Docker 基础用法和命令帮助
一、Docker的基础用法
Docker镜像首页，包括官方镜像和其它公开镜像。因为种种原因，国内下载 Docker HUB 官方的相关镜像比较慢，可以使用docker.cn镜像，镜像保持和官方一致，关键是速度块，推荐使用。
1.1 Search images
$ sudo docker search ubuntu1.2 Pull images
$ sudo docker pull ubuntu # 获取 ubuntu 官方镜像$ sudo docker images # 查看当前镜像列表
1.3 Running an interactive shell
$ sudo docker run -i -t ubuntu:14.04 /bin/bashdocker run - 运行一个容器
-t - 分配一个（伪）tty (link is external)
-i - 交互模式 (so we can interact with it)
ubuntu:14.04 - 使用 ubuntu 基础镜像 14.04
/bin/bash - 运行命令 bash shell
注: ubuntu 会有多个版本，通过指定 tag 来启动特定的版本 [image]:[tag]
$ sudo docker ps # 查看当前运行的容器,ps -a 列出当前系统所有的容器
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES 6c9129e9df10 ubuntu:14.04 /bin/bash 6 minutes ago Up 6 minutes cranky_babbage
1.4 相关快捷键
退出：Ctrl-Dorexit
detach：Ctrl-P + Ctrl-Q
attach:docker attach CONTAINER-ID
二、Docker 命令帮助
2.1 docker help
docker command
# 当前 shell 下 attach 连接指定运行镜像 build Build an image from a Dockerfile
# 通过 Dockerfile 定制镜像 commit Create a new image from a container's changes
# 提交当前容器为新的镜像
cp Copy files/folders from the containers filesystem to the host path # 从容器中拷贝指定文件或者目录到宿主机中 create Create a new container
# 创建一个新的容器，同 run，但不启动容器 diff Inspect changes on a container's filesystem
# 查看 docker 容器变化 events Get real time events from the server
# 从 docker 服务获取容器实时事件 exec Run a command in an existing container
# 在已存在的容器上运行命令 export Stream the contents of a container as a tar archive # 导出容器的内容流作为一个 tar 归档文件[对应 import ] history Show the history of an image
# 展示一个镜像形成历史 images List images
# 列出系统当前镜像 import Create a new filesystem image from the contents of a tarball # 从tar包中的内容创建一个新的文件系统映像[对应 export] info Display system-wide information
# 显示系统相关信息 inspect Return low-level information on a container
# 查看容器详细信息 kill Kill a running container
# kill 指定 docker 容器 load Load an image from a tar archive
# 从一个 tar 包中加载一个镜像[对应 save] login Register or Login to the docker registry server # 注册或者登陆一个 docker 源服务器 logout Log out from a Docker registry server
# 从当前 Docker registry 退出 logs Fetch the logs of a container
# 输出当前容器日志信息 port Lookup the public-facing port which is NAT-ed to PRIVATE_PORT # 查看映射端口对应的容器内部源端口 pause Pause all processes within a container
# 暂停容器 ps List containers
# 列出容器列表
pull Pull an image or a repository from the docker registry server # 从docker镜像源服务器拉取指定镜像或者库镜像
push Push an image or a repository to the docker registry server # 推送指定镜像或者库镜像至docker源服务器
restart Restart a running container
# 重启运行的容器 rm Remove one or more containers
# 移除一个或者多个容器 rmi Remove one or more images
# 移除一个或多个镜像[无容器使用该镜像才可删除，
否则需删除相关容器才可继续或 -f 强制删除] run Run a command in a new container # 创建一个新的容器并运行一个命令 save Save an image to a tar archive
# 保存一个镜像为一个 tar 包[对应 load] search Search for an image on the Docker Hub
# 在 docker hub 中搜索镜像 start Start a stopped containers
# 启动容器 stop Stop a running containers
# 停止容器 tag Tag an image into a repository
# 给源中镜像打标签 top Lookup the running processes of a container
# 查看容器中运行的进程信息 unpause Unpause a paused container
# 取消暂停容器 version Show the docker version information
# 查看 docker 版本号 wait Block until a container stops, then print its exit code # 截取容器停止时的退出状态值 Run 'docker COMMAND --help' for more information on a command.
