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今日转载对外经贸大学国际商学院公众号UIBE全球营销和唧唧堂公众号首发的关于弱关系共识语言的力量等几篇顶刊文献选登合集,供感兴趣的市场营销学者和其他读者学习参考




1【JMR】弱关系共识语言的力量 



The Strength of Weak-Tie Consensus Language


作 者: Jeffrey K. Lee, Ann Kronrod

期刊:Journal of Marketing Research, 2020, Volume: 57 issue: 2, pages: 353-374

 

Abstract: 

Every day, consumers share word of mouth (WOM) on how products and behaviors are commonly adopted through the use of consensus language. Consensus language refers to words and expressions that suggest general agreement among a group of people regarding an opinion, product, or behavior (e.g., “everyone likes this movie”). In a series of online and field experiments, the authors demonstrate that the interpretation and persuasiveness of consensus language depends on the tie strength between the communicator and the receiver of WOM. Although abundant literature highlights the advantage of strong ties (e.g., close friends, family) in influence and persuasion, the authors find that weak ties (e.g., distant friends, acquaintances) are more influential than strong ties when using consensus language. The authors theorize and demonstrate that this effect occurs because weak ties evoke perceptions of a larger and more diverse group in consensus, which signals greater validity for the issue at hand. These findings contribute to research on WOM, tie strength, and descriptive norms and provide practical implications for marketers on ways to analyze and encourage consumer discourse.

 

摘要:

每天,消费者都会通过共识语言来分享关于产品和行为是如何获得普遍采用的口碑(WOM)。共识语言是指那些表明一群人在某一观点、产品或行为上普遍达成了一致性意见的词汇和表达(如,“每个人都喜欢这部电影”)。通过一系列的网上实现和现场实验,作者们证明了共识语言的解释及其说服力都取决于口碑传播者和接受者之间的关系强度。尽管有大量文献强调强关系(如,亲密的朋友和家人)在影响力和说服力方面具有优势,但作者们发现弱关系(如,远方的朋友和熟人)在使用共识语言时比强关系更具有影响力。从理论上,作者们认为这种效应产生的原因是弱关系唤起了对共识来自于一个更大、更多样化的群体的感知,这就暗示出所讨论的问题具有更高的效度。这些研究发现推进了口碑、关系强度和描述性规范领域的相关研究。并且,为营销人员在如何分析和鼓励消费者发表意见的方法上提供了具有实践价值的启示。


关键词:共识语言(consensus language),描述性规范(descriptive norms),社会影响(social influence),关系强度(tie strength),口碑(word of mouth)


2【JMR】一图胜千言?一项有关图像内容和社交媒体参与度的实证研究



Is a Picture Worth a Thousand Words? An Empirical Study of Image Content and Social Media Engagement


作 者: Yiyi Li, Ying Xie

期刊:Journal of Marketing Research;Volume: 57 issue: 1, page: 1-19.DOI: 10.1177/0022243719881113


Abstract:

Are social media posts with pictures more popular than those without? Why do pictures with certain characteristics induce higher engagement than some other pictures? Using data sets of social media posts about major airlines and sport utility vehicle brands collected from Twitter and Instagram, the authors empirically examine the influence of image content on social media engagement. After accounting for selection bias on the inclusion of image content, the authors find a significant and robust positive mere presence effect of image content on user engagement in both product categories on Twitter. They also find that high-quality and professionally shot pictures consistently lead to higher engagement on both platforms for both product categories. However, the effect of colorfulness varies by product category, while the presence of human face and image–text fit can induce higher user engagement on Twitter but not on Instagram. These findings shed light on how to improve social media engagement using image content.


