京领嘉宾｜剑桥大学工程学终身正教授解读为成为未来的研究型人才应做好哪些准备
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剑桥大学工程学终身正教授卡德维尔教授作为重磅嘉宾进行开幕致辞，分享对未来研究者的期待及对研究应该抱有的态度。
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卡德维尔教授作为剑桥大学工程学终身正教授、原剑桥大学工程学院院长、英国皇家工程院院士，在本次论坛中进行了深刻的发言。卡德维尔教授的发言核心在于阐述未来研究者应该学习什么以及如何从多方面完成研究。
大家好，我是卡德威尔教授，我在英国剑桥大学担任超导工程学教授。很荣幸参加由京领举办的诺奖创新论坛。我想分享对未来研究者的期待及对研究应该抱有的态度。
1
对未来研究者的期待
人们会为了很多理由去上大学，其中最明显的一个就是为了获得好的学位。好的学位为人们提供更多的职业选择，为想要赚钱的人提供学科资格证书；好的学位还是人们对学术抱有兴趣的证明。这些都很正常。而我的学生之所以追求学位，是因为他们从小就向往研究事业。
所以我想分享本科阶段，也就是大学预科阶段的学习都包括什么，以及它们今后会为学生的研究事业带来什么。
首先是国际学校在学生投身研究之前起到的作用，以及国际学校课程的多样化。A-Level和IB在英国都很常见，但这两个项目是不同的。IB拥有扩展论文，扩展论文要求学生先认真研究，再以有组织、有结构的方式阐述理论。之后，学生将决定以研究作为自己的事业。A-Level比IB更模块化，但学生同样可以通过训练与学习来完成研究，很多学生也因此更喜欢A-Level。
2
对研究应该抱有的态度
研究不仅是回答问题，更是认识问题。学生在学校发现问题，然后找出解决办法。在研究中，学生大多并不了解真正的问题，所以需要定义问题。一旦定义了问题，就可以着手去解决问题。找到解决方法的过程就是研究。
现在的学生有一个误区，那就是他们一进入大学就开始做研究，并认为自己所做的事就是研究。然而真相是，人们不会凭空做研究，而是需要先学习。学生必须了解如何进行研究；必须了解什么是好的研究，什么是坏的研究；必须了解如何做研究报告。更重要的是，学生必须了解做研究的意义。
交流也是研究中十分重要的环节。如果在研究结束后，学生无法用连贯的方式交流、汇报，那一切将是无用功。爱因斯坦之所以是一位伟大的科学家，正是因为他能够将他的思想有效地传达出去。
将研究保持在可控范围内也十分重要。在开始研究前，学生需要先做出假设，猜测研究的结果是什么、研究的本质是什么、研究的目的是什么。在研究过程中，学生需要保持正确的心态，因为先前的假设在研究中随时可能被推翻，但这并不意味着之前的假设没有意义。如果学生能通过做某件事阻止别人浪费时间，那么这就是有意义的，因为这加深了学生对研究问题的理解，而理解程度的加深对整个世界都是有价值的。
人们做研究的动机不尽相同，有艺术、人文和社会科学方面的原因，也有科学方面的原因。在全球范围内，很多科学方面的研究都会得到资助，比如生物科学、物理科学、工程学和计算机科学。但非科学领域的工作和研究同样重要。气候变化、人口统计以及这二者之间的联系是人文地理方面的研究，疫情时期疫苗的研发也是研究的一种。这就是研究的力量。研究不需要夺人眼球，它可以只是系统的、微笑的改变，比如苹果公司一直在循序渐进地开发通讯设备，并因此让人们的生活变得更美好。
人们在做实验时可以通过多次的重复来证明假设是否正确，这一过程中的大部分努力都可能会白费，因为不是所有事都能一次成功，有的事甚至永远都不会成功，这一过程能够帮助人们更深入地了解实验：人们会思考应该如何缩小实验的范围，这就是理论建模的意义。人们通过模型，输入数据进行计算，最后被告知什么可行，什么不可行。理论模型控制了实验的次数。由此，人们不断做实验、评估结果、完善实验，不断重复，直到得到满意的结果。但有时，人们无法证明理论，而只能反驳理论。无论假设阶段有多么成功，一旦有一次实验证明了假设是错误的，那这个理论就会被反驳。所以哪怕对理论结果再有信心，也永远不能百分之百地肯定它是正确的。
团队合作是研究的关键。很少有人单独做研究，团队中的每个人都有自己的责任。我的研究领域有关超导电性，我的团队中有人负责材料制造和材料表征，有人负责做模型，有人负责研究制造装备。团队的力量大于个人力量之和。他人的研究成果同样重要，因为完整的研究需要起步点。在我的团队中，起步点是使用的材料，所以我很感谢负责相关工作的人。研究结束时需要引用他人的研究成果，读者会看到信息来源并验证研究报告中的成果是否有效。引用他人的研究成果会让你对自己的研究更有信心。其他人也会参考你的研究成果，所以你必须确定你的报告拥有准确度，这意味着你需要注意实验中的每个数据以及数据是否出现错误。任何阅读研究报告的人都能通过数据看出你对实验做出了多少贡献。数据的误差可能很大，也可能很小，误差越小，你就越有信心。
最后，你需要通过期刊或者通过参加会议发表研究。期刊会被世界各地的学者阅读，他们会批判性地看待你的研究，并判断这项研究是否值得发表；会议则需要你亲自展示研究和数据，回答问题，并对所有参与者致谢，将所有参与者称为这项研究或者这篇论文的共同作者，这会让其他人意识到你真正做到了团队合作。
研究是一项令人振奋的事业，它对我来说是无价珍宝。研究需要几年的学习时间，任何人都无法立刻上手做研究。在大学，学生应该在最后一年的项目和学科中，把精力投入进一项有指导的研究。如果硕士阶段一切顺利，那么博士学位才是通向研究事业的大门。你们可以像我一样，从小就立志要读博士学位，长大后从事学术研究，也可以在完成第一个学位后进入产业，做产业研究。不管你的选择是什么，我都祝愿你可以享受研究。
再次祝愿论坛圆满举办。谢谢。
English Version
Hello. I am Prof. Cardwell, a professor of Superconductivity Engineering at the University of Cambridge. It is my great honor to participate in the Nobel Innovation Forum held by KingLead. I would like to share my expectations for future researchers and my attitude towards research.
