2019年6月大学英语六级真题及答案详解（卷二）
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4、《国外文学》2020年第1期刊物
5、2019年6月大学英语六级真题及答案详解（卷二）
6、英文动画片《西游记》ll52-54集
7、打卡•日常语法视频版llMaybe vs. May Be(54)
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2019年6月大学英语六级真题及答案详解（卷二）
Part Ⅰ Writing
Directions: For this part, you arc allowed 30 minutes to write an essay on the importance of mutual understanding and respect in interpersonal relationships. You should write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words.
Part Ⅱ Listening Comprehension
Section A
Directions: In this section, you will hear two long conversations. At the end of each conversation, you will hear four questions. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C and D. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.
Questions 1 to 4 are bused on the conversation you have just heard.
1.
A. Why Roman Holiday was more famous than Breakfast at Tiffany's.
B. Why Audrey Hepburn had more female fans than male ones.
C. Why the woman wanted to be like Audrey Hepburn.
D. Why so many girls adored Audrey Hepburn.
2.
A. Her unique personality.
B. Her physical condition.
C. Her shift of interest to performing arts.
D. Her family's suspension of financial aid.
3.
A. She was not an outgoing person.
B. She was easy-going on the whole.
C. She was modest and hardworking.
D. She was usually not very optimistic.
4.
A. She was influenced by the roles she played in the films.
B. Her parents taught her to sympathize with the needy.
C. She learned to volunteer when she was a child.
D. Her family benefited from other people's help.
Questions 5 to 8 are bused on the conversation you have just heard.
5.
A. Give a presentation.
B. Raise some questions.
C. Start a new company.
D. Attend a board meeting.
6.
A. It will cut production costs.
B. It will raise productivity.
C. No staff will be dismissed.
D. No new staff will behired.
7.
A. The timeline of restructuring.
B. The reasons for restructuring.
C. The communication channels.
D. The company's new missions.
8.
A. By consulting their own department managers.
B. By emailing questions to the man or the woman.
C. By exploring various channels of communication.
D. By visiting the company's own computer network.
Section B
Directions: In this section, you will hear two passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear three or four questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C and D. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.
Questions 9 to 11 are based on the passage you have just heard.
9.
A. It helps passengers to take care of their pet animals.
B. It has animals tohelp passengers carry their luggage.
C. It uses therapy animals to soothe nervous passengers.
D. It allows passengers to have animals travel with them.
10.
A. Avoiding possible dangers.
B. Finding their way around.
C. Identifying drugs mugglers.
D. Looking after sick passengers.
11.
A. Schedule their flights around the animal visits.
B. Photograph the therapy animals at the airport.
C. Keep some animals for therapeutic purposes.
D. Bring their pet animals on board their plane.
Questions 12 to 15 are based on the passage you have just heard.
12.
A. Beside a beautifully painted wall in Arles.
B. Beside the gate of an ancient Roman city.
C. At the site of an ancient Roman mansion.
D. At the entrance to a reception hall in Rome.
13.
A. A number of different images.
B. A number of mythological heroes.
C. Various musical instruments.
D. Paintings by famous French artists.
14.
A. The originality and expertise shown.
B. The worldly sophistication displayed.
C. The stunning images vividly depicted.
D. The impressive skills and costly dyes.
15.
A. His artistic taste is superb.
B. His identity remains unclear.
C. He was a collector of antiques.
D. He was a rich Italian merchant.
Section C
Directions: In this section, you will hear three recordings of lectures or talks followed by three or four questions. The recordings will be played only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C and D. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.
Questions 16 to 18 are based on the recording you have just heard.
16.
A. They encourage international cooperation.
B. They lay stress on basic scientific research.
C. They place great emphasis on empirical studies.
D. They favour scientists from its member countries.
17.
A. Many of them wish towin international recognition.
B. They believe that more hands will make light work.
C. They want to follow closely the international trend.
D. Many of their projects have become complicated.
18.
A. It requires mathematicians to work independently.
B. It is faced with many unprecedented challenges.
C. It lags behind other disciplines in collaboration.
D. It calls for more research funding to catch up.
Questions 19 to 21 are based on the recording you have just heard.
19.
A. Scientists tried to send a balloon to Venus.
B. Scientists discovered water on Venus.
C. Scientists found Venus had atmosphere.
D. Scientists observed Venus from a space vehicle.
20.
A. It resembles Earth in many aspects.
B. It is the same as fiction has portrayed.
C. It is a paradise of romance for alien life.
D. It undergoes geological changes like Earth.
21.
A. It might have been hotter than it is today.
B. It might have been acozy habitat for life.
C. It used to have more water than Earth.
D. It used to becovered with rainforests.
Questions 22 to 25 are based on the recording you have just heard.
22.
A. Causes of sleeplessness.
B. Cross-cultural communication.
C. Cultural psychology.
D. Motivation and positive feelings.
23.
A. They attach great importance to sleep.
B. They often have trouble falling asleep.
C. They pay more attention to sleep efficiency.
D. They generally sleep longer than East Asians.
24.
A. By asking people to report their sleep habits.
B. By observing people's sleep patterns in labs.
C. By having people wear motion-detecting watches.
D. By video taping people's daily sleeping processes.
25.
A. It has made remarkable progress in the past few decades.
B. It has not yet explored the cross-cultural aspect of sleep.
C. It has not yet produced anything conclusive.
D. It has attracted attention all over the world.
Part Ⅲ Reading Comprehension
Section A
Directions: Inthis section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.
The dream of personalised flight is still vivid in the minds of many inventors, some developing cycle-powered craft, others 26 money into jetpacks (喷气飞行背包). However, the flying car has always remained the 27 symbol of personal transport freedom.
Several companies around the world have produced 28 that can drive on roads and fly. Airbus has a futuristic modular (组件式的) concept involving a passenger capsule that can be 29 from the road-going chassis (底盘)and picked up by a helicopter-type machine.
But all these concepts are massively expensive, require safety certification standards for road and air, need 30 controls, involve complex folding wings and propellers, and have to be flown from airstrips. So they are likely to remain rich people's play things rather than practical transport solutions for the masses.
"A car that takes off from some London street and lands in another 31 street is unlikely to happen," says Prof. Gray, a leading aeronautical engineer. "Sky taxis are much more likely." But that won't stop inventors from dreaming up new ways to fly and trying to persuade investors to back their sometimes 32 schemes.
Civilian aviation is being disrupted, not by the age-old desires for speed, romanticism and 33 , but by the pressing need to respond to a changing climate. New electric engines coupled with artificial intelligence and 34 systems will contribute to a more efficient, integrated transport system that is less polluting and less noisy. That may sound simple, but as Prof. Graysays, "When I travel somewhere I like this notion that when I finish my journey I feel better than when I started it. That's completely at 35 with how I feel today." Now that would be progress.
A. autonomous B. Detached C. Dual D. Glamour E. Imminent F. Odds G. Opposites H. Outrageous I. Pouring J. Prototypes K. Random L. Repressing M. Segmented N. Spectrum O. ultimate
Section B
Directions: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.
Companies Are Working with Consumers to Reduce Waste
A. As consumers, we are very wasteful. Annually, the world generates 1.3 billion tons of solid waste.This is expected to go up to 2.2 billion by 2025. The developed countries are responsible for 44% of waste, and in the U.S. alone, the average person throws away their body weight in rubbish every month.
B. Conventional wisdom would seem to suggest that companies have no incentive to lengthen the lifecycle of their products and reduce the revenue they would get from selling new goods. Yet, more and more businesses are thinking about how to reduce consumer waste. This is partly driven by the rising price of raw materials and metals. It is also partly due to both consumers and companies becoming more aware of the need to protect our environment.
C. When choosing what products to buy and which brands to buy from, more and more consumers are looking into sustainability. This is opposed to just price and performance they were concerned about in the past. In a survey of 54 of the world's leading brands, almost all of them reported that consumers are showing increasing care about sustainable lifestyles. At the same time, surveys on consumers in the U.S. and the U.K. show that they also care about minimizing energy use and reducing waste.
D. For the most part, consumers control what happens to a product. But some companies are realizing that placing the burden of recycling entirely on the consumer is not an effective strategy, especially when tossing something away seems like the easiest and most convenient option.
E. Some retailers and manufacturers in the clothing, footwear, and electronics industries have launched environmental programs. They want to make their customers interested in preserving their products and preventing things that still have value from going to the garbage dump. By offering services to help expand the longevity of their products, they're promising quality and durability to consumers, and receiving the reputational gains for being environmentally friendly.
F. For example, the Swedish jeans company Nudie Jeans offers free repair at twenty of their shops. Instead of discarding their old worn-out jeans, customers bring them in to be renewed. The company even provides mail-order repair kits and online videos, so that customers can learn how to fix a pair of jeans at home. Their philosophy is that extending the life of a pair of jeans is not only great for the environment, but allows the consumer to get more value out of their product. When customers do want to toss their pair, they can give them back to the store, which will repurpose and resell them. Another clothing company, Patagonia, a high-end outdoor clothing store, follows the same principle. It has partnered with DIY website iFixit to teach consumers how to repair their clothing, such as water proof outerwear, at home. The company also offers a repair program for their customers for a modest fee. Currently, Patagonia repairs about 40,000 garments a year in their Reno, Nevada, service center. According to the company's CEO, Rose Marcario, this is about building a company that cares about the environment. At the same time, offering repair supportsthe perceived quality of its products.