摘要:

有图片的社交媒体帖子比没有图片的更受欢迎吗? 为什么具有某些特征的图片比其他图片有更高的吸引力?作者从Twitter和Instagram收集了有关航空公司和运动型多功能车品牌的社交媒体帖子数据集,从实证研究角度考察了图片内容对社交媒体参与度的影响。在考虑了对包含图像内容的选择偏差之后,作者发现在Twitter上的两个产品类别中,图像内容对用户参与都有显著的正向影响。高质量和专业拍摄的照片始终能够提高两个平台上相关产品类别的参与度。但是色彩的效果因产品类别而异,人脸和图像文本的匹配会在Twitter上吸引更高的用户参与度,而在Instagram上则不会。这些发现为如何利用图片内容提高社交媒体参与度提供了新的研究思路。


关键词:图像处理(image processing),自然语言处理(natural language processing),社交媒体分析(social media analytics),用户生成的内容(user-generated content),视觉营销(visual marketing)


3【JMR】在线新闻中的本地广告:点击次数、品牌知名度和网站可信度之间的关系



Native Advertising in Online News: Trade-Offs Among Clicks, Brand Recognition, and Website Trustworthiness


作 者: Anocha Aribarg, Eric M. Schwartz

期刊:Journal of Marketing Research;Volume: 57 issue: 1, page: 20-34

DOI: 10.1177/0022243719879711


Abstract:

Native advertising is a type of online advertising that matches the form and function of the platform on which it appears. In practice, the choice between display and in-feed native advertising presents brand advertisers and online news publishers with conflicting objectives. Advertisers face a trade-off between ad clicks and brand recognition, whereas publishers need to strike a balance between ad clicks and the platform’s trustworthiness. For policy makers, concerns that native advertising confuses customers prompted the U.S. Federal Trade Commission to issue guidelines for disclosing native ads. This research aims to understand how consumers respond to native ads versus display ads and to different styles of native ad disclosures, using randomized online and field experiments combining behavioral clickstream, eye movement, and survey response data. The results show that when the position of an ad on a news page is controlled for, a native ad generates a higher click-through rate because it better resembles the surrounding editorial content. However, a display ad leads to more visual attention, brand recognition, and trustworthiness for the website than a native ad.


摘要:

本地广告是一种在线广告,它的形式和功能与它出现的平台相匹配。实际上,在展示广告和供稿广告之间进行选择时会给品牌广告商和在线新闻发布商带来冲突的效应。广告商需要在广告点击量和品牌认知度之间进行权衡,而发布商则需要在广告点击量和平台的可信度之间进行平衡。对政策制定者来说,由于担心本地广告会让消费者感到困惑,美国联邦贸易委员会发布了披露本地广告的指导原则。本研究通过结合行为点击流,眼动和调查响应数据的随机在线和现场实验,旨在了解消费者如何应对本地广告和展示广告以及不同风格的本地广告披露。结果表明,当控制了广告在新闻页面上的位置时,本地广告能产生更高的点击率,因为它更加匹配周边的内容。然而展示型广告比本地广告更能吸引用户的视觉注意力、提升品牌认知度和平台的可信度。


关键词:本地广告(native advertising),公共政策(public policy),眼动追踪(eye-tracking),现场实验(field experiments),广告披露(advertising disclosure)

4【JM】目标实现方式?享乐性和实用性的在线顾客购买过程


     

Path to Purpose? How Online Customer Journeys Differ for Hedonic Versus Utilitarian Purchases


作者:Jingjing Li, Ahmed Abbasi, Amar Cheema, Linda B. Abraham

期刊:Journal of Marketing, First Published March 12, 2020 .https://doi.org/10.1177/0022242920911628

 

Abstract: 

The authors examine consumers’ information channel usage during the customer journey by employing a hedonic and utilitarian (H/U) perspective, an important categorization of consumption purpose. Taking a retailer-category viewpoint to measure the H/U characteristics of 20 product categories at 40 different retailers, this study combines large-scale secondary clickstream and primary survey data to offer actionable insights for retailers in a competitive landscape. The data reveal that, when making hedonic purchases (e.g., toys), consumers employ social media and on-site product pages as early as two weeks before the final purchase. By contrast, for utilitarian purchases (e.g., office supplies), consumers utilize third-party reviews up to two weeks before the final purchase and make relatively greater usage of search engines, deals, and competitors’ product pages closer to the time of purchase. Importantly, channel usage is different for sessions in which no purchase is made, indicating that consumers’ information channel choices vary significantly with the H/U characteristics of purchases. The article closes with an extensive discussion of the significant implications for managing customer touchpoints.