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Expectations for
future researchers
People go to college for many reasons, the most obvious of which is to get a good degree. A good degree provides people with more career choices and academic qualifications for those who want to make money; A good degree is also proof that people are interested in learning. These are normal. The reason why my students pursue degrees is that they have been longing for research since childhood.
So I would like to share what the undergraduate study, that is, the pre university study, includes and what they will bring to students' research career in the future.
The first is the role of international schools before students engage in research, and the diversification of international school curriculum. A-level and IB are common in the UK, but the two projects are different. IB has extended papers, which require students to study carefully first, and then explain the theory in an organized and structured way. After that, students will decide to take research as their career. A-level is more modular than IB, but students can also complete research through training and learning. Therefore, many students prefer A-level.
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Attitude towards research
Research is not only to answer questions, but also to understand questions. Students find problems at school and find solutions. In the research, most students do not understand the real problem, so they need to define the problem. Once the problem is defined, you can start to solve it. The process of finding a solution is research.
Now students have a misunderstanding, that is, as soon as they enter the University, they begin to do research and think that what they do is research. However, the truth is that people do not do research out of thin air, but need to learn first. Students must understand how to conduct research; We must understand what is good research and what is bad research; You must know how to make a research report. More importantly, students must understand the significance of doing research.
Communication is also a very important part of research. If students can not communicate and report in a coherent way after the research, it will be useless. Einstein was a great scientist precisely because he was able to convey his ideas effectively.
It is also important to keep research under control. Before starting the research, students need to make assumptions and guess what the results of the research are, what the nature of the research is and what the purpose of the research is. In the research process, students need to maintain a correct attitude, because the previous assumptions may be overturned at any time in the research, but this does not mean that the previous assumptions are meaningless. If students can stop others from wasting time by doing something, it is meaningful, because it deepens students' understanding of research problems, and the deepening of understanding is valuable to the whole world.
People have different motives to do research. There are reasons in art, humanities and Social Sciences, as well as scientific reasons. Around the world, many scientific research will be funded, such as Bioscience, physical science, engineering and computer science. But the work and research in non scientific fields are equally important. Climate change, population statistics and the relationship between them are the research of human geography. The research and development of vaccines during the epidemic period is also a kind of research. This is the power of research. Research doesn't need to be eye-catching. It can just be a systematic and smiling change. For example, Apple has been developing communication devices step by step, thus making people's lives better.
People can prove whether the hypothesis is correct through repeated experiments. Most of the efforts in this process may be in vain, because not all things can succeed at once, and some things will never succeed. This process can help people understand the experiment more deeply: people will think about how to narrow the scope of the experiment, which is the significance of theoretical modeling. People use models and input data to calculate, and finally they are told what is feasible and what is not. The theoretical model controls the number of experiments. Therefore, people do experiments, evaluate results, improve experiments, and repeat until they get satisfactory results.
But sometimes, people cannot prove the theory, but can only refute it. No matter how successful the hypothesis stage is, once an experiment proves that the hypothesis is wrong, the theory will be refuted. Therefore, even if we have confidence in the theoretical results, we can never be 100% sure that it is correct.
Teamwork is the key to the research. Few people do research alone, and everyone in the team has their own responsibilities. My research field is related to superconductivity. Some people in my team are responsible for material manufacturing and material characterization, making models, and researching manufacturing equipment. Team strength is greater than the sum of individual strength.
The research results of others are equally important, because a complete research needs a starting point. In my team, the starting point is the use of materials, so I am very grateful to those responsible for the relevant work. At the end of the research, it is necessary to quote the research results of others. Readers will see the information source and verify whether the results in the research report are valid. Quoting others' research results will make you more confident in your own research. Other people will also refer to your research results, so you must make sure that your report is accurate, which means you need to pay attention to every data in the experiment and whether there are errors in the data. Anyone reading the research report can see how much you have contributed to the experiment through the data. The error of the data may be large or small. The smaller the error, the more confident you will be.
Finally, you need to publish your research in journals or by attending conferences. The journal will be read by scholars from all over the world, who will critically view your research and judge whether it is worth publishing; The meeting requires you to stand up, present the research and data, answer questions, and thank all participants. Call all participants the co authors of this research or this paper, which will make others realize that you have truly achieved teamwork.
Research is an exciting undertaking. It is invaluable to me. Research takes several years of study, and no one can do it right away. In universities, students should devote their energy to a guided research in the last year's projects and disciplines. If everything goes well in the master's stage, then the doctoral degree is the gate to the research career. Like me, you can aspire to a doctorate from an early age and engage in academic research when you grow up. You can also enter the industry and do industrial research after completing your first degree. Whatever your choice, I wish you enjoy your research.
I wish you well for the rest of this conference. Goodbye.
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