G. In Brazil, the multinational corporation Adidas has been running a shoe-recycling program called "Sustainable Footprint" since 2012. Customers can bring shoes of any brand into an Adidas store to be shredded and turned into alternative fuels for energy creation instead of being burned as trash. They are used to fuel cement ovens. To motivate visitors to bring in more old shoes, Adidas Brazil promotes the program in stores by showing videos to educate customers, and it even offers a discount each time a customer brings in an old pair of shoes. This boosts the reputation and image of Adidas by making people more aware of the company's values.
H. Enormous opportunities also lie with e-waste. It is estimated that in 2014 the world produced some 42 million metric tons of e-waste (discarded electrical and electronic equipment and its parts) with North America and Europe accounting for 8 and 12 million metric tons respectively. The materials from e-waste include iron, copper, gold, silver, and aluminum—materials that could bereused, resold, salvaged, or recycled. Together, the value of these metals isestimated to be about $52 billion. Electronics giants like Best Buy and Samsung have provided e-waste take-back programs over the past few years, which aim torefurbish (翻新)old electronic components and parts into new products.
I. For other companies interested in reducing waste, helping the environment, and providing the sustainable lifestyles that consumers seek, here are some first steps for building a relationship with customers that focuses on recycling and restoring value to products:
J. Find partners. If you are a manufacturer who relies on outside distributors, then retailers are the ideal partner for collecting old products. Power tool maker DeWalt partners with companies, such as Lowes and Napa Auto Parts, to collect old tools at their stores for recycling. The partnership benefits both sides by allowing unconventional partners (for example, two companies from two different industries) to work together on a specific aspect of the value chain, like, in this example, an engine firm with an accessory one.
K. Create incentives. Environmental conscientiousness isn't always enough to make customers recycle old goods. For instance, DeWalt discovered that many contractors were holding on to their old tools, even if they no longer worked, because they were expensive purchases and it was hard to justify bringing them in to recycle. By offering instant discounts worth as much as $100, DeWalt launched a trade-in program to encourage people to bring back tools. As a result, DeWalt now reuses those materials to create new products.
L. Start with a trial program, and expect to change the details as you go. Any take-back program will likely change over time, depending on what works for your customers and company goals. Maybe you see low customer participation at first, or conversely, so much success that the cost of recycling becomes too high. Best Buy, for instance, has been bearing the lion's share of e-waste volume since two of its largest competitors, Amazon and Wal-mart, do not have their own recycling programs. Since the launch of its program, Best Buy changed its policy to add a $25 fee for recycling old televisions in order to keep the program going.
M. Build a culture of collective values with customers. A stronger relationship between the retailer/producer and the consumer isn't just about financial incentives. By creating more awareness around your efforts to reduce waste, and by developing a culture of responsibility, repair, and reuse, you can build customer loyalty based on shared values and responsibilities.
N. These examples are just the tip of the iceberg, but they demonstrate how helping customers get more use of their materials can transform value chains and operations. Reducing waste by incorporating used materials into production can cut costs and decrease the price of procurement (采购): less to be procured from the outside and more to bere-utilized from the inside.
O. Companies play a big role in creating a circular economy, in which value is generating less from extracting new resources and more from getting better use out of the resources we already have—but they must also get customers engaged in the process.
36. Some companies believe that products' prolonged lifespan benefits both the environment and customers.
37. A survey shows shoppers today are getting more concerned about energy conservation and environmental protection when deciding what to buy.
38. Companies can build customer loyalty by creating a positive culture of environmental awareness.
39. When companies launch environmental programs, they will have their brand reputation enhanced.
40. One multinational company offers discounts to customers who bring in old footwear to be used as fuel.
41. Recycling used products can help manufacturers reduce production costs.
42. Electronic products contain valuable metals that could be recovered.
43. It seems commonly believed that companies are not motivated to prolong their products' lifespan.
44. It is advisable for companies to partner with each other inproduct recycling.
45. Some businesses have begun to realize it may not be effectiveto let consumers take full responsibility for recycling.
Section C
Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C andD. You should decide on the best choice and mark the correspondi ng letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.
Passage One
Effective Friday, Screen Actors Guild-American Federation of Television and Radio Artists(SAG-AFTRA. has declared a strike against 11 video game publishers over games that went into production after Feb. 17, 2015. The companies include some ofthe heavy weights of the industry, like Electronic Arts Productions, Insomniac Games, Activision and Disney.
The strike comes inlight of an unsuccessful 19 months of negotiations after the existing labor contract known as the Interactive Media Agreement expired in late 2014. Overall, the strike is an effort to provide more secondary compensation along with other concerns, such as transparency upon hiring talent and on-set (制作中)safety precautions.
The video gaming industry has ballooned in recent years. The Los Angeles Times reports that the industry is in the midst of an intense increase in cash flow. In 2015, gaming produced $23.5 billion in domestic revenue.
But SAG-AFTRA says voice actors don't receive residuals (追加酬金) for their gaming work. Instead, they receive a fixed rate, which is typically about $825 for a standard four-hour vocal session. So the voice actors are pushing for the idea of secondary compensation—a performance bonus every time a game sells 2 million copies or downloads, or reaches 2million subscribers, with a cap at 8 million.
"It's a very small number of games that would trigger this secondary compensation issue,"said voice actor Crispin Freeman, who's a member of the union's negotiating committee. "This is an important aspect of what it means to be a freelance(从事自由职业的) performer, who isn't regularly employed every single day working on projects."
Another major complaint from the actors is the secrecy of the industry. "I can't imagine if there's any other acting job in the world where you don't know what show you're in, when you're hired," says voice actor Key the Farley, who chairs the SAG-AFTRA negotiating committee.
"And yet that happens every day in the video game world," Farley told reporters during a press conference Friday. "I was a main character in Fallout 4, a characterby the name of Kellogg, and I never knew that I was doing vocal recording for that game throughout the year and a half."
Scott Witlin, the lawyer representing the video game companies, says voice actors "representless than one tenth of I percent of the work that goes into making a videogame." So "even though they're the top craftsmen in theirfield," Witlin says, "if we pay them under a vastly different system than the people who do the 99.9 percent of the work, that's going to create far more problems for the video game companies."
46. Why did SAG-AFTRA declare a strike against some video game publishers?______
A. The labor contract between them had been violated.
B. Its appeal to renegotiate the contract had been rejected.
C. It had been cheated repeatedly in the 19 months of talks.
D. The negotiations between them had broken down.
47. What do we learn from the passage about the video gaming industry?______
A. It has reaped huge profits in recent years.
B. It has become more open and transparent.
C. It has attracted many famous voice actors.
D. It has invested a lot in its domestic market.
48. What are the voice actors demanding?______
A. More regular employment.
B. A non-discriminatory contract.
C. Extra pay based on sales revenues.
D. A limit on the maximum work hours.
49. What does Key the Farley say about voice actors?______
A. They are kept in the dark about many details of their job.
B. They are discriminated against in the gaming industry.
C. They are not paid ona regular basis.
D. They are not employed full-time.
50. What is the argument of lawyer Scott Witlin?______
A. Voice actors should have a pay raise if they prove to be top craftsmen.
B. Changing the pay system would cause the industry more problems.
C. Voice actors are mere craftsmen, not professional performers.
D. Paying voice actors on an hourly basis is in line with the law.
Passage Two
Officials at the White House announced a new space policy focused on managing the increasing number of satellites that companies and governments arc launching into space. SpacePolicy Directive-3 lays out general guidelines for the United States to mitigate (缓解)the effects of space debris and track and manage traffic in space.
This policy sets the stage for the Department of Commerce to take over the management of traffic in space. The department will make sure that newly launched satellites don't use radio frequencies that would interfere with existing satellites, and schedule when such new satellites can be launched. This only applies to American space activities, but the hope is that it will help standardize a set of norms in the dawning commercial space flight industry throughout the world.
Space, especially the space directly around our planet, is getting more crowded as more governments and companies launch satellites. One impetus for the policy is that companies are already starting to build massive constellations (星座), comprising hundreds or thousands of satellites with many moving parts among them. With so much stuff in space, and a limited area around our planet, the government wants to reduce the chances of a collision. Two or more satellites slamming into each other could create many more out-of-control bits that would pose even more hazards to the growing collection of satellites in space.
And it's not like this hasn't happened before. In 2009 an old Russian craft slammed into a communications satellite, creating a cloud of hundreds of pieces of debris and putting other hardware at risk. Journalist Sarah Scoles reports that NASA currently tracks about 24,000 objects in space, and in 2016 the Air Force had to issue 3,995,874 warnings to satellite owners alerting them to a potential nearby threat from another satellite or bit of debris.