 

摘要:

作者考察了顾客旅程中消费者对信息渠道的采用方式,采用的是以消费目标为基础的享乐性和实用性的分类视角。本研究通过零售商-类别的视角,对40家零售商的20种品类所具有的享乐性/实用性特性进行了测量,并结合大规模的二手点击流数据和原始的调查数据为处于竞争环境下的零售商提供了具有可操作性的见解。数据显示,消费者在进行享乐性购物时(如,玩具),会早在最终购买完成前的两周就使用社交媒体和网站产品页面。相比之下,对于实用性购买(如,办公用品),消费者在最终购买完成前的两周会使用第三方评论,在接近购买时则会更频繁地使用搜索引擎、交易和竞争对手的产品页面。重要的一点是,在没有做出购买行为的信息使用中,消费者的渠道采用方式与上述方式有所不同。这表明,消费者的信息渠道选择会由于购买的享乐性/实用性差异而发生显著性的改变。最后,文章深入地讨论了研究发现对于管理客户接触点的重要启示。


关键词:顾客旅程(customer journey),享乐性和功能性产品(hedonic and utilitarian products),信息来源(information sources),购买路径(path to purchase),接触点管理(touchpoint management)


5【JCR】食物即燃料:绩效目标增加高热量食物的消费并降低优质营养的摄取



Food as Fuel: Performance Goals Increase Consumption of High-Calorie Foods at the Expense of Good Nutrition

 

作者:Yann Cornil, Pierrick Gomez, Dimitri Vasiljevic

期刊:Journal of Consumer Research, First Published Online 11 March 2020

https://doi.org/10.1093/jcr/ucaa012

 

Abstract: 

At work, at school, at the gym club or even at home, consumers often face challenging situations in which they are motivated to perform their best. This research demonstrates that activating performance goals, whether in cognitive or physical domains, leads to an increase in consumption of high-calorie foods at the expense of good nutrition. This effect derives from beliefs that the function of food is to provide energy for the body (“food as fuel”) coupled with poor nutrition literacy, leading consumers to overgeneralize the instrumental role of calories for performance. Indeed, nutrition experts choose very different foods (lower in calorie, higher in nutritional value) than lay consumers in response to performance goals. Also, performance goals no longer increase calorie intake when emphasizing the hedonic function of food (“food for pleasure”). Hence, while consumer research often interprets the overconsumption of pleasurable and unhealthy high-calorie foods as a consequence of hedonic goals and self-control failures, our research suggests that this overconsumption may also be explained by a maladaptive motivation to manage energy intake.

 

摘要:

无论是在工作领域,还是在学校或健身房,甚至是在家中,消费者都会经常面临挑战,并激励自己发挥出最佳水平。本研究表明,无论是在认知还是在生理方面,激活绩效目标都会导致人们增加对高热量食品的消费量,并且以减少优质营养的摄取为代价。这种影响源于人们认为食物的功能就是为身体提供能量(即“食物即燃料”)这一信念,再加上营养知识贫乏,就会导致消费者过度泛化卡路里对提高表现水平的工具性作用。事实上,为了实现绩效目标,营养专家会做出与普通消费者完全不同的食物选择,他们选择的食物往往热量低且营养价值较高。此外,当强调食物的享乐功能时(即“为快乐而食”),绩效目标则不会再增加卡路里的摄入。因此,虽然消费者研究通常认为人们对令人愉悦但不健康的高热量食物的过度消费是由享乐目标和自我控制失败导致的,但本研究表明,这种过度消费也可能是由于管理能量摄入的动机不相适应造成的。

 

关键词:常人信念(lay beliefs),绩效(performance) ,目标(goals), 食品消费(food consumption),健康( health),营养(nutrition)

6【MkSc】医院中的广告对于病人的需求和健康结果的影响



The Impact of Hospital Advertising on Patient Demand and Health Outcomes


作者:Tongil “TI” Kim, Diwas KC

期刊:Marketing Science, 2019, Articles in Advance. DOI: 10.1287/mksc.2019.1153


Abstract: 

Does hospital advertising influence patient choice and health outcomes? We examine more than 220,000 individual patient-level visits over 24 months in Massachusetts to answer this question. We find that patients are positively influenced by hospital advertising; seeing a television advertisement for a given hospital makes a patient more likely to select that hospital. We also observe significant heterogeneity in patient response depending on insurance status, medical conditions, and demographic factors, like age, gender, and race. For example, patients with more restrictive forms of insurance are less sensitive to advertisements. Our demand model allows us to study the impact of a ban on hospital advertising, which has been recently considered by policy makers. We find that banning hospital advertising can hurt patient health outcomes through increased hospital readmissions. This is because hospital advertisements drive patients to higher-quality hospitals, which tend to advertise more and have lower readmission rates. However, we do not find a significant change in the overall mortality rate.


