced weaponry that might allow them to prevail in a military conflict.


两国之间的竞争也逐步白热化:早已习惯于在苏联解体后做世界霸主的美国开始对中国的自信感到不快,而有着遭受进一个世纪外国统治的屈辱记忆的中国也决心不再向外国人卑躬屈膝。在这样的情况下,我们必须找到能够建设性管控中美竞争的方法。


The rivalries arouse deep passion in both countries. Americans, accustomed to dominating the world for three decades since the collapse of the Soviet Union, become upset at Chinese assertiveness. Chinese, pained by the memory of dominating foreigners for over a century of humiliation, are determined to stop yielding to foreigners. We need to find ways to manage the rivalry constructively.


世界局势的风云变幻影响了很多人的生活,也令各个国家的领导人更加难以维持本土的民意支持;对像加拿大、西班牙和伊拉克等国家来说,维护国家团结都已经是不那么容易的任务,而大国则面临更多的挑战。


The speed of changes around the world disrupts lives everywhere, making it difficult for national leaders to maintain wholehearted public support. Maintaining unity is hard to even for small countries like Canada, Spain, and Iraq. Large countries face even more difficulties.


美国在维护国家团结方面的困难。当我在 1950 年代开始我的职业生涯时,美国的民意还相对比较团结。那时的美国没有受到战争的摧残,而当时的经济依旧是世界第一。美国的工业实力在世界范围内仍旧没有对手,而其他国家都青睐美国制造的产品。那时候的美国就业充分,国民对自己的国家很有自信。民主党人和共和党人在那时为了国家利益而合作,而美国也全力支持国际组织的发展,大力援助其他国家而使其不致走上战争的道路。


American difficulties in maintaining unity. In the 1950s when I was embarking on my career, America was relatively united. We had not been badly damaged by war and our economy was by far the largest in the world. Our industrial base had no rival and other countries wanted our products. We had full employment and national confidence. Democrat and Republican leaders cooperated for our national good. We were prepared to be generous in supporting international organizations and helping other countries so they would not feel the need to go to war.


美国的科技持续进步,农业也得益于此继续机械化,用更少的人力获得了更多的产品。在 1946 年,美国有将近六百万从事农业活动的家庭;这个数字在 2000 年下降至不到两百万,但我们生产了更多的农产品。在二战后,世界上其他工业国家从战争的创伤中逐步恢复,也参考了美国工业化中的经验,而他们的工人也愿意接受比美国工人更低的工资。


Our technology continued to advance and we began to produce more farm and factory products with fewer people. In 1946 we had 6 million farm families and by 2000 there were scarcely 2 million, producing more agricultural products. As industrialized nations recovered from the war and as other nations learned to industrialize, workers abroad were prepared to work for salaries lower than American workers. With technology advances and reduced transport costs, goods produced abroad could be sold in the United States at low prices, benefitting our consumers. By 2010 there were only 13 million jobs in manufacturing, a loss of 7 million jobs since 1980. As a result of the loss of agricultural and manufacturing jobs that supplied relatively stable employment, the communities around those factories and farms also lost income.


在我年轻的时候,美国在教育和科技领域有着长足的进步,但也在工业转型方面有所不足:我们没能很好地处理那些过去的大规模工农业基地,这些产业对当地社群的就业帮助重大。美国发展出了庞大的服务业产业,但产业人员收入并不平等。一些企业和企业高管由此收益,收入颇丰,但他们并没有给他们的员工支付足够的薪水。我们的国家在军事领域投入了太多的资金,以至于没能够兼顾基础建设设施现代化,也没能给国民提供普适性的公立医疗保险。


America has made considerable progress since my youth, --in education, science, and technology but we have not handled well the transition away from the relatively stable large-scale industrial and agricultural employment base that helped support the surrounding communities. America has developed a sizeable service sector, but incomes are too unequal. Some businesses and business leaders have grown very rich but pay workers very little. Our nation has spent too much on the military and military activities abroad and not enough on modernizing our infrastructure and providing universal medical care.


美国到今天都没有一个国家层面的教育制度,能够提供给所有国民均等的、高质量的教育。在我年轻的时候,美国有着一些国有的电视台,地方城市有一些纸媒给当地社群提供不同观点的信息。随着互联网的发展,人们开始能够“只看到他们想看到的”,而这使得不同人群之间观点的鸿沟日益扩大。


America lacks a national educational system to provide quality education with a standard common perspective for the entire population. In my youth, America had several national TV stations. Cities had a very small number of newspapers which provided common sources of information to broad groups of people. With the growth of the internet, people who have similar views can now rely on information from sources that agree with their point of view. We don’t get the same information and differences in peoples’ perspectives have hardened.


在二战时期,黑人群体和白人群体一同站在战场上为国家拼搏;在二战后,我们的国家开始努力逐渐减少针对黑人社群的歧视,在工作场合中的女性也开始能够获得更多机会。不过,当有些并不富有的白人男性发现自己的就业机会比以前少,而一些非洲裔青年却能够通过奖学金去上他们并不能够支付得起的大学时,他们开始对政治菁英感到不满,因为他们认为国家没能给他们提供一个高收入且有尊严的就业环境。


In World War II many blacks fought in our military along with whites, and after World War II, finally, we began slowly to provide programs to reduce discrimination against blacks. Women also gradually found more opportunities in the workplace. Poor white males who had fewer opportunities in factories and farms than in previous decades and who saw some black children get scholarships to universities where they could not afford to send their children are upset at the elite who support a system where they lack good wages and dignity.


新一代青年的挑战



作为即将走向社会的年轻人,你们首先必须学会一门技能来维持生计。你们必须明白,在这个风云变幻的世界,当科技和经济发展迅速时,学会一门技能并不能保证让你们的余生都不必担心生计的问题。在学会一门技能之后,你们必须做好适应大环境的准备。


You young people embarking on your careers must of course acquire skills to help you earn a living. In a world continuing to change rapidly, you cannot expect that the skills you learn as a young adult will prepare you for work decades later as the economy and technology change. After you learn skills, you must remain ready to adapt.


为了掌握中国与美国之间的竞争,我们需要两国的年轻人都对另一个国家的国民抱有同理心,并愿意和他们一同协作。我很高兴我有着一群来自中国的好朋友,并很乐意和他们维持良好的工作关系。我们需要学习了解美国的中国人,也需要学习了解中国的美国人,更需要愿意和不同国家的人做朋友的年轻人,他们将会是维持两国友好关系的重要因素。


To manage the rivalry between China and the United States, we need people in both countries who acquire empathy for the people in the other country and seek to work with them. I have enjoyed good friendships with many Chinese and enjoy working with them. Chinese who study in the United States and Americans who study in China and make friends across national lines can be an enormous asset for helping our two countries work together. 


我愿意相信我们在践行更高层面的爱国主义,因为我们承认为了实现本国的发展,我们的国家需要与其他国家维持良好的关系。也许,维持中国与美国的联系在未来几十年会是一个艰巨的任务,但我仍旧希望你们能找到一条出路。中国与美国,以及世界上其他国家需要你们的参与和领导,愿我们共同努力,携手未来。


I believe we are practicing a higher patriotism, a recognition that each of our countries needs good relations with the other country. It may not be easy for you to maintain such ties in the decades ahead but I hope you will find a way. Our two countries and the rest of the world very much need your participation and your leadership, and somehow for anyway for our two countries to work together better. 


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