That's why this new policy also includes directions to update the current U.S. Government Orbital Debris Mitigation Standard Practices, which already require any entity that launches a satellite or spacecraft to vigorously analyze the likelihood that any of their actions, from an unexpected failure or normal operations, will create more space debris. It includes accounting for any piece of debris they plan to release over 5mm that might stay in orbit for 25 years or more. It might seem surprising to think about an item staying in space for that long, but the oldest satellite still in orbit—Vanguard 1—turned 60 in 2018.
Agencies and companies throughout the world are working on developing technology that would dispose ofor capture space debris before it causes serious damage. But for now, the U.S. government is more focused on preventing new debris from forming than takingthe trash out of orbit.
51. What is the purpose of the new U.S. space policy?______
A. To lay out general guidelines for space exploration.
B. To encourage companies to join in space programs.
C. To make the best use of satellites in space.
D. To improve traffic conditions in space.
52. What is the Department of Commerce expected to do under the new policy?______
A. Reduce debris inspace.
B. Monitor satellite operations.
C. Regulate the launching of new satelites.
D. Update satellite communications technology.
53. What does the U.S. government hope to do with the new spacepolicy?______
A. Set international standards for the space flight industry.
B. Monopolize space industry by developing a set of norms.
C. Facilitate commercial space flights throughout the world.
D. Promote international collaboration in space exploration.
54. What is a space vehicle launching entity required to do according to the current U.S. Government Orbital Debris Mitigation Standard Practices?______
A. Give an estimate of how long its debris will stay in space.
B. Account for the debris it has released into space at any time.
C. Provide a detailed plan for managing the space debris it creates.
D. Make a thorough analysis of any possible addition to space debris.
55. What are space agencies and companies aiming to do at present?______
A. Recycle used space vehicles before they turn into debris.
B. Develop technology to address the space debris problem.
C. Limit the amount of debris entering space.
D. Cooperate closely to retrieve space debris.
Part Ⅳ Translation
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to translate apassage from Chinese into English. You should write your answer on Answer Sheet 2.
汉语现在是世界上用作本族语人数最多的语言。汉语与西方语言的一个重要区别在于它是以方块字(character)而不是以字母构成的。目前仍在使用的书写系统中，汉语是最古老的。在中国，来自不同地区的人可能听不懂对方的方言，但由于汉字有统一的书写形式，他们交流起来几乎没有任何困难。汉语历史上对团结中华民族发挥了重要作用。今天，随着中国经济的快速增长和全球影响力的增强，越来越多其他国家的人也开始学习汉语。
答案:
Part Ⅰ Writing
[范文]
The Importance of Mutual Understanding and Respect in Interpersonal Relationships
For college students, a harmonious interpersonal relationship, especially with classmates, can guarantee healthy growth and development. And as for me, mutual understanding and respect are the key to building this harmony.
For one thing, we collegestudents come from all over the country and we all have our own lifestyles and customs. So when it comes to conflicts among students, only mutual understanding and respect can make both sides reach agreement, which will begood for the two parts to maintain long-term friendly relations. For another,mutual understanding and respect can make students more willing to learn from teachers and classmates, thus making our study more efficient, which isconducive to creating a harmonious learning atmosphere for classes.
In conclusion, mutual understanding and respect are the basis for good interpersonal relationships. Just as the saying goes, if you want to win the respect of others, you firstneed to respect others. Therefore, whenever you disagree with others, try toput yourself in their shoes and be more tolerant and understanding.
[解析]http://www.yfzxmn.cn/newyfB12/tu/1908/yyl/dy/lj1018.11C5118.jpg
Part Ⅱ Listening Comprehension
Section A
1、D
[听力原文]
W: Wow! I would give anything tobe more like Audrey Hepburn!
M: I never really understoodwhy so many girls were such big fans of her. I mean I've seen the famousfilms, Roman Holiday, Breakfast at Tiffany's, and a few others, but I stilldon't fully get it. Was she that great of an actress?
W: Well, for me, my adorationgoes beyond her movies. She had such a classic elegance about her. She wasalways so poised, in part because she spent years training as a ballet dancerbefore becoming an actress.
M: Why didn't she stick todancing as a career?
W: It seems it was fate. Shesuffered from inadequate nutrition during the war, and therefore a career as aprofessional dancer would have been too demanding on her body. So shefocused on acting instead. Roman Holiday was her first big break which made hera star.
M: Was that the film that openedwith her shopping for jewelry in New York city, you know, the scene she waswearing a black dress and dark sunglasses with a pearl necklace and long blackgloves? I see the photo of her in that costume everywhere.
W: No, that one is Breakfast atTiffany's. That costume is often referred to as the most famous little blackdress of all time. Her character in that film is very outgoing and charming,even though in real life Audrey always described herself as shy and quiet.
M: So what did she do after heracting career?
W: She dedicated much of herlife to helping children in need. Her family received international aid duringthe war when she was growing up. I think that left a big impression on her.That's where I got the idea to volunteer for children's charity next weekend.
M. I'll join you. I may not be ascharming as Audrey Hepburn, but I'm all for supporting a good cause.
What does the man say he neverreally understood?
[解析] 事实细节题。对话中，男士明确表示，他一直不明白为什么那么多女孩子都是奥黛丽·赫本的铁杆粉丝。
2、B
[听力原文]
What prevented Audrey Hepburnfrom becoming a professional dancer?
[解析] 细节归纳题。对话中女士说，奥黛丽·赫本在战争期间营养不良，因此对她来说职业舞者对身体的要求太高了。也就是说，她的身体状况不允许她成为一名职业舞者。
3、A
[听力原文]
What do we learn about AudreyHepburn in real life?
[解析] 事实细节题。对话中女士提到，虽然在现实生活中奥黛丽·赫本常常说自己是一个腼腆而又安静的人，但在电影《蒂凡尼的早餐》中她却外向且魅力四射。也就是说，奥黛丽·赫本在现实生活中不是一个性格外向的人。
4、D
[听力原文]
Why did Audrey Hepburn devotemuch of her life to charity after her acting career?
[解析] 事实细节题。对话中女士说，奥黛丽·赫本在演艺事业结束后就把大部分时间投入到帮助有需要的孩子当中，因为在她成长期间，她的家庭在战时接受过国际援助。
5、A
[听力原文]
W: So how's our presentationabout the restructuring of the company coming along?
M: Fine. I'm putting thefinishing touches to it now, but we'll have to be prepared for questions.
W: Yes, there is already afeeling that this is a top-down change. We really need to get everyone onboard.
M: Well, there's been anextensive consultation period.
W: I know, but there's always thefeeling that if it isn't broke, don't fix it.
M: People are worried about theirjobs, too. I think we need to stress that while there will be some jobchanges, there won't be anyone getting dismissed. In fact, we're looking totake on more staff.
W: Agreed. You can hardly blamepeople for worrying though. We need to make it clear that it's not just changefor change's sake. In other words, we really must make the case for why we'redoing it. So what's the outline of the presentation?
M: I'll start with a briefreview of the reasons for the change that we really need to make a clean breakto restart growth. After that, I'll outline the new company structures andwho's going where. Then I'll hand it over to you to discuss the timeline andsummarize. And we'll take questions together at the end. Anything else?
W: Oh, yeah. We should let thestaff know the channels of communication, you know, who they can contact ordirect questions to about these changes.
M: Yes. And we can collect somefrequently asked questions and present some general answers.
W: Mm, and we'll make thepresentation and the questions available via the company's own computernetwork, right?
M: Yes. We'll make a page on thenetwork where staff can download all the details.
W: All right. Perhaps we shoulddo a practice run of the presentation first.
M: You bet.
What is the man going to do?
[解析] 细节推断题。对话开头，女士问男士关于公司重组的报告准备得如何了，男士回答说已经基本准备好了，正在做最后的润色。由此可知，男士正在为一场报告做准备。
6、C
[听力原文]
What does the man say about therestructuring?
[解析] 事实细节题。对话中男士说，他认为需要强调的是，虽然会有一些工作变动，但不会有人被辞退。
7、B
[听力原文]
What will the man explain first?
[解析] 事实细节题。对话中男士说，他会简要回顾一下公司为什么需要打破僵局，重新开始，也就是说，男士首先会解释公司重组的原因。
8、D
[听力原文]
How can the staff learn moreabout the company's restructuring?
[解析] 事实细节题。对话中女士说，他们会把报告内容以及问题都放到公司自己的计算机网络上。由此可知，员工可以通过公司的计算机网络了解更多信息。
Section B
9、C
[听力原文]
Airline passengers have to dealwith a lot these days; getting bumped from flights and losing luggage on top ofthe general anxiety that nervous passengers always feel. At theCincinnati/Northern Kentucky International Airport, miniature horses deliver acalming force two times a month. Denver and Ruby are two of the 34 therapyhorses brought in from a local farm. They can usually be found in the ticketcounter area interacting with travelers. More than 30 airports across thecountry now have therapy dogs. San Francisco has a therapy pig. San Jose,California, began a dog program after the terrorist attacks of Sept. 11. Sinceits beginning, the program has now grown and has 21 therapy dogs and a therapycat. The animals don't get startled. They have had hundreds of hours of airporttraining so they are used to having luggage and people crowding around them. Theseprofessional animals are probably better at finding their way in the airportsthan the most frequent of travelers. The passengers often say that seeinganimals makes them feel much better and helps them to calm down before aflight. This little bit of support can sometimes make a big difference. Somepassengers enjoy the animals so much that they call the airport to scheduleflights around their visits. Visits to nursing homes and schools are also aregular part of the horses' schedule. Their owner is already working on a newidea for a therapy animal—donkeys.