docker option
Usage of docker:--api-enable-cors=false Enable CORS headers in the remote API
# 远程 API 中开启 CORS 头 -b, --bridge="" Attach containers to a pre-existing network bridge
# 桥接网络 use 'none' to disable container networking
--bip="" Use this CIDR notation address for the network bridge's IP,
not compatible with -b # 和 -b 选项不兼容，具体没有测试过 -d, --daemon=false Enable daemon mode
# daemon 模式 -D, --debug=false Enable debug mode
# debug 模式 --dns=[] Force docker to use specific DNS servers
# 强制 docker 使用指定 dns 服务器 --dns-search=[] Force Docker to use specific DNS search domains
# 强制 docker 使用指定 dns 搜索域 -e, --exec-driver="native"
Force the docker runtime to use a specific exec driver
# 强制 docker 运行时使用指定执行驱动器 --fixed-cidr="" IPv4 subnet for fixed IPs (ex: 10.20.0.0/16) this subnet must be nested in the bridge subnet
(which is defined by -b or --bip) -G, --group="docker"
Group to assign the unix socket specified by -H when running
in daemon mode use '' (the empty string) to disable setting of a group -g, --graph="/var/lib/docker"
Path to use as the root of the docker runtime
# 容器运行的根目录路径 -H, --host=[] The socket(s) to bind to in daemon mode
# daemon 模式下 docker 指定绑定方式[tcp or 本地 socket] specified using one or more tcp://host:port,
unix:///path/to/socket, fd://* or fd://socketfd. --icc=true Enable inter-container communication
# 跨容器通信 --insecure-registry=[]
Enable insecure communication with specified registries
(no certificate verification for HTTPS and enable HTTP fallback)
(e.g., localhost:5000 or 10.20.0.0/16) --ip="0.0.0.0"Default IP address to use when binding container ports
# 指定监听地址，默认所有 ip --ip-forward=true Enable net.ipv4.ip_forward
# 开启转发 --ip-masq=true Enable IP masquerading for bridge's IP range --iptables=true Enable Docker's addition of iptables rules
# 添加对应 iptables 规则 --mtu=0 Set the containers network MTU
# 设置网络
mtu if no value is provided:
default to the default route MTU or 1500 if no default route is
available -p, --pidfile="/var/run/docker.pid" Path to use for daemon PID file
# 指定 pid 文件位置 --registry-mirror=[]
Specify a preferred Docker registry mirror -s, --storage-driver=""
Force the docker runtime to use a specific storage driver
# 强制 docker 运行时使用指定存储驱动 --selinux-enabled=false Enable selinux support
# 开启 selinux 支持 --storage-opt=[] Set storage driver options
# 设置存储驱动选项 --tls=false Use TLS; implied by tls-verify flags
# 开启 tls --tlscacert="/root/.docker/ca.pem"
Trust only remotes providing a certificate signed
by the CA given here --tlscert="/root/.docker/cert.pem" Path to TLS certificate file
# tls 证书文件位置 --tlskey="/root/.docker/key.pem" Path to TLS key file
# tls key 文件位置 --tlsverify=false Use TLS and verify the remote
(daemon: verify client, client: verify daemon)
# 使用 tls 并确认远程控制主机 -v, --version=false Print version information and quit
# 输出 docker 版本信息
2.2 docker search
$ sudo docker search --help Usage: docker search TERM Search the Docker Hub for images# 从 Docker Hub 搜索镜像
--automated=false Only show automated builds --no-trunc=false Don't truncate output -s, --stars=0 Only displays with at least xxx stars
示例：
$ sudo docker search -s 100 ubuntu# 查找 star 数至少为 100 的镜像，找出只有官方镜像 start 数超过 100，
默认不加 s 选项找出所有相关 ubuntu 镜像
NAME DESCRIPTION STARS OFFICIAL AUTOMATED ubuntu Official Ubuntu base image 425 [OK]
2.3 docker info
$ sudo docker info Containers: 1 # 容器个数Images: 22 # 镜像个数
Storage Driver: devicemapper # 存储驱动
