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【暑期学习】 宾语从句(Attributive Clause)及简化宾语从句常见用法

2017-06-25 微英语在线

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贝斯达外语❤宾语从句❤(Attributive Clause)

    1.语序

    无论主句是陈述句还是疑问句宾语从句都必须使用陈述语序,即“主句+连词+宾语从句(主语+谓语+……)”句式。根据连接词在从句中所担任的不同成分,可分为以下四种:

    1)连接词+谓语。连接词在从句中作主语。常见的连接词有: who,what,which等。如:

    Could you tell me who knows the answer,please?

    你能告诉我谁知道答案吗?

    The small children don't know what is in their stockings.

    这些小孩子不知道袜子里有什么东西?

    2)连接词+名词+谓语。连接词在从句中作主语的定语。常见的连接词有:whose,what,which,how many,how much等。如:

    He asked whose handwriting was the best in our class.

    他问我们班上谁的书法最好。

    The teacher asked us how many people there were in the room.

    老师问我们房间里有多少人。

    3)连接词+主语+谓语。连接词在从句中作宾语、状语或表语。常见的连接词有:who(m),what,which,how many,how much, when,why,how,where,if /whether(在句中不充当任何成分)等。如:

    He hasn't decided if he'll go on a trip to Wuxi.

    他还没决定是否去无锡旅行。

    Could you tell me what I should do with the money ?

    你能告诉我我如何处理这笔钱吗?

    4)连接词+名词+主语+谓语。连接词在从句中作宾语或表语的定语。常见的连接词有:what,which,how many,how much,how等。如:

    Do you know which class he is in ?

    你知道他在哪个班吗?

    She asked me if I knew whose pen it was.

    她问我是否知道这是谁的钢笔。

2.连接词

    1)当由陈述句充当宾语从句时,用that引导,that无词义,在口语或非正式文体中常省略。如:

    He said that he could finish his work before supper.

    他说他会在晚饭前完成工作。

    2)当由一般疑问句充当宾语从句时,用if或whether引导,意为“是否”。如:

    I don't know if /whether he still lives here after so many years.

    我不知道这么多年后他是否还住在这儿。

    但在下列情况下只能用whether:

    ①在具有选择意义,又有or或or not时,尤其是直接与or not连用时,往往用whether(if…or not也可以使用)。如:

Let me know whether /if he will come or not.(=Let me know whether or not he will come)让我知道他是否能来。

    I don't know whether /if he does any washing or not.(=I don't know whether or not he does any washing.)

    我不知道他洗不洗衣服。

    I wonder whether we stay or whether wego.

    我不知道我们是去还是留。

    ②在介词之后用whether。如:

    I'm interested in whether he likes English.

    我关心的是他是否喜欢英语。

    We're thinking about whether we can finish the work on time.

    我们正在考虑是否能按时完成这项工作。

    I worry about whether I hurt her feelings.

    我担心是否伤了她的感情。

    ③在不定式前用whether。如:

    He hasn't decided whether to visit the old man.

    他尚未决定是否拜访那位老人。

    I don't know whether to go.

    我不知去否。

    He hasn't decided whether to go by bus or by train.

    他还未决定是乘公共汽车去还是坐火车去。

    ④whether置于句首时,不能换用if。如:

    Whether this is true or not,I can't say.

    这是否真的我说不上来。

    ⑤引导主语从句和表语从句时宜用whether。如:

    Whether she will come or not is still a question.

    她是否能来还是个问题。

    The question is whether we can catch the bus.

    问题是我们能否赶上公共汽车。

    ⑥若用if会引起歧义时,则用whether。如:

    Please let me know if you like the book.可理解为:

    a.Please let me know whether you like the book.

    请告诉我你是否喜欢这本书。

    b.If you like the book,please let me know.

    你如果喜欢这本书,请告诉我。

    3)如果宾语从句原来是特殊疑问句,只需用原来的特殊疑问词引导。如:

    Could you tell me why you were late for the meeting this morning?

    你能告诉我今天早上你为什么开会迟到吗?