What is special about theCincinnati/Northern Kentucky International Airport?
[解析] 事实细节题。短文中提到，在辛辛那提/北肯塔基国际机场，两匹小型马每月会出现两次，给紧张的乘客带来舒缓的力量。
10、B
[听力原文]
What are the trained animalsprobably capable of doing in an airport?
[解析] 事实细节题。短文中提到，这些经过专业训练的动物很可能比那些最常乘坐飞机的旅客更熟悉路。
11、A
[听力原文]
What do some passengers try todo?
[解析] 事实细节题。短文中提到，乘客们太喜欢这些动物了，因此，他们会给机场打电话把自己的航班安排在有动物来访的时候。
12、C
[听力原文]
Hello, viewers. Today I'mstanding at a 2,000-year-old Roman-era site. Here, the brightly colored scenesthat once decorated a mansion are being dug up. These scenes are turning up inthe southern French city of Axles, surprising the historians who have beenworking here since 2014. Patches of paint still cling to the stone walls ofa bedroom and reception hall. Some of these painted walls are preserved inplaces to a height of one meter. In addition, thousands of fragments that felloff the walls have been recovered. These pieces have been put back togetherwith great care and display a variety of images. Some of these imagesinclude figures never seen before in France, such as a woman playing a stringedinstrument, possibly a character from mythology.
The paintings were done withsuch skill and with such expensive dyes that experts believe the artistsoriginally came from Italy. They were likely hired by one of the city'selite. Perhaps a Roman official wanted Pompeii-like interior to remind him ofhome. He was probably stationed in this provincial trading port, founded in46 BC as a colony for veterans of the Roman army. Or maybe a wealthy localwanted to show off his worldly sophistication. The paintings may yield evenmore stunning surprises as additional sections are put together like pieces ofa puzzle. Whoever it was that created such magnificent pieces of art, theysurely had no idea that their work would still be around thousands of yearslater.
Where is the speaker standing?
[解析] 细节归纳题。短文开头男士说，他现在正站在一处有着2,000年历史的罗马时代遗址上。在这里，属于一座大宅院的色彩艳丽的景致正在被挖掘出来。这些景致出现在法国南部城市阿尔勒，震惊了自2014年以来一直在这里工作的历史学家。也就是说，男士正站在一座古罗马大宅院的遗址上。
13、A
[听力原文]
What do the thousands offragments display when they are put back together?
[解析] 事实细节题。短文中提到，把这些碎片仔细拼接在一起就呈现出了各种各样的图像。
14、D
[听力原文]
What makes experts think thepaintings were done by artists from Italy?
[解析] 事实细节题。短文中提到，这些绘画作品有着高超的技巧，而且所使用的染料也非常昂贵，因此专家们认为绘制这些作品的艺术家来自意大利。
15、B
[听力原文]
What do we learn from the passageabout the owner of the mansion?
[解析] 细节归纳题。短文中提到，这些艺术家很有可能是被城市中的某位精英雇用。或者雇主可能是一位来自罗马的官员，想通过庞贝风格的室内装饰来让他拥有家的感觉。或者也可能是一位富有的当地人，想用这些画作来展示他老练与世故的一面。由此可知，专家们并没有办法确认这座大宅院主人的身份。
Section C
16、A
[听力原文]
Good afternoon, class. Today Iwant to discuss with you a new approach to empirical research. In the past,scientists often work to learn. They were confined to the university orresearch center where they worked. Today, though, we are seeing mergers of someof the greatest scientific minds regardless of their location. There hasnever been a better time for collaborations with foreign scientists. In fact,the European Union is taking the lead. Spurred on by funding policies, half ofEuropean research articles had international co-authors in 2007. This is morethan twice the level of two decades ago. The European Union's level ofinternational co-authorship is about twice that of the United States, Japan andIndia. Even so, the levels in these countries are also rising. This is a signof the continued allure of creating scientific coalitions across borders.Andrew Schubert, a researcher at the Institute for Science Policy Research,says that the rise in collaboration is partly out of necessity. Thisnecessity comes with the rise of "big science." Many scientificendeavors have become more complicated. These new complications require themoney and labor of many nations. But he says collaborations have alsoemerged because of increased possibilities, the Internet allows like-mindedscientists to find each other. Simultaneously, dramatic drops in communicationcosts ease long- distance interactions. And there is a reward: studies ofcitation counts show that internationally co-authored papers have bettervisibility. Schubert says international collaboration is a way to spread ideasin wider and wider circles. Caroline Wagner, a research scientist at GeorgeWashington University, notes that international collaborations offer additionalflexibility. Whereas local collaborations sometimes persist past the point ofusefulness because of social or academic obligations, international ones can becultivated and dropped more freely. The collaborative trend is true acrossscientific disciplines. Some fields, though, have a greater tendency for it.Particle physicists and astronomers collaborate often. This is because theymust share expensive facilities. Mathematicians, by contrast, tendhistorically towards solitude. As a consequence, they lag behind otherdisciplines. However, Wagner says partnerships are rising there too. Thelevel of collaboration also varies from country to country. "There arehistorical and political reasons as to why collaborations emerge," saysWagner. This rise is also apparently boosted by policies embedded in Europeanframework funding schemes. These policies underlie funding requirements thatoften require teamwork.
What do we learn about theresearch funding policies in the European Union?
[解析] 细节归纳题。讲座中提到，在与外国科学家合作方面，目前是最佳时期，事实上在这一领域，欧盟走在了前面。2007年，受经费政策的激励，欧洲一半的研究文章都有国际合著者。由此可知，欧盟鼓励国际合作。
17、D
[听力原文]
Why do researchers today favourinternational collaboration?
[解析] 事实细节题。讲座中提到，AndrewSchubert说，合作的增加有一部分是出于必要性，这种必要性来自“大科学”的兴起。很多科学项目变得越来越复杂，导致他们需要许多国家的资金和人力支持。
18、C
[听力原文]
What do we learn about the fieldof mathematics?
[解析] 事实细节题。讲座中提到，数学家们自古以来就倾向于独立研究，也正因为如此，他们落后于其他学科。
19、B
[听力原文]
Good evening. In 1959, on the daythat I was born, a headline in Life magazine proclaimed "Target Venus:There May be Life There!" It told of how scientists rode a balloon toan altitude of 80,000 feet to make telescope observations of Venus'satmosphere, and how their discover~/of water raised hopes that there could beliving things there. As a kid I thrilled to tales of adventure in IsaacAsimov's juvenile science-fiction novel Lucky Starr and the Oceans of Venus.
For many of my peers, though,Venus quickly lost its romance. The very first thing that scientists discoveredwith a mission to another planet was that Venus was not at all the earthlyparadise that fiction had portrayed. It is nearly identical to our ownplanet in bulk properties such as mass, density, and size. But its surfacehas been cooked and dried by an ocean of carbon dioxide. Trapped in the burningdeath-grip of a runaway greenhouse effect, Venus has long been held up as acautionary tale for everything that could go wrong on a planet like Earth. As apossible home for alien life, it has been voted the planet least likely tosucceed.
But I have refused to give up onVenus, and over the years my stubborn loyalty has been justified. The rockyviews glimpsed by Venera 9 and other Russian landers suggested a torturedvolcanic history. That was confirmed in the early 1990s by the AmericanMagellan orbiter, which used radar to peer through the planet's thick cloudsand map out a rich, varied, and dynamic surface. The surface formed mostly inthe last billion years, which makes it fresher and more recently active thanany rocky planet other than Earth. Russian and American spacecraft alsofound hints that its ancient climate might have been wetter, cooler, andpossibly even friendly to life. Measurements of density and compositionimply that Venus originally formed out of basically the same stuff as Earth.That presumably included much more water than the tiny trace we find blowing inthe thick air today.
Thus our picture of Venus ataround the time life was getting started on Earth is one of warm oceans,probably rich with organic molecules, splashing around rocky shores andvolcanic vents. The sun was considerably less bright back then. So, Venus wasarguably a cozier habitat for life than Earth.
What do we learn from the Lifemagazine article?
[解析] 事实细节题。讲话者提到，《生活》杂志上的一篇文章讲述了科学家们乘坐气球到8万英尺的高空，在那里用望远镜观察金星的大气层，他们发现了金星上有水的存在，这燃起了他们对金星上有生命存在的希望。
20、A
[听力原文]
What are scientists' findingsabout Venus?
[解析] 事实细节题讲话者提到，金星在质量、密度和大小等体积特性方面与地球几乎相同。
21、B
[听力原文]
What information did Russian andAmerican space probes provide about Venus?
