Is China Ready for a Cashless Future?
By Dominic Ngai
On
almost every street corner and in the ever-expanding ecommerce
marketplace, businesses in China have already fully embraced the
convenience of mobile payment. But as the nation dashes full speed ahead
in the direction of becoming a cashless society, have we fully
considered the pros and cons of digitizing our bills and coins?
Scan and Go
Carrying a physical wallet in a ‘QR code first economy’ like China is a hassle.
For everyday transactions, a smartphone and an Alipay or WeChat Pay
account connected to your local bank account are basically all you need.
To pay, you just have to scan the merchants’ QR code with these apps,
or have them scan yours. Easy, breezy.
“Maybe about seven out of
10 people scan QR codes to pay. Others use their cards,” says Ji, the
middle-aged ayi from Hunan who manages the corner store next to my
apartment while I scan the QR code displayed on the counter with WeChat
to pay for some fruit. “I receive cash maybe just a handful of times a
week.” Moments later, a robotic female voice from her Xiaomi smartphone
declares, “Payment is successful, 13 yuan.” Ayi switches her focus back
to a soap opera on her Tudou app.
According to official data,
China’s mobile payment transactions reached RMB81 trillion over the
first 10 months of 2017, an increase of almost 30 percent compared to
the total amount recorded in 2016 (RMB58.8 trillion).
Ben
Cavender, principal at China Market Research (CMR), believes that
besides the added convenience for consumers and merchants, timing has
played a critical role in propelling the Middle Kingdom and its 1.4
billion citizens ahead of the rest of the world in mobile payment
adoption.
“The growth of China’s middle-class population
coincided with the rising popularity of smartphones,” he explains from
his Shanghai office. “People who didn’t previously own any electronic
goods suddenly have iPhones in their hands. It’s their primary tool and
initiation point for technology, whereas in the West, a lot of older
consumers who grew up with their desktops and laptops still primarily
use those for their online activities.”
At present, China’s two
major players in the mobile payment space, Alipay and WeChat Pay, hold
about 54 and 40 percent of the market share respectively, according to a
2017 iResearch report. China Channel cofounder Matthew Brennan
attributes their dominance to the strengths of their parent companies,
ecommerce giant Alibaba, and Tencent, the world’s most valuable social
network conglomerate.
Source: WalkTheChat
Since
its introduction in 2004, Alipay has always been the preferred payment
solution for any Taobao or Tmall purchases. For nearly a decade, Alipay
enjoyed almost a total monopoly in China’s electronic payment game until
WeChat Pay came along in 2013.
Competition heated up when
Tencent collaborated with the CCTV Spring Festival Gala to launch WeChat
Red Envelope on Chinese New Year’s Eve of 2015. The infamous publicity
stunt resulted in 1 billion hongbao transactions across the nation,
making the platform a formidable opponent to Alipay.
With WeChat
being China’s dominant instant messaging platform, Cavender says its
offerings resonate with how today’s Chinese consumers use the internet
and social media, hence its ‘stickiness’ makes it slightly easier to
integrate with people’s daily lives.
Brennan adds, “Both
platforms, however, have successfully adapted themselves into the
virtual world and into the offline economy… at the end of the day, I
don’t think it’s about one winning or losing, as both are well-equipped
to thrive in the market.”
A Tighter Leash
The US might be the world’s largest economy, but when it comes to mobile payment, the Chinese are way ahead.
China’s total mobile payment transaction revenue was 50 times more than
their American counterparts in 2016. Meanwhile, 52 percent of Chinese
say less than 20 percent of their monthly transactions are conducted
with bills and coins, according to the ‘2017 Mobile Payment Usage in
China’ study published by China Tech Insights.
Credit card
companies and many Westerners’ ingrained habit of using cards as their
primary payment option have prevented mobile payments from taking off,
according to Brennan and Cavender. In a country where Visa, Mastercard
and American Express still have yet to fully penetrate through the
masses, Chinese consumers were able to easily move on from cash and plug
themselves directly into the ecosystem that Alipay and WeChat Pay have
created.
The downside of this arrangement, Cavender points out,
is that tech companies are not held to the same fiduciary standards that
traditional financial institutions follow: “At the end of the day, your
money is being handled by companies whose main objective is to sell you
all sorts of services. There’s definitely a conflict of interest [that
works against consumers].”
By signing up for WeChat Pay or
Alipay, users are not only giving Tencent and Alibaba instant access to
their online shopping behaviors, but also their offline spending habits
too, not to mention their personal identity information and how much
savings they have in their bank accounts.
The
government, which was originally quite hands off during the early
stages of the development of mobile payment platforms, has another
concern. Up until recently, Alipay and WeChat Pay transactions were set
up so that they could deal directly with individual banks while
bypassing the central bank’s clearing system entirely.