摘要:

医院广告是否影响病人的选择和健康结果?为了回答这个问题,我们对马萨诸塞州超过24个月的22万名患者进行了调查。我们发现,医院广告对患者有积极的影响:看到某家医院的电视广告会让病人更有可能选择这家医院。我们还观察到,根据保险状况、医疗条件和人口统计因素(如年龄、性别和种族),患者的反应存在显著的异质性。例如,保险形式越严格的病人对广告越不敏感。我们的需求模型使我们能够研究禁止医院广告的影响,而这正是政策制定者最近也在考虑的问题。我们发现,禁止医院广告可能会增加再入院人数,从而损害患者的健康结果。这是因为医院广告将病人吸引到高质量的医院,而高质量的医院往往广告更多,再入院率更低。然而,我们并没有发现总体死亡率的显著变化。


关键词:

医疗(health care),广告(advertising),实证产业组织方法(empirical IO methods),内生性(endogeneity),公共政策(public policy),结构模型(structural models)

7 【JSR】大众评论与专家评论对消费者服务评价的差异化影响性研究



作者:

孙瑾,Hean Tat Keh。

期刊Journal of Service Research,Volume 21,Issue 4, Pages: 474-489.

DOI:10.1177/1094670518779456


研究缘起:

  消费者为降低产品或服务消费的不确定性,经常会寻求和依赖来自于第三方的信息。相比企业自身的宣传,来自第三方的信息往往不受既得利益的影响,因此,通常被认为可信度更高。已有文献中,学者们就第三方信息对产品的影响已经进行了较为广泛的研究。与此不同,本研究主要关注第三方信息对服务的影响,相比产品,服务具有更大的不确定性与可变性,由此导致消费者的服务购买行为与产品购买行为存在差异。

    蓬勃发展的互联网极大方便了消费者的信息获取。在线评论就是消费者在购买前会参考的重要信息,并且会对消费者购买决策产生深远影响。在线评论一般有两类来源:一类是来自普通消费者的评论,称为“大众评论”,另一类是来自第三方组织或机构的专家做出的客观评论,称为“专家评论”。已有研究大多都是分别探讨大众评论或专家评论对消费行为的影响,而在现实中,消费者对于同一服务,往往既能够获得大众评论,又能够获得专家评论,对于消费者而言,哪些因素会影响他们对于这两类不同来源评论的偏好呢?目前,已有文献中还未有探讨。此外,按照服务的体验与信任属性,可将服务分为体验服务与信用服务。相比体验服务,信用服务带有更大的不确定性和风险性。消费者对信用服务进行评价时的信心低于体验服务,由此导致消费者在对信用服务进行评价时更加依赖于专家评论。

基于此,本研究探讨了大众评论与专家评论如何影响消费者对体验服务与信用服务的评价,并且探讨了消费者信心在评论来源与服务类型交互影响消费者服务评价的过程中所发挥的中介作用。此外,本研究还进一步探索了信息一致性是否调节评论来源与服务类型对消费者服务评价的交互作用。


理论渊源:

大众评论在这里主要是指来自非专业消费者的评论,常见的形式就是口碑。专家评论是指由第三方机构作出的专业评论。两者之间最关键的差异在于,相比大众评论,专家评论更加专业、权威和正式。基于社会比较理论的有关研究发现,来源的相似性能够对信息的说服力产生积极影响。个体之间的相似性促进信息的传播、态度的形成以及人际交往,由此导致信息对消费者决策产生更大的影响。究其原因在于,消费者更容易与相似个体之间建立关联,从而增加了激发大众评论流动的可能性。相似性增强了个体的确定感,进而影响建议采纳的过程。同时,有研究发现,在购买书籍这类产品时,在线大众评论比专家评论具有更大的影响力,而书籍代表体验产品。由于消费者对体验服务的评价更有信心,因此,本研究认为消费者在选择体验服务时更依赖大众评论,相比专家评论,大众评论能够使消费者对体验服务做出更高的评价。