[解析] 事实细节题。讲座中提到，俄罗斯和美国的太空探测器发现了金星古时候的气候可能比现在更加湿润、清凉，比现在更加适合生物生存的线索。
22、C
[听力原文]
I'm a psychology professor at theUniversity of British Columbia. I specialize in cultural psychologyexamining similarities and differences between East Asians and North Americans.Our research team has been looking at cultural differences in self-enhancingmotivations, how people have positive feelings towards not only themselves butthings connected to themselves. For example, when you own something, you viewit as more valuable than when you don't own it. It's called the "endowmenteffect." The strength of that effect is stronger in Western cultures thanin East Asian cultures. So we've been looking at other ways of seeing whetherthis motivation to view oneself positively is shaped by cultural experiences.
We've also started to look at howculture shapes sleep. We're still in the exploratory stages of thisproject—although what's noteworthy is that East Asians on average sleep aboutan hour and a half less each night than North Americans do. And it's not amore efficient sleep, not like they're compressing relatively more value out oftheir hours. Other studies have found that even infants in East Asia sleepabout an hour less than European infants. So we're trying to figure out howculture shapes the way you sleep.
Our experiment does not takeplace in a sleep lab. Instead we lend people motion-detecting watches and theywear them for a week at a time—whenever they're not having a shower orswimming, they keep it on. These kinds of watches are used in sleep studiesas a way of measuring how long people are sleeping, how efficient their sleepis, and whether they're waking up in the night. Ideally I'd like to take thisinto a controlled lab environment. We'll see where the research points us. Weusually start off with the more affordable methods, and if everything lookspromising, then it'll justify trying to build a sleep lab and study sleepacross cultures that way.
Why do we study sleep? Sleepis something that has really been an unexplored topic cross-culturally. I'mattracted to it because culture isn't something that only shapes the way ourminds operate; it shapes the way our bodies operate too, and sleep is at theintersection of those.
What does the speaker mainlystudy?
[解析] 事实细节题。讲座开头，讲话人做了自我介绍，她是不列颠哥伦比亚大学的一位心理学教授，她的主要研究领域是文化心理学，对比东亚人与北美人之间的相同之处和不同之处。
23、D
[听力原文]
What does the speaker say aboutNorth Americans?
[解析] 细节推断题。讲座中提到，虽然对文化如何决定睡眠的研究项目还处在探索阶段，但值得注意的是，东亚人比北美人平均每晚少睡一个半小时。也就是说，北美人比东亚人的睡眠时间要长。
24、C
[听力原文]
How did the speaker conduct thesleep study?
[解析] 事实细节题。讲话者提到，他们并没有在睡眠实验室里来进行这次实验，而是通过让人们佩戴运动探测手表来进行实验。
25、B
[听力原文]
What does the speaker say aboutresearch on sleep?
[解析] 事实细节题。讲话者提到，睡眠是尚未被跨文化探索的话题。
Part Ⅲ Reading Comprehension
Section A
26、
[考点] 动词辨析题。
[解析] 本文选自2018年3月15日发表在www.bbc.co.uk(英国广播电台)上的一篇标题为“TheDisruptors—Up, Up and Away”(《颠覆者们——空中飞车梦》)的文章。
http://www.yfzxmn.cn/newyfB12/tu/1908/yyl/dy/lj1018.137A84D.jpg
空格前面为主语others，后面出现了名词money。这里的others和前面的some为并列结构，some后面用developing作非谓语，故空格处也应填动词的-ing形式作非谓语。
空格所在句的意思是：……有些人致力于开发动力循环飞行器，有些人把钱______喷气飞行背包的研发。这句话讲的是个性化飞行的梦想和它的实施，根据常识，开发这些设备是需要投入资金的，所以空格处要体现出“投入”的意思。选项I. pouring“投入，注入”符合题意，所以答案是I。备选项中的动词-ing形式L. repressing“忍住，克制”和前面的developing在意义上构不成并列关系，故排除。
[参考译文]
个性化飞行仍是许多发明家心中最为鲜活的梦想，有些人致力于开发动力循环飞行器，有些人把钱投入在喷气飞行背包的研发上。然而，空中飞车一直都是个人交通出行自由的终极象征。
在全球范围内，已有几家公司制造出了既能在地面驾驶又能在空中飞行的原型机。空中飞车的组件概念极具未来感，其中包括一种可与在地面行驶的底盘相分离的客舱，然后用类似于直升机的机器把它吊到空中。
然而，这些概念成本高昂，需要陆空两栖的安全认证标准和双重操作装置，包括复杂的折叠翼和推进器，还需要从飞机跑道上起飞。因此，对于普通老百姓而言，它们并不是切实可行的出行解决方案，反而更有可能成为有钱人的玩具。
格雷教授是一名优秀的航空工程师，他说：“一辆汽车从伦敦的某条街道上起飞，在任意一条街道上降落，这种事情是不大可能发生的。空中出租车倒是极有可能实现。”然而，这并不能阻止发明家们继续构思各种新奇的飞行方式，也不能阻止他们说服投资者支持其计划，虽然这些计划有时候很离谱。
民用航空正在经历颠覆性的变革，不是因为人类长久以来对速度、浪漫和诱惑的向往，而是出于应对气候变化的迫切需求。新型的电动引擎加上人工智能和全自动操作系统将有助于建成一个效率更高、污染更少、噪音更小的综合性交通运输系统。这听起来似乎简单，但正如格雷教授所言，“当我出行时，我希望行程结束时的感受比在行程开始时要好，可这一点跟我在当下感受的完全相反。”因此，上面提到的交通运输系统若能建成，也确实是一种进步。
27、
[考点] 形容词辨析题。
[解析] 空格位于冠词和名词之间，应填入形容词作定语。
本段首句提到了动力循环飞行器和喷气飞行背包，本句用However转折，引入了空中飞车的概念，并且用always remained“一直是”表示强调，故填入O. ultimate“终极的”符合语境。本句意为“……空中飞车一直都是个人交通出行自由的终极象征。”
28、
[考点] 名词辨析题。
[解析] 空格前为动词，空格后是that引导的定语从句且that作从句的主语，故空格处应填入名词，既充当produced的宾语又充当后面定语从句的先行词。
空格所在句的意思是：全球范围内，已有几家公司制造出了既能在地面驾驶又能在空中飞行的______。根据句意可推测，空格处所填词应和交通工具相关，而且是一种成品。选项中J. prototypes“原型”符合题意，备选项中的其他名词不符合语境，故排除。
29、
[考点] 动词辨析题。
[解析] 空格位于系动词和介词之间，填入形容词、动词的现在分词和过去分词都可以。空格后出现了and，and后面的picked up与前面的be动词构成被动语态。由于and连接平行结构，故空格处也应填动词的过去分词且能和介词from搭配。
空格所在句的意思是：空中飞车的组件概念极具未来感，其中包括一种可与在地面行驶的底盘______的客舱，然后用类似于直升机的机器把它吊到空中。根据常识，在把客舱“用类似于直升机的机器吊到空中”之前，应该先把它和底盘分开，选项B. detached“拆下，分开”符合语义，故选B。备选项M. segmented“分割，划分”虽然字面意义上讲得通，但它强调的是把一个整体分割成若干部分，常搭配介词into，故排除。