By June
30, 2018, however, third-party online payment companies and commercial
banks will have to migrate this whole process to a People’s Bank of
China-backed platform called Wanglian (Non-Bank Internet Payment Union),
which essentially allows Chinese monetary authorities to monitor all
mobile transactions and data to prevent money laundering, tax evasion or
other illegal activities in real time. The migration process had
already begun in October 2017, as ordered by the national bank.
Hypothetically,
if China were to become 100-percent cashless in the future, this would
mean that in addition to having the transaction records between people
and businesses, the government would also know the exact amount of money
in circulation, and perhaps even be able to monitor the outflow of
capital. Yes, Big Brother is watching.
The Fear of Losing Cash
One of the loudest arguments against a digital-only economy is summed up by the headline of Peter Guy’s South China Morning Post op-ed piece published last October: “A cashless society would destroy our privacy and freedom.”
For
the Chinese-American venture capitalist and former international
banker, the way in which mainlanders have “blindly surrendered their
privacy” for the convenience of mobile payment is “gullible and naïve.”
“Think of it this way: Cash is the original cryptocurrency,” Guy says.
“I don’t want the government to have records of everything that I buy,
or every place that I go. Cash is private, and I always want to have the
option of having banknotes under my pillow.”
A firm supporter
of the Second Amendment to the Constitution of the United States, Guy
even goes as far as equating cash to guns as the last line of defense
for one’s freedom and privacy. While the analogy might be a bit extreme,
economists agree that a 100-percent cashless economy could have some
serious underlying consequences.
Back in 2014 and 2016, central
banks of several European nations and Japan had imposed negative
interest rates as a desperate economic recovery measure to increase
spending and spur inflation. In a hypothetical total cashless world,
having all of your savings locked in a computerized system and without
the option of cash withdrawal means there’s no way to avoid getting
penalized for simply leaving your savings in the bank.
Moreover,
natural disasters and blackouts could cause mass panic if people
wouldn’t be able to access their money. Last but not least, a fully
digitized economy would leave those who cannot afford a smartphone or
seniors who are technologically challenged worse off.
But for
many countries, an entirely cashless economy is still a long ways away.
In China, for instance, cash still makes up a significant chunk of the
Chinese economy – 66 trillion yuan in 2016, according to a central bank
payments report. Though the number has been decreasing in recent years,
completely eliminating cash will be difficult in practice, CMR’s
Cavender says. “Realistically, I don’t think cash will go away entirely,
but it will certainly be relegated to a less important role.”
That, however, might be a different story for one Scandinavian country.
Niklas
Arvidsson had to think for a moment before he could recall the last
time he used cash when we spoke via Skype (a Swedish invention, he
points out). The economics professor at Stockholm’s KTH Royal Institute
of Technology has been following the diminishing usage of cash in his
country for some time. In a 2017 study, Arvidsson and his team point to
the exact date when Swedish merchants will stop accepting cash
completely – March 24, 2023.
While China might be leaps and
bounds ahead of the rest of the world in mobile payment usage, Sweden is
leading the pack in terms of having the lowest value of cash in
circulation in the world. As of 2016, just 1.4 percent of its gross
domestic product is cash-based, which is significantly lower than the
global average of 9 percent, according to a 2016 Bank of International
Settlements report.
Source: iResearch and WalkTheChat
In
its major cities, ‘no cash’ signs are becoming common decor at the
entrances of shops, cafes and restaurants. Unlike many countries though,
it’s completely legal for Swedish merchants to refuse cash.
Weeks ago, Bloomberg
reported that remote parts of the country are now at risk of losing
access to banknotes, prompting distressed cash-handling industry
lobbyists and officials from the Swedish central bank, Riksbank, to call
for new legislation to safeguard the existence of cash. Later this
summer, Riksbank will also be publishing a special report outlining the
systemic risks the country could potentially face if banknotes and coins
were to disappear completely.
“The cost of cash transactions is
always higher than electronic. Through our survey with some of the
country’s most cash-intensive merchants, we found that while 97 percent
of them still accept cash, only 18 percent of all transactions are
carried out via banknotes and coins,” explains Arvidsson.
Through
extrapolating other data points, the survey suggests that when the
total cash transactions drop below 7 percent, then the cost of
processing them will exceed its profits, rendering it an economically
unviable option for businesses to receive cash. After analyzing the
projections of the country’s rising non-cash payments, Arvidsson’s
estimate is that Sweden could potentially enter into an era of total
cashlessness in less than five years.
This estimate, the
professor stresses, is a pure economic theory. “To become [an entirely
cashless economy], a lot of political and legal factors need to come
into play,” he says. This would include a complete overhaul of banking
laws – a process that’s likely to take much longer than five years.
But
like many Western countries, the Swedes still rely heavily on plastic –
71 percent of retail transactions are paid via debit or credit card. At
the moment, there’s no Swedish equivalent of Alipay or WeChat Pay in
place. There is Swish, a popular mobile payment app currently used by
around half of the country’s population, but its functions are currently
limited to peer-to-peer transactions.
