研究NOTE | James Turrell: "Greeting the Light" — 收藏天空的魔术师
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策展人研究笔记
詹姆斯·特瑞尔
James Turrell
© James Turrell
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艺术家 | About the Artist
在神学领域,光是最初的启示与福音,是上帝创造的原初产物之一;在科学领域,“波粒二象性”则提供了其作为特殊媒介的可能性;在宗教艺术领域,早期的预言家们通过「光」来喻示「神启」。
詹姆斯·特瑞尔不仅仅是一名艺术家,他更拓宽了传统意义上「艺术主体」,冲破了架上画布或实物雕塑等媒介的限制,使作品不再局限于颜料或泥塑等物质带来的视觉体验,而使艺术本身逐渐转换成为一种「当下经历」和「沉浸体验」。
身处特瑞尔的“光影世界”中,观者常常会感觉遁入了「无时间·无地点·甚至真空」的“平行世界”中,这种全新的整个身心被转移的体验对几乎所有人来说都是陌生的:在似真似幻的情境中,会感觉五感与记忆统统消失;但又感觉此刻的自己,悲欢交融。仿佛「光」在剥离你的感觉,但同时「你」也在吞噬着光。
能够成为这样一位非凡的“光之魔术师”,与其父母及成长经历有着密不可分的关系。作为有着纯正宗教信仰的航天工程师和专业医疗师的孩子,詹姆斯·特瑞尔积淀了独特的文化经验并在16岁那年就获得了美国飞机驾驶执照。当时强烈反对越战的特瑞尔,转而进入大学修习感知心理学、甘兹菲尔德效应 (Ganzfeld effect:简言之即当人们盯着一片无差别的颜色看时,会造成感知变化甚至出现幻觉)、数学、地质学和天文学,后投身于“光”的艺术项目与创作。
艺术家简历 | CV
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Education BA Psychology, Pomona College, 1965Art Graduate Studies, University of California, Irvine, 1965-1966MA Art, Claremont Graduate School, 1973
Selected Solo Exhibition (2010-2020)2020James Turrell, Pace Gallery, London2019James Turrell: Passages of Light, Fundación Jumex, Mexico CityJames Turrell: Yukaloo, Asia Society, Hong Kong2018Depth Perception: James Turrell, Lévy Gorvy Gallery, New YorkJames Turrell: The Substance of Light, Museum Frieder Burda, Baden-Württemberg, GermanyJames Turrell: It Becomes Your Experience, Musée d’Arts de Nantes, FranceJames Turrell, Kayne Griffin Corcoran, Los AngelesJames Turrell: Ganzfeld “Aural,” Jüdisches Museum, Berlin2017James Turrell, Massachusetts Museum of Contemporary Art, North AdamsJames Turrell: Immersive Light, Long Museum, Shanghai2016James Turrell: Light Reignfall, Los Angeles County Museum of ArtJames Turrell, Pace Prints, New York
2015
James Turrell, Kayne Griffin Corcoran, Los Angeles
LightScape: James Turrell at Houghton, Houghton Hall, Norfolk, United Kingdom
James Turrell: From the Guggenheim, Aten Reign, Häusler Contemporary, Zurich
2014James Turrell: A Retrospective, National Gallery of Australia, CanberraJames Turrell from the Guggenheim, Hiram Butler Gallery, HoustonJames Turrell: Prints and Process, Pace Prints, New YorkJames Turrell: Light Spaces, Israel Museum, JerusalemJames Turrell, Pace London, 6 Burlington Gardens2013James Turrell: Tall Glass, Häusler Contemporary, Lustenau, AustriaJames Turrell: Gard Blue, Spencer Museum of Art, University of Kansas, LawrenceJames Turrell, Galerie Almine Rech, ParisJames Turrell: A Retrospective, Los Angeles County Museum of ArtTraveled to: Israel Museum, JerusalemNational Gallery of Australia, CanberraConcurrent with: James Turrell: The Light Inside, Museum of Fine Arts, HoustonJames Turrell, Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, New YorkJames Turrell: Sooner Than Later, Roden Crater, Kayne Griffin Corcoran, Los Angeles James Turrell: Roden Crater and Autonomous Structures, Pace Gallery, 32 East 57th Street, New York2012