30、
[考点] 形容词辨析题。
[解析] 空格位于动词和名词之间，应填入形容词作定语。
空格前一句提到，这些概念需要陆空两栖的安全认证标准，空格后面又出现了“折叠翼和推进器”，都是在强调空中飞车涉及陆空两方面，故空格处填入C. dual“双重的”符合句意，故为答案。备选项中的其他形容词不符合语境，故排除。
31、
[考点] 形容词辨析题。
[解析] 空格位于名词前，限定词another之后，应填入形容词作定语。
本句中的takes off“起飞”和lands in“降落”是对应的，空格前一句提到了some London street“伦敦的某条街道”，具有泛指性，推测后面的another ______ street也应是泛指，故填入K. random“随机的，随意的”。备选项中的其他形容词不符合语境，故排除。
32、
[考点] 形容词辨析题。
[解析] 空格位于名词前，形容词性物主代词their之后，应填入形容词作定语。
上文已经提到，发明家的很多想法如空中飞车是不大可能会实现的。空格所在句提到，这仍然阻止不了他们继续构思新奇的飞行方式。由此可知，他们的计划有时是不切实际的，符合句意的只有H. outrageous“离谱的，让人惊讶的”，故为答案。备选项中的其他形容词不符合语境，故排除。
33、
[考点] 名词辨析题。
[解析] 空格位于and之后，前面的speed和romanticism都是名词，故空格处也应填入名词且感情色彩和前面的名词一致，构成并列关系。
空格所在句的意思是：民用航空正在经历颠覆性的变革，不是因为人类长久以来对速度、浪漫和______的向往，而是出于应对气候变化的迫切需求。根据分析，空格处所填词要和速度、浪漫一样，都是人类所向往的东西。备选项中只有D. glamour“魅力，诱惑力”符合句意，且能和速度、浪漫构成并列关系。备选项中的其他名词不符合语境，故排除。
34、
[考点] 形容词辨析题。
[解析] 空格前的and连接两个并列成分artificialintelligence和______systems，应填入形容词作定语。
and前的artificial intelligence意为“人工智能”，根据平行结构，空格所填词的词义和感情色彩应与“人工的”接近或相对。选项中只有A. autonomous“自动的；自主的”符合句意。autonomous systems意为“全自动系统”。
35、
[考点] 固定搭配题。
[解析] 空格位于两个介词之间，应填入名词，构成介词短语并能和后面的with搭配使用。
空格所在句以及上一句都提到了feel一词，上一句是指格雷教授希望得到的感受，空格句是指现实中真正的感受。根据最后一句话“确实是一种进步”，可以判断前后两种感受是不一样的，甚至是相反的。备选项F. odds“差异；不利条件”和G. opposites“对立物”都符合语义，但是opposites一般和介词of搭配使用，而be at odds with...是固定搭配，表示“与……有差异，相矛盾”，故答案为F。
Section B
36、
[解析] 本文选自2016年6月7日发表在www.hbr.org(《哈佛商业评论》官网)上的一篇标题为“CompaniesAre Working with Consumers to Reduce Waste”(《企业正在携手消费者共同减少浪费》)的文章。
http://www.yfzxmn.cn/newyfB12/tu/1908/yyl/dy/lj1018.13DB37B.jpg
由题干中的products' prolonged lifespan、environment和customers定位到文章F段第四句。
同义转述题。定位句提到，瑞典牛仔裤服饰公司Nudie Jeans认为，延长牛仔裤的寿命不仅对环境有好处，还能让消费者从产品中获得更多的价值。题干中的Some companies指本段提到的企业，题干中的prolonged lifespan对应定位句中的extending the life，题干中的benefits both the environment and customers是对定位句中notonly great for...but allows...的同义转述，故答案为F。
[参考译文]
企业正在携手消费者共同减少浪费
A．作为消费者，我们非常浪费。全球每年产生13亿吨固体废弃物。到2025年，这一数字预计将达到22亿。发达国家产生的垃圾占垃圾总量的44%，仅在美国，平均每人每月产生的垃圾重量相当于其体重。
B．人们似乎普遍认为，企业没有动力延长产品的生命周期和减少他们从销售新商品中获得的收益。然而，越来越多的企业正在思考如何减少消费者浪费。导致这一现象的部分原因是原材料和金属价格上涨，还有一部分原因是企业和消费者都逐渐意识到保护环境的必要性。
C．在选择购买什么产品和购买哪个品牌时，越来越多的消费者开始关注可持续性，这和他们过去只关心价格和性能的习惯相反。在对全球54个领先品牌的调查中，几乎所有品牌都认为消费者越来越关注可持续的生活方式。同时，对美国和英国消费者的调查显示，他们也关心如何最大限度地减少能源使用和减少浪费。
D．在很大程度上，产品的命运取决于消费者。但一些企业逐渐意识到，把循环利用的重担完全推给消费者并不是一个有效的策略，尤其是当扔掉一些东西似乎是最简单和最方便的选择时。
E．一些服装、鞋类和电子行业的零售商和制造商已经启动了环保项目。他们想让消费者对保留他们的产品并防止仍有价值的东西被扔进垃圾堆感兴趣。通过提供服务来帮助延长产品寿命，他们向消费者承诺了产品的质量和耐用性，也收获了环保的好名声。
F．例如：瑞典的牛仔裤服饰公司Nudie Jeans在它旗下的20家门店提供免费修补服务。顾客可以把穿破的旧牛仔裤带去修补，而不是直接丢弃。该公司甚至提供邮购修补工具以及网络视频教程，使顾客足不出户就能学会如何修补牛仔裤。他们的理念是，延长牛仔裤的寿命不仅对环境有好处，还能让消费者从产品中获得更多的价值。当顾客真的想扔掉某条牛仔裤，他们可以把它送回到门店，以作他用和转售。另一家高端户外服饰公司Patagonia也遵循同样的原则。该公司和DIY教程网站iFixit合作，教顾客在家修补自己的衣服，如防水外套。该公司还向顾客提供修补服务，仅收取少量费用。目前，Patagonia位于内华达州里诺的服务中心每年修补的衣服大约有4万件。正如该公司首席执行官罗斯·马克里奥所言，他们的目的就是要打造一家关注环境的企业。同时，提供修补服务也能提升产品的感知质量。
G．在巴西，跨国企业阿迪达斯从2012年起就一直在执行一个名为“可持续足迹”的鞋子回收项目。消费者可将任意品牌的鞋子带至阿迪达斯门店，这些鞋子被粉碎并转变成替代燃料来创造能源，而不是被当成垃圾烧掉，它们会被用来给水泥炉提供燃料。为鼓励顾客带来更多的旧鞋，阿迪达斯巴西公司会在门店里播放视频来宣传该项目，以指导消费者，甚至在顾客每次带来一双旧鞋时就给予折扣优惠。这让人们更加了解阿迪达斯公司的价值观，从而提升了该公司的声誉和形象。
H．电子垃圾也蕴含着巨大的机遇。据估算，2014年全球共产生约4,200万公吨的电子垃圾(包括废弃的电气设备、电子设备及其零部件)，其中，北美和欧洲分别占800万公吨和1,200万公吨。电子垃圾的材料包括铁、铜、金、银和铝——这些材料可以再利用、转售、回收或循环利用。据估算，这些金属的总价值可达约520亿美元。过去几年来，百思买和三星等电子业巨头都推出了电子垃圾回收项目，旨在翻新旧的电子零部件并用于新产品。
I．对于其他有意减少浪费、保护环境和为消费者提供他们所追求的可持续生活方式的公司来说，以下是与关注产品的循环利用和价值恢复的客户建立关系的第一步：
J．寻找合作伙伴。如果你是一家依赖外部经销商的制造商，那么零售商就是你收集旧产品的理想合作伙伴。电动工具制造商得伟和劳氏百货、纳帕汽配这样的企业合作，在他们的门店收集旧工具以便循环利用。这种合作关系使得非传统意义上的合作伙伴(例如：两个不同行业的两家企业)在价值链中的某个环节携手合作，这对双方都有好处，就像在本案例中，制造发动机的企业和销售配件的企业互相合作。
K．建立激励机制。环保责任心并不总是足以促使消费者对旧物进行回收利用。例如：得伟发现许多承包商会保留旧工具，即使已经不能再使用了，因为购买这些工具时花费较高，并且很难找到理由把它们送去进行回收利用。通过提供价值高达100美元的即时折扣，得伟启动了一项以旧换新服务项目，以鼓励大家把旧工具带回门店。因此，得伟现在能够重新利用这些材料来创造新产品。
L．从试运行计划着手，在实施过程中修改细节。任何回收计划都可能会随着时间的推移而改变，这取决于哪种方案对你的客户和企业目标有效。或许刚开始客户参与度很低，或许相反的情况：计划太成功，导致回收成本太高。以百思买为例，由于其最大的两个竞争对手亚马逊和沃尔玛没有自己的回收计划，百思买在电子垃圾回收总量中占据了最大的份额。自推出这一计划以来，百思买将政策修改为每回收一台旧电视需加收25美元的费用，以维持该计划的运行。
M．和消费者创建共同的价值文化。零售商或制造商与消费者之间的稳固关系并不仅仅是因为经济激励。通过让消费者越来越意识到你为减少浪费所做的努力，通过建立负责任、可修复和再利用的环保文化，企业可以基于共同的价值观和责任感来打造顾客忠实度。
N．这些例子只不过是冰山一角，但它们展示了帮助消费者更好地利用资源对改变价值链和企业造成的影响。通过将二手材料用于再生产以减少浪费，不仅可以降低成本，还可以降低采购价格：减少外部采购，更多地使用企业内部重复利用的材料。
O．企业在创建循环经济方面发挥着重要作用，在循环经济中，价值的产生很少源于新资源的开发，更多源于更好地利用我们现有的资源。但是，企业必须让消费者也参与其中。
37、
[解析] 由题干中的survey、shoppers和energyconservation定位到文章C段最后一句。
同义转述题。定位句提到，对美国和英国消费者的调查显示，他们也关心如何最大限度地减少能源使用和减少浪费。题干中的A survey shows shoppers对应定位句中的surveys on consumers，题干中的getting more concerned about对应定位句中的care about，题干中的energy conservation and environmental protection是对定位句中minimizingenergy use and reducing waste的同义转述，故答案为C。
38、
[解析] 由题干中的customerloyalty和culture ofenvironmental awareness定位到文章M段最后一句。