消费者在购买前,较容易对体验属性的价值进行判断,但对于信任属性,则需要花费更长的时间搜寻相关信息,评价难度更大,甚至在消费后也很难对其作出评价。由于消费者没有足够的知识对信用服务作出有信心的评价,因此,对信用服务会感知到更大的不确定性和风险。对于不确定性较高的决策,消费者需要更多权威、可信的信息,以降低自身的不确定性。相比大众,专家被认为在信用服务方面具有更权威的知识。由此,本研究认为相比大众评论,专家评论能够使消费者对信用服务做出更高的评价。

消费者对大众评论与专家评论的依赖程度取决于其对自身决策的信心。消费者信心反映了其对自身决策质量以及决策正确性的信念,是影响消费者态度与实际行为的重要因素,比如消费者的信心会影响建议采纳程度。因此,本研究提出费者信心在评论来源与服务类型交互影响消费者服务评价的过程中发挥中介作用。

此外,本研究还探讨了信息一致性对评论来源与服务类型交互影响的调节效应。消费者面临的信息可能是一致的,比如完全正面信息或完全负面信息,也可能是不一致的,一些信息是正面的,而另一些信息是负面的。对于体验与信用两种服务来说,一致的正面信息均能提高消费者的信心,而不一致的信息将会降低消费者的信心,进而降低他们对服务的评价,特别是来自专家的负面评论,将比大众负面评论造成更低的消费信心以及服务评价。


实践价值:

消费者在进行产品或服务消费时会向其他消费者或者专家寻求建议,包括线上的产品或服务建议,目前,这已经成为普遍存在的现象。面对这种情况,越来越多的服务公司将大众评论与专家评论纳入到企业的营销活动中。有些企业试图通过个性化推荐系统来影响消费者决策,因此,有必要了解影响消费者在决定信任和使用何种来源信息时使用这些推荐的心理机制。对于体验服务,比如电影,相比专家评论,大众评论对消费者评价的影响更大,因此,体验服务公司应当更加关注来自于普通消费者的评论。对于信用服务,相对大众评论,专家评论对消费者评价的影响更大,这解释了为何在现实中,信用服务公司经常会寻求来自权威第三方的专业评论,或者采用另一种常见的形式,举行由专家主持的介绍会,对信用服务,比如复杂的金融服务,用通俗易懂的语言向潜在的消费者进行解释。此外,本研究对于网络营销者也有一定的启示。在进行点对点推荐时,并不是所有的社交网络都会产生同样的效果,比如,朋友社交网络更适合于体验服务的有效传播,而专业人员或同事社交网络更适合于信用服务的有效传播。为了鼓了更多正面口碑传播,体验服务公司应当给予向他人进行服务推荐的消费者一定的奖励,而信用服务公司则可以为消费者建立专家推荐系统。重要的是,营销人员应该采取各种措施提高消费者对服务评价的信心,例如,提高透明度和对大众评论、专家评论的客观性做出更大的承诺。

8 【MS】在线筹款、自我形象以及回避问题的长期影响



Online Fundraising, Self-Image, and the Long-Term Impact of Ask Avoidance


作  者Maja Adena , Steffen Huck

期刊:Management Science,2020,66(2), 722:743. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2018.3232.


Abstract: 

We study an online fundraising campaign run on an opera ticket booking platform. After establishing a baseline, a first change doubled the donation grid. A second change altered the navigation of the website rendering the act of declining to donate more salient. The contribution of our paper is fourfold. First, we add to the literature on defaults by showing how donation grids can have dramatic impacts on giving. Second, we demonstrate that small, apparently superficial changes in the design of a campaign can have unexpectedly large consequences (offsetting the effects of changes in the choice architecture). Third, we provide the first field evidence for the role of self-image in charitable giving. Finally, we provide stark evidence on possible adverse long-run effects of fundraising campaigns for ticket selling entities. “Avoiding the ask,” non-frequent customers buy fewer tickets in the following opera season. Ticket sales per person fall by €35, while average charitable income from the same group during the campaign had been just under €0.12. 