James Turrell: Trace Elements: Light into Space, Fine Arts Center, Colorado SprintsJames Turrell: Six Holograms, Hiram Butler Gallery, Houston2011James Turrell: Licht, Körper, Häusler Contemporary, ZurichJames Turrell: Present Tense, Kayne Griffin Corcoran, Santa MonicaJames Turrell, Garage Center for Contemporary Culture, Moscow2010James Turrell, Gagosian Gallery, LondonJames Turrell, Almine Rech Gallery, Brussels
Selected Group Exhibition(2015-2019 / before1990)2019A Story of Light: Hon Chi-fun and Yukaloo by James Turrell, Asia Society, Hong Kong2018Ways of Seeing, The Art Gallery at New York University Abu Dhabi, Saadiyat Island, Abu Dhabi, United Arab EmiratesAmerican Masters 1940–1980, National Gallery of Australia, CanberraThrough the Spectrum, Athr Gallery, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia You Are Here: Light, Color, and Sound Experiences, North Carolina Museum of Art, Raleigh2017Rothko Cage Turrell, Nahmad Projects, LondonWays of Seeing, Arter: Space for Art, Istanbul2016The Collection of Hermann and Margrit Rupf, Guggenheim BilbaoInto the Ether: Contemporary Light Artists, Dayton Art Institute, Ohio20152015 Bi-City Biennale of Urbanism/Architecture, M Woods, BeijingChewing Gum, Pace Hong Kong, 15C Entertainment Building, 30 Queen’s Road CentralEureka, Pace Gallery, 508 West 25th Street, New YorkFrom the Archives: Art and Technology at LACMA, 1967–1971, Los Angeles County Museum of Art***1989 The 1980’s: Prints from the Collection of Joshua P. Smith, National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.Peter Blum Edition, Lorence-Monk Gallery, New York Departures: Photography 1924–1989, Hirschl & Adler Modern, New YorkThe Innovators / Entering the Sculpture, Ace Gallery, Los AngelesFirst Impressions, Walker Art Center, MinneapolisPico Seagate Exhibition, Santa Monica Arts Commission1988Viewpoints, Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, New YorkNew Sculpture/Six Artists, Saint Louis Art MuseumPomona College Alumni Exhibition, Montgomery Gallery, Claremont, California1987Group exhibition, Lorence-Monk Gallery, New YorkSkyspace I, Arte Ambientale, Rimini, ItalyStations: Les cent jours d'art contemporain de Montréal 1987, Centre International d’Art Contemporain de MontréalPublic and Private: American Prints Today, Walker Art Center, Minneapolis1986Poetics of Space, Museum of Fine Arts, Santa FeIndividuals: A Selected History of Contemporary Art, 1945–1986, Museum of Contemporary Art, Los AngelesA Southern California Collection, Cirrus, Los AngelesGroup exhibition, Karl Bornstein Gallery, Santa MonicaGroup exhibition, Burnett Miller Gallery, Los Angeles70’s into 80’s: Printmaking Now, Museum of Fine Arts, The Lois and Michael Torf Gallery, BostonThe 100 Days of Contemporary