CMR’s Cavender thinks
China’s willingness to embrace technological innovations could allow the
country to beat Sweden in the race to become fully cashless. “QR codes
are a much more powerful tool that allows people like a small baozi
vendor to operate with very low overhead costs, whereas businesses in
Sweden still have to invest in old school card payment processing
systems,” he comments. “From a technology standpoint, what the Chinese
are doing with mobile payment solutions is definitely way more
interesting.”
Though when asked whether the Swedes are concerned
with the security of their personal information and privacy,
Arvidsson’s answer gives us a lot to think about: “Swedish people
believe in the legal system and the government’s data protection
directives. A majority of people here aren’t overly concerned.”
Open Sesame
On
January 19, a text message from an unknown number tells me I’m eligible
for a RMB50,000 loan (“low interest! quick approval process!”).
Another message a few days later from an associate of ‘Daimler
Investments’ (unrelated to the German automobile manufacturer) reads,
“We help our clients make more money with money, 10,000 becomes 30,000,
earning 100,000 a month isn’t a dream anymore!”
And it seems like
these random investment pitches are running wild. Chinese consumers
have been receiving more and more loan offers via WeChat and SMS in
recent years, causing the country’s short-term credit rate to jump by
160 percent in the first eight months of 2017, according to the Wall Street Journal.
Up
until recently, the Middle Kingdom lacked a functioning credit rating
system. In June 2014, the Chinese government announced a Social Credit
System initiative that will assign a rating to each citizen based on
one’s financial records and social behaviors. While basic structures of
this nationwide system are expected to be in place by 2020, private
companies have already been running trial programs over the past few
years. According to China Tech Insight’s report, improving financial
credit ratings through the consumer data collected is a major initiative
for mobile payment platforms over the next few years.
Seen as
the first prototype of the official system to be launched in two years,
Zhima Credit (or Sesame Credit) – a product of Ant Financial Services,
the Alibaba affiliate that operates Alipay – appeared on the Alipay app
homescreen alongside taxi booking and food delivery functions months
after the government’s 2014 announcement. Once registered, users are
given a score from 350 to 950 based on information in five categories
that the mobile payment app already has on its 520 million users:
identity (occupation, education level), assets (savings, properties,
cars), history (timeliness of credit card payments), network (the number
and quality of Alipay contacts) and behavior (transactions made with
Alipay). Tencent Credit, a similar rating system created by the
eponymous parent company of WeChat, was also rolled out in mid-2017.
Source: iResearch, WalkTheChat, 2017 Mobile Payment Usage in China Report
At
the beginning of this year, thousands of Alipay users were furious
after finding out their Zhima Credit scores appeared on an animated
Alipay annual usage report without their prior consent, prompting the
credit rating service provider to issue an official apology on its Weibo
account.
Zhou Min, a 20-something fresh grad who works in
advertising, was one of the victims of the privacy invasion snafu,
though her attitude is relatively more chill than some. “I’m pretty sure
they probably already have my spending data because I’ve been using
Alipay regularly for a few years,” she says. “That wouldn’t surprise me
at all.”
At this point, scores on Zhima Credit or Tencent Credit
only offer a snapshot of the users’ spending behaviors within Alibaba or
Tencent’s own mobile payment ecosystems. But once the
government-sponsored system is up and running by 2020, experts say it
could be the most powerful ‘mass surveillance’ meets ‘big data analysis
tool’ in the world – and our smartphones could very well become the
surveillance device that’s tagged onto all of us.
When I ask
Zhou whether she’s concerned if such a powerful system were to be put in
place two years later, her answer, while similar to Arvidsson’s,
strikes a different tone. “I’m not worried… It’s not like we can opt out
or anything.”
Too Late to Go Back
While
2020 is still two years away, our addiction to the convenience of
mobile payment apps most likely won’t go away anytime soon. At
the corner store near my apartment, Ji’s not in a good mood. A young
security guard is paying for a RMB10 pack of Zhong Nan Hai with a 100 kuai
bill. As the ayi counts the change, she mutters some words in her
local dialect, and then asks loudly in Mandarin, “People don’t use these
anymore,” pointing to the crumbled notes on the counter, “why are you
still paying with these?”
As the guard walks out, ayi gives him
one last death stare as if he’s violated some sort of unspoken etiquette
rule for payment procedures on her turf. She returns to her smartphone,
presses play, and the loud characters from her favorite soap opera
carry on their conservation mid-sentence. Not wanting to interrupt her
show, I silently pay for my water with WeChat. Voices of the actors dim
for a moment, in exchange for the robotic WeChat Pay lady: “Payment is
successful, 20 yuan.” Her eyes are still glued to the screen as I walk out.
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