Pool Name: docker-8:17-3221225728-pool Pool Blocksize: 65.54 kB Data file: /data/docker/devicemapper/devicemapper/data Metadata file: /data/docker/devicemapper/devicemapper/metadata Data Space Used: 1.83 GB Data Space Total: 107.4 GB Metadata Space Used: 2.191 MB Metadata Space Total: 2.147 GB Library Version: 1.02.84-RHEL7 (2014-03-26) Execution Driver:
native-0.2
# 存储驱动 Kernel Version: 3.10.0-123.el7.x86_64 Operating System: CentOS Linux 7 (Core)
2.4 docker pull && docker push
$ sudo docker pull --help# pull 拉取镜像
Usage: docker pull [OPTIONS] NAME[:TAG]
Pull an image or a repository from the registry -a, --all-tags=false Download all tagged images in the repository
$ sudo docker push
# push 推送指定镜像 Usage: docker push NAME[:TAG]
Push an image or a repository to the registry
示例：
$ sudo docker pull ubuntu# 下载官方 ubuntu docker 镜像，默认下载所有 ubuntu 官方库镜像
$ sudo docker pull ubuntu:14.04
# 下载指定版本 ubuntu 官方镜像 $ sudo docker push 192.168.0.100:5000/ubuntu
# 推送镜像库到私有源[可注册 docker 官方账户，推送到官方自有账户]
$ sudo docker push 192.168.0.100:5000/ubuntu:14.04
# 推送指定镜像到私有源
2.5 docker images
列出当前系统镜像
$ sudo docker images --help Usage: docker images [OPTIONS] [NAME] List images -a, --all=false Show all images(by default filter out the intermediate image layers)
# -a 显示当前系统的所有镜像，包括过渡层镜像，
默认 docker images 显示最终镜像，不包括过渡层镜像
-f, --filter=[] Provide filter values (i.e. 'dangling=true')
--no-trunc=false Don't truncate output -q, --quiet=false Only show numeric IDs
示例：
$ sudo docker images # 显示当前系统镜像，不包括过渡层镜像$ sudo docker images -a # 显示当前系统所有镜像，包括过渡层镜像
$ sudo docker images ubuntu # 显示当前系统
docker ubuntu 库中的所有镜像
REPOSITORY TAG IMAGE ID CREATED VIRTUAL SIZE ubuntu 12.04 ebe4be4dd427 4 weeks ago 210.6 MB ubuntu 14.04 e54ca5efa2e9 4 weeks ago 276.5 MB ubuntu 14.04-ssh 6334d3ac099a 7 weeks ago 383.2 MB
2.6 docker rmi
删除一个或者多个镜像
$ sudo docker rmi --help Usage: docker rmi IMAGE [IMAGE...] Remove one or more images -f, --force=false Force removal of the image# 强制移除镜像不管是否有容器使用该镜像
--no-prune=false Do not delete untagged parents
# 不要删除未标记的父镜像
2.7 docker run
$ sudo docker run --help Usage: docker run [OPTIONS] IMAGE [COMMAND] [ARG...]Run a command in a new container -a, --attach=[] Attach to stdin, stdout or stderr. -c, --cpu-shares=0 CPU shares (relative weight)
# 设置 cpu 使用权重
--cap-add=[] Add Linux capabilities --cap-drop=[] Drop Linux capabilities --cidfile="" Write the container ID to the file
# 把容器 id 写入到指定文件
--cpuset="" CPUs in which to allow execution (0-3, 0,1)
# cpu 绑定
-d, --detach=false Detached mode:
Run container in the background, print new container id
# 后台运行容器
--device=[] Add a host device to the container
(e.g. --device=/dev/sdc:/dev/xvdc)
--dns=[] Set custom dns servers
# 设置 dns
--dns-search=[] Set custom dns search domains
# 设置 dns 域搜索
-e, --env=[] Set environment variables
# 定义环境变量
--entrypoint="" Overwrite the default entrypoint of the image # ？
--env-file=[] Read in a line delimited file of ENV variables
# 从指定文件读取变量值
--expose=[]
Expose a port from the container without publishing it to your host
# 指定对外提供服务端口
-h, --hostname="" Container host name
# 设置容器主机名
-i, --interactive=false Keep stdin open even if not attached
# 保持标准输出开启即使没有
attached --link=[] Add link to another container (name:alias)
# 添加链接到另外一个容器
--lxc-conf=[] (lxc exec-driver only)
Add custom lxc options --lxc-conf="lxc.cgroup.cpuset.cpus = 0,1"
-m, --memory="" Memory limit (format: <number><optional unit>,
where unit = b, k, m or g)