Art, Lumieres: Perception-Projection, Centre International d’Art Contemporain de MontrealPhotomosaics: The Landscape Reconstructed, Photographic Resource Center, Boston UniversityPublic and Private: American Prints Today, The Brooklyn Museum of Art, New YorkTraveled to: Flint Institute of Arts, MichiganRhode Island School of Design, Providence, September 29–November 9, 1986; Carnegie Museum of Art, PittsburghDirections 1986, Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, Smithsonian Institute, Washington, D.C.1985At the Temporary Contemporary, The Museum of Contemporary Art, Los AngelesPeter Blum Editions New York II: Cucchi-Fischl-Kruger-Stalder-Turrell, Groningen Museum, The NetherlandsSevere Clear, Radcliff Dance Studio, Radcliff College, Cambridge, MassachusettsArt + Architecture + Landscape: The Clos Pegase Design Competition, San Francisco Museum of Modern ArtCucchi-Fischl-Kruger-Stalder-Turrell, Lorence-Monk Gallery, New YorkCinquante Ans De Dessins Americains: 1930–1980, The Menil Collection, École des Beaux-Arts, ParisTraveled to: as Amerikanische Zeichnungen 1930–1980, The Menil Collection, Stadelsches Kunstinstitute und Stadtische Galerie, Frankfurt1984The Interactive Arts: Art & Architecture, Welton Becket Associates, Santa MonicaProjects: World Fairs, Waterfronts, Parks and Plazas, Rhona Hoffman Gallery, Chicago1983ARS ’83, Ateneum, The Fine Arts Academy of Finland, Helsinki1981-1982Visiting Artists Revisited, College of Art and Architecture, University of Idaho, MoscowThe 74th American Exhibition, Art Institute of ChicagoSelections from the Chase Manhattan Bank Art Collection, University of Massachusetts, AmherstTraveled to: Robert Hull Fleming Museum, University of Vermont, BurlingtonFaneuil Hall Marketplace, Boston. Organized by the DeCordova Sculpture Park and Museum, Lincoln, MassachusettsDavid Winton Bell Gallery, Brown University, ProvidenceThe Ritter Art Gallery, Florida Atlantic University, Boca RatonDrawing Distinctions, American Drawings of the Seventies, Louisiana Museum of Modern Art, HumlebækTraveled to: Kunsthalle Basel Stadtisch Galerie Im Lembachhaus, MunichWilhelm-Hack Museum, Ludwigshafen, GermanyAn Invitational Drawing and Watercolor Exhibition, Los Angeles County Art Gallery, Barnsdall ParkStadtisch Galerie Im Lembachhaus, MunichWilhelm-Hack Museum, Ludwigshafen, Germany1980An Invitational Drawing and Watercolor Exhibition, Los Angeles County Art Gallery, Barnsdall Park 1979California Perceptions: Light and Space, Selections from the Wortz Collection, Visual Arts Center, California State University, Fullerton1977Group exhibition, Heiner Friedrich Gallery, Cologne1976Ambiente/Arte, La Biennale di Venezia, Padiglione centrale ai giardini di Castello, Venice1975University of California, Irvine, 1965–1975, The La Jolla Museum of Contemporary Art19733D Into 2D: Drawing for Sculpture, The New York Cultural Center, New York1969Group exhibition, Pasadena and Amsterdam1968Art and Technology, Los Angeles County Museum of Art