    3.时态

    含宾语从句的复合句,主、从句谓语动词的时态呼应应包括以下三点内容:

    1)如果主句的谓语动词是一般现在时,从句的谓语动词可根据需要,选用相应的任何时态。如:

    I don't know when he will come back.

    我不知道他将何时回来。

    He tells me that his sister came back yesterday.

    他告诉我他姐姐昨天回来了。

    2)如果主句的谓语动词是过去时,宾语从句的谓语动词只可根据需要,选用过去时态即一般过去时、过去进行时、过去将来时或过去完成时的某一种形式。如:

    ①The children didn't know who he was.

    孩子们不知道他是谁。

    ②He asked his father how it happened.

    他问他父亲这件事是如何发生的。

    3)如果宾语从句所表示的是客观事实、普遍真理、自然现象或习惯性动作等,不管主句用什么时态,从句时态都用一般现在时。如:

    The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun.

    老师说地球绕着太阳转。

    4.注意:

    if和when既可以引导宾语从句,也可以引导状语从句,应注意它们在两种从句中的意思和用法的不同。if和when引导宾语从句时,分别意为“是否”和“何时”,其时态应和主句时态相呼应;它们引导状语从句时,意思分别为“如果,假如”和“当……时候”,当主句时态是一般将来时时,其时态用一般现在时。它们常常放在含有状语从句和宾语从句的题干中进行综合考查。如:

    —Do you know when he will come back tomorrow ?

    你知道他明天什么时候回来吗?

    —Sorry,I don't know.When he comes back,I'll tell you.

    对不起,不知道。当他回来了,我将告诉你。

    —I don't know if he will come.

    我不知道他是否会来。

    —He will come if it doesn't rain.

    如果不下雨,他会来的。

简化宾语从句常见用法

    同学们常会遇到把含有宾语从句的复合句转化为简单句,使其与原句意思相同(或相近)的试题。下面就介绍几种常用的简化宾语从句的方法:

    方法一:当主句谓语动词是hope, decide, wish, choose, agree, promise等,且宾语从句的主语与主句主语一致时,宾语从句可简化为不定式结构。例如:

    Li Ming hopes he will be back very soon. →Li Ming hopes to be back very soon.

    We decided that we would help him. →We decided to help him.

    方法二:当主句谓语动词是know, learn, remember, forget, tell等动词,且主句主语与从句主语一致时,宾语从句可简化为“疑问词+不定式”结构。例如:

    She has forgotten how she can open the window. →She has forgotten how to open the window.

    注:当主句谓语动词是tell, ask, show, teach等动词,且后带双宾语,从句主语和间接宾语一致时,宾语从句可简化为“疑问词+不定式”结构。例如:

    Could you tell me how I can get to the station? →Could you tell me how to get to the station?

    方法三:当主句的谓语动词是order(命令),require(需要)等时,如果主句和从句的主语不一致,宾语从句可简化为“名词代词)+不定式”结构。例如:

    The headmaster ordered that we should start at once. → The headmaster ordered us to start at once.

    方法四:某些动词后的宾语从句,可以用介词加动名词(短语)等其他形式简化。例如:

    He insisted that he should go with us. →He insisted on going with us.

    The poor boy doesn't know when and where he was born. →The poor boy doesn't know the time and the place of his birth.

    方法五:某些动词后面的宾语从句可转化为“宾语+V-ing形式(作宾语补足语)”结构。例如:

    Liu Ping found that there was a wallet lying on the ground. → Liu Ping found a wallet lying on the ground.

    方法六:动词seem后的宾语从句,也可以用不定式(短语)来简化,但句型需要进行适当的变化。例如:

    It seemed that the boys were going to win. →The boys seemed to win.

    除上述方法外,还有一些特殊句式的转化。例如:

    I found that it was difficult to learn English well. →I found it difficult to learn English well.

    Soon we found that the ground was covered with thick snow. →Soon we found the ground covered with thick snow.

    They found that the box was very heavy. →They found the box very heavy.

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