细节归纳题。定位句提到，通过让消费者越来越意识到你为减少浪费所做的努力，通过建立负责任、可修复和再利用的环保文化，企业可以基于共同的价值观和责任感来打造顾客忠实度。题干中的culture of environmental awareness是对定位句中cultureof responsibility, repair, and reuse的概括，故答案为M。
39、
[解析] 由题干中的environmentalprograms和brand reputation定位到文章E段第一句和最后一句。
细节归纳题。定位句提到，一些服装、鞋类和电子行业的零售商和制造商已经启动了环保项目。通过提供服务来帮助延长产品寿命，他们向消费者承诺了产品的质量和耐用性，也收获了环保的好名声。题干中的have their brand reputation enhanced对应定位句中的receivingthe reputational gains，故答案为E。
40、
[解析] 由题干中的multinationalcompany、discounts和old footwear定位到文章G段。
细节归纳题。定位段前四句提到，跨国企业阿迪达斯从2012年起就一直在执行一个名为“可持续足迹”的鞋子回收项目。回收的鞋子被粉碎并转变成替代燃料。为鼓励顾客带来更多的旧鞋，阿迪达斯巴西公司在顾客带来旧鞋时给予折扣优惠。题干是对G段内容的概括总结，故答案为G。
41、
[解析] 由题干中的reduceproduction costs定位到文章N段最后一句。
同义转述题。定位句提到，通过将二手材料用于再生产以减少浪费，不仅可以降低成本，还可以降低采购价格。题干中的Recycling used products对应定位句中的incorporating used materials into production，题干中的reduceproduction costs对应定位句中的cut costs，故答案为N。
42、
[解析] 由题于中的Electronicproducts和metals定位到文章H段第三句。
[解析] 细节归纳题。定位句提到，电子垃圾的材料包括铁、铜、金、银和铝——这些材料可以再利用、转售、回收或循环利用。题干是对定位句的概括归纳，故答案为H。
43、
[解析] 由题干中的commonlybelieved和prolong theirproducts' lifespan定位到文章B段第一句。
同义转述题。定位句提到，人们似乎普遍认为，企业没有动力延长产品的生命周期和减少他们从销售新商品中获得的收益。题干中的It seems commonly believed对应定位句中的Conventional wisdom，题干中的companies are not motivated对应定位句中的companies have no incentive，题干中的prolong their products' lifespan对应定位句中的lengthenthe life cycle of their products，故答案为B。
44、
[解析] 由题干中的partnerwith each other定位到文章J段。
[解析] 细节归纳题。文章从J段到M段给出了与关注产品的循环利用和价值恢复的客户建立关系的具体措施。J主要讲的是寻找合作伙伴的具体措施。题干是对J段内容的归纳概括，故答案为J。
45、
[解析] 由题干中的Somebusinesses和noteffective定位到文章D段第二句。
定位句提到，一些企业逐渐意识到，把循环利用的重担完全推给消费者并不是一个有效的策略。题干中的Some businesses对应定位句中的some companies，题干中的let consumers take full responsibility for recycling是对定位句中placingthe burden of recycling entirely on the consumer的同义转述，故答案为D。
Section C
Passage One
46、D
[解析] 本文选自2016年10月22日发表在www.npr.org(美国国家公共电台官网)上一篇标题为“VoiceActors Strike Against Video Game Companies”(《配音演员罢工反对电子游戏公司》)的文章。
http://www.yfzxmn.cn/newyfB12/tu/1908/yyl/dy/lj1018.1468C11.jpg
由题干中的strike和选项中的contract、negotiations定位到第二段第一句。
推理判断题。定位句指出，名为《互动媒体协议》的现有劳动合同于2014年底到期后，由于长达19个月的协商失败而引起了此次罢工。也就是说，因为合同到期，双方进行了协商，但是协商并未成功，故D“他们之间的协商失败了”为答案。
定位句指出，现有的劳动合同在2014年底到期了，而非有人违反劳动合同，故排除A“有人违反了他们之间的劳动合同”；定位句指出，双方进行了长达19个月的协商，只是协商失败了，而非从一开始协商的请求就被拒绝了，故排除B“工会想要重新协商的诉求被拒绝了”；定位句只是提到工会和电子游戏业19个月的协商无果，并未提到工会被欺骗，故排除C“在19个月的协商中，工会一再被骗”。
[参考译文]
从周五开始，美国演员工会和广播电视艺人联合会宣布对11家视频游戏发行公司罢工，这影响到2015年2月17日之后投入制作的电子游戏。这些公司包含这个行业的一些重量级公司，如电子艺术制作公司、失眠者游戏工作室、动视公司和迪士尼。
名为《互动媒体协议》的现有劳动合同于2014年底到期后，由于长达19个月的协商失败而引起了此次罢工。总体而言，此次罢工是为了争取更多的追加补偿金以及解决其他重要的问题，如人才招聘中的透明度问题和游戏制作过程中的安全防护措施问题。
电子游戏产业近年来迅速膨胀。《洛杉矶时报》报道称，该行业正处于现金流大幅增长的时期。2015年，游戏行业创造了235亿美元的国内收入。
然而，美国演员工会和广播电视艺人联合会表示，配音演员没有因为他们的游戏工作收到追加酬金。相反，他们的薪酬是固定的，一般为每录制一个标准的4小时语音片断就得到大约825美元的报酬。因此，配音演员一直在呼吁追加补偿金，即每当配音游戏发行量达到200万份，或者下载量达到200万次，再或者游戏用户达到200万人时，配音演员应获得一定的绩效奖励，上限为800万。
工会谈判委员会的成员、配音演员克里斯平·弗里曼提到：“能触发追加补偿金问题的游戏是很少的。对于并不是每天都有配音工作的自由从业者来说，这是很重要的一方面。”
配音演员们抱怨的另一个主要问题是这个行业的保密性。配音赏凯瑟·法利是美国演员工会和广播电视艺人联合工会谈判委员会的主席，他提到：“我无法想象，这世界上还有没有一种表演工作，当你被雇用时，居然不知道自己将出演哪部作品。”
“然而，这种现象在电子游戏业每天都在发生，”法利在周五的新闻发布会上对记者说。“我曾为《辐射4》中一位名叫凯洛格的主要角色配音，但在为游戏录音的一年半时间里，我根本不知道是在为哪款游戏配音。”
电子游戏公司的律师代表斯科特·威特林认为，配音演员“在电子游戏制作过程中所完成的工作比例不到0.1%。”因此，“即使他们是行业翘楚，”威特林说，“如果他们的薪酬支付体系和另外99.9%的人完全不同的话，那将给电子游戏公司带来更多的麻烦。”
47、A
[解析] 由题干中的videogaming industry定位到第三段。
推理判断题。定位句指出，电子游戏产业近年来迅速膨胀。《洛杉矶时报》报道称，该行业正处于现金流大幅增长的时期。2015年，游戏行业创造了235亿美元的国内收入。故A“近年来，它收益巨大”为答案。
文章倒数第三段提到，电子游戏业的保密性很强，配音演员在工作时完全不知道自己是在为哪个游戏配音，B“它变得日益开放和透明”和原文意思相反，故排除；原文未提及C“它吸引了很多知名配音演员”，故排除；定位句提到，电子游戏业在2015年创造了235亿美元的国内收入，而非进行投资，故排除D“它在国内市场进行了大量投资”。
48、C
[解析] 由题干中的voiceactors和demanding定位到第四段最后一句。
细节辨认题。定位句指出，配音演员一直在呼吁追加补偿金，即每当配音游戏发行量达到200万份，或者下载量达到200万次，再或者游戏用户达到200万人时，配音演员应获得一定的绩效奖励，上限为800万。因此，C“基于销售量的额外报酬”为答案。
第五段最后一句提到，对于并不是每天都有配音工作的自由从业者来说，追加薪酬是很重要的一方面。也就是说，配音演员的诉求还是薪酬问题，而非就业问题，故排除A“更为正规的就业”；原文未提及B“非歧视性的合同”，故排除；第四段第二句提到，配音演员的薪酬是固定的，一般为每录制一个标准的4小时语音片断就得到大约825美元的报酬，但并未提及工作时长有问题，故排除D“限制最高工作时长”。
49、A
[解析] 由题干中的KeytheFarley定位到倒数第三段最后一句和倒数第二段。
推理判断题。定位句指出，配音演员凯瑟·法利认为电子游戏业的保密性太强，演员在工作时都不知道自己是在为哪个游戏配音。A项中的are kept in the dark意为“被隐瞒，一无所知”，故A“他们被隐瞒很多有关工作的细节”为答案。
文中没有提到配音演员是受歧视的，故排除B“他们受到游戏行业的歧视”；第四段第二句提到，配音演员的薪酬是固定的，一般为每录制一个标准的4小时语音片断就得到大约825美元的报酬，C“他们的报酬不是定期支付的”与文意不符，故排除；文中未提及他们是不是全职雇员，故排除D“他们不是全职雇员”。
50、B
[解析] 由题干中的lawyer和Scott Witlin定位到最后一段。
推理判断题。定位段指出，电子游戏公司的律师代表斯科特·威特林认为，配音演员在电子游戏制作过程中的工作所占比例很小，如果只改变这一部分人的薪酬体系，那将给电子游戏公司带来更多的麻烦。因此，B“改变薪酬体系将给行业造成更多的问题”为答案。
定位段提到，即使有些配音演员是行业翘楚，也不能仅仅因为他们就改变薪酬体系，A“如果配音演员被证明是行业翘楚，他们应该得到加薪”与之意思相反，故排除；文中没有提到斯科特·威特林认为配音演员不是专业演员，故排除C“配音演员只是工匠，不是专业演员”；文章并未提到配音演员的薪酬是按小时付的，也未提及这是否符合法律，故排除D“按小时支付配音演员薪酬符合法律规定”。
Passage Two
51、D
[解析] 本文选自2018年6月25日刊登在www.popsci.com网站上一篇标题为“TheWhite House is Calling for Space Traffic Control”(《美国白宫要求对太空交通进行管制》)的文章。