摘要

研究提供了第一个实地证据,指出纯粹的自我形象,独立于社会形象,在慈善捐赠中的作用。在歌剧票务预订平台上为社交青年项目开展的在线筹款活动中,我们记录了个人如何进行自我欺骗,以维护自己的形象。此外,我们还提供证据,证明筹款活动对售票活动的长期不利影响。“回避问题,”面对更坚持在线筹款的歌剧客户在下一季购买的门票更少。我们的结果表明,筹资管理不应该孤立地决定他们的活动,即使非常成功。相反,必须考虑更广泛的业务问题。


关键词:

在线筹款(online fundraising),准实验(quasi-experiment),自我形象(self-image

9【PNAS】利他行为会缓解助人者的身体疼痛吗?

Altruistic behaviors relieve physical pain


作 者:Yilu Wang,Jianqiao Ge,Hanqi Zhang,Haixia Wang,Xiaofei Xie

期刊:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,PNAS


Abstract: 

Engaging in altruistic behaviors is costly, but it contributes to the health and well-being of the performer of such behaviors. The present research offers a take on how this paradox can be understood. Across 2 pilot studies and 3 experiments, we showed a pain-relieving effect of performing altruistic behaviors. Acting altruistically relieved not only acutely induced physical pain among healthy adults but also chronic pain among cancer patients. Using functional MRI, we found that after individuals performed altruistic actions brain activity in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex and bilateral insula in response to a painful shock was significantly reduced. This reduced pain-induced activation in the right insula was mediated by the neural activity in the ventral medial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC), while the activation of the VMPFC was positively correlated with the performer’s experienced meaningfulness from his or her altruistic behavior. Our findings suggest that incurring personal costs to help others may buffer the performers from unpleasant conditions. 


摘要:

参与利他行为是昂贵的,但它有助于这些行为的执行者的健康和福祉。本研究对如何理解这一悖论提出了看法。在两项试点研究和三项实验中,我们展示了一种利他行为的止痛效果.利他作用不仅能缓解健康成年人的剧烈身体疼痛,还能缓解癌症患者的慢性疼痛。使用功能性MRI,我们发现在个体进行利他行为后,对疼痛性休克的反应,前扣带回皮层和双侧岛叶的脑活动明显减少。这种减少疼痛所致的右脑岛激活是由腹内侧前额叶皮层(VMPFC)的神经活动介导的,而VMPFC的激活则与表演者的利他或利他行为的经验意义呈正相关。我们的研究结果表明,承担个人成本以帮助他人可能会使表演者免于不愉快的情况。


关键词:

利他行为(altruistic behavior),生理疼痛(physical pain),有意义(meaningfulness),功能性核磁共振成像(functional MRI


END

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中国高等院校市场学研究会简介


中国高等院校市场学研究会(Chinese Marketing Association of Universities,英文缩写CMAU)成立于1984年元月,是经中华人民共和国民政部批准,由全国各高等院校从事市场营销学教学、研究的专家、学者及企事业单位自愿组成的非营利性学术团体。学会的主管单位是中华人民共和国教育部,现任会长是北京大学光华管理学院符国群教授。

本会宗旨

团结市场营销理论与实务界人士,遵守国家法律、法规和政策,本着“百花齐放、百家争鸣”的原则,组织各种形式的研讨和交流,为创造、传播新的市场营销知识,为繁荣中国市场营销学术研究,为提升我国企事业单位营销管理水平做出贡献。

业务范围

  • 通过定期(如年会)或不定期(如不同专题的研讨会)的形式,为全国高校从事市场营销教学、研究的专业人员提供交流的机会;

  • 通过出版物,为全国高校从事市场营销教学、研究的专业人员和社会各界的有关人士提供发表研究成果的园地;

  • 组建全国性的市场营销教学、研究案例库、资料库,建立全国性的市场营销研究信息网络;

  • 通过各种方式为社会各界培训市场营销教学、市场营销管理实践人才;

  • 以各种方式为企业界及其他部门提供市场营销相关的专业援助,如咨询等;

  • 收集国内外的市场营销理论的研究动态,与国外有关市场营销研究的机构、团体建立不同形式的合作、交流关系。

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