AWARDS IN ART
National Endowments for the Arts, 1968Guggenheim Fellowship, 1974
National Endowments for the Arts, Matching Grant, 1975
Arizona Commission for the Arts and Humanities, Visual Arts Fellowship, 1980
Lumen Award, New York Section Illuminating Engineering Society with the International Association of Lighting Designers, 1981
Katherine T. and John D. MacArthur Foundation Fellowship, 1984
“Bessie” Award, New York, for Best Collaboration with a Dance Company, 1985
Chevalier des Arts et des Lettres, France, 1991
Freidrich Prize, Frankfurt, Germany, 1992
Distinguished Achievement Award, National Council of Art Administrators, 1994
Skowhegan Award for Sculpture, 1994
Governor’s Arts Award, Artist of the Year, Arizona, 1997
Wolf Foundation, Wolf Prize, Israel, 1998
Scottsdale Cultural Arts Council, Artist of the Year, Scottsdale, Arizona, 2000
Fellowship in the American Academy of Arts and Science, 2004
Flying Elephants Foundation Fellowship, 2006
National Arts Club Medal of Honor for Art, 2006
Commandeur de L’Ordre des Arts et des Letters, 2006
Certificate of Recognition, City of Los Angeles, California, 2006
Marsh Award for Public Sculpture, Public Monuments and Sculpture Association, London, England, 2007
Award of Excellence in Public Art from the City of Claremont, CA for the Pomona Skyspace, 2008
National Academy of Arts and Letters, 2011
Belgium Academy of Arts and Letters, 2011
American Academy of Arts and Letters, 2011
Smithsonian Archives of American Art, 2013
Pratt Legends, 2013
National Medal of Arts, 2013
Icon in the Arts Award, Artist Award, Bruce Museum, 2014
American Academy in Rome, 2015
Pomona College Blaisdell Distinguished Alumni Award, 2015
Honorary Doctorate, Pratt, 2015
LACMA Film + Art Gala Honoree, 2015
AWARDS IN ARCHITECTURE
Grand Medailles d’Argent, Fondation Academie d’Architecture, Paris, France, 2000Jefferson Medal in Architecture, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, 2002
Citation from The American Institute of Architects, Seattle, 2003
Le Medallion de la Ville de Paris, France, Art and Architecture, 2003
Sustainable Building Award, Coconino County, Arizona, 2004
Honor Award for Design, U.S. General Services Administration, Washington, DC, 2008
Fellow of the Royal Institute of British Architects, London, England, 2009
Velux Award from E.T.H., Zurich, Switzerland for the Skyspace, “Piz Uter,” in Zous, Switzerland, 2010
作品 | About Artworks
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Projection Pieces
投影系列
1966-1969
如果我们走近这个「悬浮的发光体」,会惊奇地发现原来它是由两束光的交融所创造出来的幻象。由于光束强烈且空间昏暗,这个几何形状的发光体仿佛是从墙角生长出来的生命体一般,无需借助任何媒介或工具而独立存在。比如Afrum I (White),我们可以把它看作是一个「三维的」立体物体,它时而向我们靠近,时而又向墙内回缩;同时,它也可以被看作为一个「二维的」平面不规则六角形,忽明忽暗。深受感官心理学的影响,特瑞尔相信——视觉体验是一个不稳定的、持续变化的过程,最终呈现的结果和判断取决于我们的大脑想让我们看到什么。