http://www.yfzxmn.cn/newyfB12/tu/1908/yyl/dy/lj1018.1507C51.jpg
由题干中的purpose和the new U.S. space policy定位到文章第一段最后一句。
推理判断题。定位句指出，《太空政策指令-3》为美国制定了一个总方针来缓解太空碎片的影响，追踪和管理太空交通。接下来的第二段第一句提到，这一政策为美国商务部接手太空交通管理奠定了基础。因此，答案为D“改善太空的交通状况”。
第二段最后一句提到，此政策仅涉及美国的太空活动，但美国政府希望这将有助于使全球范围内正在兴起的商用航天工业的一套规范标准化，而不是为太空探索制定方针，故排除A“为太空探索制定总方针”；第一段第一句提到，企业和政府发射卫星到太空，企业参与太空项目是已经存在的客观事实，而不是新政策的目的，故排除B“鼓励企业参与太空项目”；第一段第一句提到，该政策专注于管理企业和政府发射到太空的越来越多的卫星，而不是要充分利用卫星，故排除C“充分利用太空卫星”。
[参考译文]
美国白宫官员宣布了一项新的太空政策，该政策专注于管理企业和政府发射到太空的越来越多的卫星。《太空政策指令-3》为美国制定了缓解太空碎片的影响，追踪和管理太空交通的总方针。
这一政策为美国商务部接手太空交通管理奠定了基础。商务部需确保新发射的卫星不使用金王扰现有卫星的无线电频率，并统筹安排何时发送这些新卫星。此政策仅涉及美国太空活动，但美国政府希望这将有助于给全球范围内正在兴起的商用航天工业树立一套标准化的规范。
随着越来越多的政府和企业发射卫星，太空，尤其是地球周围的空间正变得更加拥挤。推动这项政策出台的原因之一就是有些企业已经开始创造大规模的星座，这些星座由成百上千颗卫星组成，它们中间还存在着许多不确定因素。太空中有这么多物体，而地球周围的区域又有限，政府希望减少碰撞发生的几率。两个或多个卫星相互碰撞可能会产生许多人类无法控制的残骸物质，这将对太空中不断增加的卫星造成更多威胁。
此类事件以前已经发生过。2009年，一颗已经报废的俄罗斯航天器和一颗通信卫星相撞，产生了由上千块碎片组成的云团并对其他航天器造成了威胁。记者萨拉·斯科尔斯报道，美国国家航空航天局目前已经在太空中追踪到大约24,000个物体。2016年，美国空军不得不向卫星所有者发出3,995,874次警告，提醒他们注意来自附近另一个卫星或残骸的潜在威胁。
这就是为什么新政策还包括了对目前《美国政府轨道碎片减缓标准操作规程》进行更新的指导意见，这就要求任何发射卫星或航天器的机构都要努力分析他们会不会因意外故障或正常操作而产生更多的太空碎片。其中包括对他们计划释放的任何超过5毫米的碎片负责，这些碎片可能在轨道上停留25年或更长时间。一个物体在太空中停留那么长的时间，想起来挺令人惊讶的，但仍在轨道上的最古老的一颗卫星——先锋一号——到2018年已经滞留60年了。
全世界的机构和企业都在努力发展能够在太空碎片造成严重破坏之前对其进行处理或搜集的技术。但目前，美国政府的焦点更多地集中在防止新的碎片产生，而不是将太空垃圾从轨道上清除。
52、C
[解析] 由题干中的theDepartment of Commerce定位到文章第二段第一、二句。
细节辨认题。定位句指出，这一政策为美国商务部接手太空交通管理奠定了基础。商务部需确保新发射的卫星不使用会干扰现有卫星的无线电频率，并安排何时发送这些新卫星。C项中的Regulate对应第二段第二句中的make sure和schedule，故C“管理新卫星的发射”为答案。
文章多处都提到了太空碎片问题，但并未提及这是商务部的任务，故排除A“减少太空碎片”；第四段第三句提到，美国国家航空航天局目前已经在太空中追踪到大约24,000个物体，但这并不是商务部在监控卫星运行，故排除B“监控卫星运行”；最后一段提到，各机构和企业都在发展能够清除或搜集太空碎片的技术，并未提及卫星通信技术，故排除D“升级卫星通信技术”。
53、A
[解析] 由题干中的U.S.government、hope和the new spacepolicy定位到文章第二段最后一句。
细节辨认题。定位句指出，此政策仅涉及美国的太空活动，但美国政府希望这将有助于使全球范围内正在兴起的商用航天工业的一套规范标准化。A项中的international standards对应定位句中的standardize a set of norms和throughout the world，故A“为航天工业制定国际化标准”为答案。
B项的后半部分developing a set of norms是对的，但前半部分的Monopolize space industry“垄断航天工业”与文章意思不符，故排除B“通过制定一套标准来垄断航天工业”；定位句未提到要促进商用航天业的发展，故排除C“促进全球商用航天工业的发展”；文章未提及国际合作的内容，故排除D“促进空间探索方面的国际合作”。
54、D
[解析] 由题干中的currentU.S. Government Orbital Debris Mitigation Standard Practices定位到文章第五段第一句。
细节辨认题。定位句指出，《美国政府轨道碎片减缓标准操作规程》要求任何发射卫星或航天器的机构都要努力分析他们会不会因意外故障或正常操作而产生更多的太空碎片。D项中的a thorough analysis对应定位句中的vigorously analyze，D项中的any possible addition to space debris对应likelihood和create mote spacedebris，故D“对任何可能增加的太空碎片进行彻底的分析”为答案。
文章第五段倒数第二句提到，其中包括对他们计划释放的任何超过5毫米的碎片负责，这些碎片可能在轨道上停留25年或更长时间，卫星所有者必须对其负责，而不是让他们预估卫星在太空中停留的时间，故排除A“预估碎片在太空中停留的时间”；B“对任何时候释放到太空的碎片负责”夸大了范围，故排除；文章第五段提到，发射航天器的机构需要做的事情是对其行为产生太空碎片的可能性进行分析，并对一定的情况负责，并未提到提供管理计划，故排除C“对其产生的太空碎片提供详细的管理计划”。
55、B
[解析] 由题干中的spaceagencies and companies定位到文章最后一段第一句。
细节辨认题。定位句指出，全世界的机构和企业都在努力发展能够在太空碎片造成严重破坏之前对其进行处理或搜集的技术。B项中的address the space debris problem对应定位句中的disposeof or capture space debris，故B“发展技术来解决太空碎片问题”为答案。
A“在航天器变成碎片前对其进行回收利用”偷换定位句概念，故排除；根据文章最后一句，是美国政府把焦点更多地集中在防止新的碎片产生上，而不是全世界的机构和企业，故排除C“控制进人太空的碎片数量”；定位句提到，各机构和企业都在努力发展搜集太空碎片的技术，但并未提到他们要紧密合作，故排除D“密切合作以找回太空碎片”。
Part Ⅳ Translation
The Chinese language isused as a native language by the greatest number of people in the world. One ofthe significant distinctions between Chinese and Western languages lies in thatit is composed of characters rather than letters. The Chinese language is theoldest writing system still in use now. In China, although people fromdifferent regions may not understand each other's dialect, they have littledifficulty in communicating simply because Chinese characters are written in aunified form. In history, Chinese has played a quite important role in theunification of the Chinese nation. Nowadays, with the rapid growth of China'seconomy and the enhancement of global influence，more and more people in other countries begin to learnChinese.
[解析] 1．第一句中的“用作”提示本句适合用被动语态，译作...isused as...。“本族语”可译作nativelanguage/mother tongue。表达数量时，number常用形容词large或great修饰，此处根据原文应使用最高级。
2．翻译第二句时需要注意，“一个重要区别”的意思是众多区别中的其中一个，而不是只有一个区别，故用结构“one of+可数名词复数”表示。“在于”常见的翻译是短语lie in，in是介词，后面接名词、代词或从句。
3．第三句中的“目前仍在使用的”作定语修饰“书写系统”，既可以翻译为介词短语作后置定语，也可以翻译为定语从句。第三句还可以译作“The Chinese language is the oldest writing system that isstill in use now. ”。
4．第四句中的“来自不同地区的人可能听不懂对方的方言”与“他们交流起来几乎没有任何困难”之间是转折关系，故用连词although/but或副词however连接。“由于汉字有统一的书写形式”为原因状语从句，用because引导。
5．第五句中，“对……发挥了重要作用”可以使用短语play a crucial part in...、play an important role in...或者play a vital role in...。“对团结中华民族发挥了重要作用”还可以翻译为played a quite important role in unifying the Chinese nation。
6．翻译第六句时，“随着……”常译为介词结构with...，后面接名词或动名词；“其他国家的人”可以翻译为people who come from other countries，也可以译为peoplein other countries，使句子更简洁。
来源：网络资源，仅供学习交流。