单细胞转录组揭示乳头状甲状腺癌起始与发展
分享是一种态度
文章信息
文章题目:Single-cell transcriptomic analysis of the tumor ecosystems underlying initiation and progression of papillary thyroid carcinoma
日期:2021-10-18
期刊:nature communications
链接:https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-021-26343-3
一句话概括
文章关注肿瘤微环境:先初步分群,然后依次看了几个重要组成部分:thyrocytes、immune细胞群、基质细胞(fibroblasts 、endothelial cells)
使用的数据
11个病人的23个组织,得到158,577个细胞
初步分群结果
得到6个主要的细胞群:
T/natural killer (NK) cells (CD3D, CD3E, CD3G, CD247) B cells (CD79A, CD79B, IGHM, IGHD) thyrocytes (TG, EPCAM, KRT18, KRT19) myeloid cells (LYZ, S100A8, S100A9, CD14) fibroblasts (COL1A1, COL1A2, COL3A1, ACTA2) endothelial cells (PECAM1, CD34, CDH5, VWF)
接下来重点关注免疫细胞(T, NK, B, and myeloid cell )的细分,得到22个亚群:
T细胞可以根据CD4和CD8的表达量继续细分,得到7 clusters for CD4+ cells & 4 clusters for CD8+ cells NK, B, and myeloid cells同样细分得到 2, 3, and 6 subsets
并且每个亚群都有各自的组织偏好性(图e)
其中,CD4-c6中的FOXP3上调,CD8-c4中的PDCD1上调,分别对应了 regulatory CD4+ T cells (Treg) 和 exhausted CD8+ T cells (Tex),它们主要存在于皮下和肿瘤组织中;另外CD8-c3 中的GNLY上调,对应了效应T细胞,主要存在于肿瘤组织
这几种免疫细胞均在肿瘤组织中富集,说明了宿主免疫应答与肿瘤免疫逃逸共存
看甲状腺细胞群的异质性
拿thyrocytes这群细胞继续细分,得到9个亚群,其中1、2亚群主要是para-tumor,可以代表non- malignant thyrocytes;3-9则是malignant thyrocytes
接下来就用3种方法证明这样划分是对的:
首先是相关性(图c),发现1、2最相关 然后(图d)计算每个亚群的thyroid differentiation score (TDS)。TDS用来评价分化程度,其中1、2最高,并且照应了para-tumor最高的情况 最后使用TCGA的PTC样本bulk转录组,构建一个分类器,达到97% sensitivity and 96% specificity ;再将这个分类器用在这个单细胞数据,发现与推测的组织类型相似度达到了:95%, 97% and > 98% of c01, c02, and c03–09 cells
于是,下面就认为malignant (c03-c09) and non-malignant (c01, c02) thyrocytes
探索了恶性vs非恶性、恶性肿瘤 vs恶性淋巴、恶性肿瘤 vs恶性皮下,发现:TMSB4X as a suggestive biomarker that potentially involves in PTC initiation and progression
既然分开了恶性和非恶性,那就先研究非恶性的两个亚群
之前图d看到,c1和c2的分化指标虽然比其他群高,但二者还是有差距,于是就开始探索这两群非恶性细胞的差异
看到c1到c2会有中间态,然后看到c1=》c2=》c3-c9的过程中,TMSB4X也确实逐渐升高
推测:c2这个群可能不是完全的正常状态,是出于正常和恶性之间的过渡态
通过实验验证了c2的属性是:cancer-primed nature of these outwardly normal but transcriptionally altered premalignant cells, which provide both seeds and soil for the eruption of malignant growths,将c2归结为premalignant
最后对比了c1和c2,对PKHD1L1这个基因感兴趣,推测 PKHD1L1 might function as a tumor suppressor gene in multiple solid tumors
接下来重点看恶性的细胞——发育轨迹
正常的c1和premalignant的c2在右上角,作为发育起源(normal-cell-initiated State 1),看看三个发育状态有什么区别:
state1有一个明显的转录因子SOX9,作用是branching folliculogenesis(卵泡生成) of normal thyroid gland,于是state1的名称是follicular-like thyrocyte
State 2 was basically a half-half mixture of tumor and LN-metastatic thyrocytes
State 3, featured by the lowest TDS score and RAS score, and highest BRAF score, contained the vast majority of RAIR subcutaneous metastatic thyrocytes;另外state3高表达GATA2, MYC, SOX4(去分化相关的转录因子)
拿发育轨迹的结果做点什么
得到了480 pseudotime-associated genes (PAGs),因为它们主要就是在甲状腺上皮细胞中,再结合2个bulk转录组数据,可以用来更新BRAF-/RAS-like 分子亚型方法。发现和之前的分型方法一样,BRAF-like tumors也是存在很强的异质性,将其分成2个亚型(BRAF-like-A and BRAF-like-B),发现BRAF-like-B更加特别:associated with TCV pathology ;lower TDS scores;advanced staging;significantly compromised DFS;
GSEA结果发现BRAF-like-B在免疫相关通路活性更高
并且三个亚型RAS-like, BRAF-like-A, BRAF-like-B分别对应了三种表型:follicular-like, p-EMT-like, dediff-like
接下来看基质细胞——CAFs
其中重点关注cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs)
初步分群的fibroblasts这群,表达了CAF的marker:VIM, S100A4, ACTA2 (α-SMA), and PDGRFA
因此可以直接把fibroblasts成为CAF,然后把CAF分群,一开始分成4群,其中cluster 0, 1 and 3可以当成myofibroblastic CAFs (myoCAF);cluster 2是inflammatory subtype (iCAF) ,它的marker基因是CFD, PLA2G2A, CCDC80
正式有了iCAF和myoCAF,再看和分型的关系,发现CAFs主要存在于BRAF-like中
接着做了iCAF和myoCAF的细胞通讯,发现:
regulation of cellular immunity is an important function for iCAFs in PTC myoCAFs tends to exert mechanical and chemical influence on tumor progression rather than through direct cell communications, as described in other solid tumors
再看基质细胞——内皮细胞(endothelial cells, ECs)
根据已有的marker,将EC分成5个类型:arterial, venous, lymphatic, immature and tip
arterial 高表达 arterial development and remodeling (FBLN5, GJA5, JAG1) and smooth muscle contraction (PPP1R14A) venous 高表达 VWF (von Willebrand factor) and genes associated with leukocyte recruitment (ACKR1) or adhesion (SELE) Lymphatic 高表达 canonical marker LYVE1 and a chemokine ligand CCL21 immature 高表达 Notch signaling and target genes (JAG1, HES1, ID1, ID2, ID3), and genes involving in barrier integrity (ENG, PLVAP, HSPG2, APLNR), which may resemble the stalk-like cells tip 高表达 cell migration (NRP1, ENPP2), adhesion (THY1) and vessel formation (FLT1, also called VEGFR1; KDR, also called VEGFR2; NRP1, also called VEGF165R);并且tip高表达一些转录因子,比如 endothelial migration and sprouting, such as ZEB1, HOXB5 and STAT family
图h看到,只有lymphatic在正常的甲状腺组织中富集,其他均存在于原发或转移癌中
最后的细胞通讯看了EC和免疫细胞,发现:
lymphatic 和免疫细胞通过atypical chemokine receptor 2 (ACKR2)进行关联【它用来调控chemokine availability】(在附图) venous, immature and arterial ECs 和免疫细胞通过 Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1 (ICAM1) 关联 (在附图) tip 和免疫细胞通过key angiogenic VEGF-VEGFR signalings 关联(图i)
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