# 内存限制 --name="" Assign a name to the container
# 设置容器名 --net="bridge" Set the Network mode for the container
# 设置容器网络模式 'bridge':
creates a new network stack for the container on the docker bridge
'none': no networking for this container 'container:<name|id>':
reuses another container network stack 'host': use the host network
stack inside the container. Note: the host mode gives the
container full access to local system services such as
D-bus and is therefore
considered insecure. -P, --publish-all=false Publish all exposed ports to the host
interfaces
# 自动映射容器对外提供服务的端口
-p, --publish=[] Publish a container's port to the host # 指定端口映射 format: ip:hostPort:containerPort | ip::containerPort | hostPort:containerPort (use 'docker port' to see the actual mapping) --privileged=false Give extended privileges to this container # 提供更多的权限给容器 --restart="" Restart policy to apply when a container exits (no, on-failure[:max-retry], always) --rm=false Automatically remove the container when it exits (incompatible with -d) # 如果容器退出自动移除和 -d 选项冲突 --security-opt=[] Security Options --sig-proxy=true Proxify received signals to the process
(even in non-tty mode). SIGCHLD is not proxied. -t, --tty=false Allocate a pseudo-tty
# 分配伪终端
-u, --user="" Username or UID
# 指定运行容器的用户 uid 或者用户名 -v,
--volume=[] Bind mount a volume
(e.g., from the host: -v /host:/container, from docker:
-v /container)
# 挂载卷
--volumes-from=[] Mount volumes from the specified container(s)
# 从指定容器挂载卷
-w, --workdir="" Working directory inside the container
# 指定容器工作目录
示例：
$ sudo docker images ubuntu REPOSITORY TAG IMAGE ID CREATED VIRTUAL SIZE ubuntu 14.04 e54ca5efa2e9 4 weeks ago 276.5 MB$ sudo docker run -t -i -c 100 -m 512MB -h test1 -d
--name="docker_test1" ubuntu /bin/bash
# 创建一个 cpu 优先级为 100，内存限制 512MB，主机名为 test1，
名为 docker_test1 后台运行 bash 的容器
a424ca613c9f2247cd3ede95adfbaf8d28400cbcb1d5f9b69a7b56f97b2b52e5
$ sudo docker ps CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES a424ca613c9f ubuntu:14.04 /bin/bash 6 seconds ago Up 5 seconds docker_test1 $ sudo docker attach docker_test1 root@test1:/# pwd / root@test1:/# exit exit
关于cpu优先级:
By default all groups have 1024 shares.
A group with 100 shares will get a ~10%
portion of the CPU time -
archlinux cgroups
2.8 docker start|stop|kill... ...
dockerstart|stop|kill|restart|pause|unpause|rm|commit|inspect|logs
docker start CONTAINER [CONTAINER...]
# 运行一个或多个停止的容器
docker stop CONTAINER [CONTAINER...]
# 停掉一个或多个运行的容器-t选项可指定超时时间
docker kill [OPTIONS] CONTAINER [CONTAINER...]
# 默认 kill 发送 SIGKILL 信号-s可以指定发送 kill 信号类型
docker restart [OPTIONS] CONTAINER [CONTAINER...]
# 重启一个或多个运行的容器-t选项可指定超时时间
docker pause CONTAINER
# 暂停一个容器，方便 commit
docker unpause CONTAINER
# 继续暂停的容器
docker rm [OPTIONS] CONTAINER [CONTAINER...]
# 移除一个或多个容器
-f, --force=false Force removal of running container
-l, --link=false Remove the specified link and not the underlying container
-v, --volumes=false Remove the volumes associated with the container
docker commit [OPTIONS] CONTAINER [REPOSITORY[:TAG]]
# 默认 commit 是暂停状态
# 提交指定容器为镜像
-a, --author="" Author (e.g., "John Hannibal Smith hannibal@a-team.com ")
-m, --message="" Commit message
-p, --pause=true Pause container during commit
docker inspect CONTAINER|IMAGE [CONTAINER|IMAGE...]
# 查看容器或者镜像的详细信息
docker logs CONTAINER
# 类似 tail -f
# 输出指定容器日志信息
-f, --follow=false Follow log output
-t, --timestamps=false Show timestamps
--tail="all" Output the specified number of lines at the end of logs (defaults to all logs)
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