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Shallow Space Construction
浅空间系列1969-至今
不同于上述被弱化了具象形态的空间、在黑暗中消融的墙面和看似二维实则三维的“虚幻”物体的【投影系列】,【浅空间构造系列】恰恰相反:当观众步入展厅时,视觉上看到的是被彩光照亮的「三维空间」,然而单一的颜色让三维空间凹陷成了二维平面的效果,即整个空间看上去像一张巨型的彩色的纸。强白光照射着建筑本身的四条墙缝,与此同时被强光围绕着的黑暗墙面仿佛跃出了原在平面,离观者更近了一步。
特瑞尔的装置作品了不起的地方在于,人们感觉不到「发光源」的存在,甚至感觉不到其他任何东西的存在——连影子都没有,只能看到既具象又抽象的无尽的光。“我使用光的方法是把它隔离出来,并且不做过多的处理。” Turrell如是说。他不会用激烈频闪或复杂色彩去刺激观众的眼睛,而是「剥出光本来的样子」。
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Wedgeworks
楔形空间系列
1974-2001
当观众身处其中时,会感受到面前仿佛存在着一面半透明的幕布。但当走近这件作品时,人们面对的其实是一个大型而深邃的镂空空间。视觉深处的细条状光源仿佛是这件作品的视觉起点,但是经过仔细观察,观众就会意识到这个「线状光源」反而呈现了一个不同颜色的面状的延伸,且逐渐地,层叠的矩形轮廓更深了。
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Ganzfelds
全域装置系列
1976-至今
身处沉浸式空间中时,半透明的弥漫了整个空间的光,瞬间将人全副包裹,强力“侵略”观众的感官系统,营造出介乎现实与梦境之间的氛围。而当色彩突然极速闪动,视网膜由于无法同步这种节奏而出现错觉,之前平静的冥想状态被瞬间击溃,波动不稳定的强烈色彩通过眼睛直接作用于身体,随后才带来颅内感知的调整。
通过这样「感知剥夺」的体验,特瑞尔想要鼓励观众进入一种反思的状态-「见你所见(seeing yourself seeing)」——即意识到自己的每个感官正在运作并且感受到「光是可触碰的有形的物质」。
Glass Series
玻璃系列
2006-至今詹姆斯·特瑞尔的“长玻璃 (Tall Glass)”或“宽玻璃 (Wide Glass)”装置,其形式为独一无二的「光圈」:矩形、椭圆形、扁平或垂直的半透明材质光圈在长达数小时内产生氤氲而奇妙的光线变化。他曾在早期用霓虹灯材料创作“玻璃系列”作品,后转而使用LED技术,以求在更柔和的光线环境中激发更饱满的色彩。这种技术使艺术家能够更为自由地探索这一独特创作的形状、转变及色彩组合等潜能。
特瑞尔的作品有一个优秀作品都有的特征:能让人盯着看好久,不想错过任何变化瞬间。这就是他对光、时间、空间的超高掌控力。完整的【宽玻璃】系列”一般持续2小时左右,【长玻璃】是1个半小时。当然你不会被强迫着要求看完整个表演,但一定要呆上足够长的时间才能让光跟你互动并影响你的思考。
Left half: Sunda Strait, Diamonds (Squares on point) Glass, 2015; Right half: Cockle Creek, (Tasmania), Elliptical Wide Glass, 2015; L.E.D. light, etched glass, and shallow space, 82 x 50 3/4 inches
项目漫游 | Site-Specific Commissions
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Roden Crater | 罗丹火山口
1977-至今, 佩恩蒂德沙漠, 美国亚利桑那
坐在圆形大厅墙边的长凳上,你放松身心抬头仰望,很快便能看到一片奇景:天窗外空无一物,而窗口本身被一片湛蓝天空所覆盖,像是一张带有天空色彩的薄薄纸片。夕阳西下,这片浅色的“补丁”渐渐变深,直至漆黑一片。整个变化过程极其缓慢而又极其平面,你可能都不会觉察真实夜幕已然降临。
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Skyspaces | 天空收藏室
日光不仅促进你的身体产生维生素 D ,也能够帮助你抵抗抑郁。
说到底,谁不喜欢光呢。
詹姆斯·特瑞尔所有的场域特定作品中,覆盖范围最广也最为人所熟知的无疑是「天空收藏室 (Skyspaces)」系列,而西班牙的"Second Wind"是整个系列中规模最大的。
位于西班牙加的斯的蒙堤美地奥当代艺术基金会(Fundación NMAC),其建筑由两个结构组成:无顶金字塔和圆顶黑佛塔。访客通过位于金字塔一角的短隧道进入,在金字塔红色的倾斜墙壁内,黑色佛塔从一潭流水中升起。走进佛塔,纯白的空间内有四条长凳供观众常坐,弧形屋顶上的圆形孔向天空敞开。佛塔的内壁衬有LED和霓虹灯,它们可以根据一天中时间和环境光的变化自动进行调整,瞬间仿佛天空触手可及。有时你会觉得,这纯净的蓝天几乎就是二维的虚拟屏幕,只有当鸟群或云朵从建筑的露天洞口飞过时,才能意识到自己看到的并非屏幕,而是实实在在的「天空」本身。
天空收藏室 (Skyspaces)系列遍布全球,其中也包括中国。特瑞尔在北京选中了位于紫禁城的东北角和景山公园之间的“Temple东景缘”,又名“智珠寺”(*它的前身是一座 600 多年的京城寺庙,院里早期的建筑群都建造于明永乐年间,当时为皇家御用的番经厂和汉经厂。清朝时还有活佛居住于此。)。
作为一名曾累计飞行超过12000小时的前飞行员,特瑞尔视天空为其创作的工作室、材料及画布。《纽约客》评论家卡尔文·汤普金斯(Calvin Tompkins)曾评论道:“他的作品不仅与光或者捕捉光有关;他的作品本身就是光——以感知形式呈现的、真实存在的光。” 特瑞尔的作品大多是出世的,与意识形态,政治,金钱无关。在精心营造的光空间里,参与者可以跟随光的指引走向自己的内心,在一片安宁中暂离尘世,豁然明朗。
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Architectural Light | 屋企之光
House of Lights 光の馆, 大地艺术节 / 越后妻有三年展, 日本新潟
「光之馆」被认为是一个可以沉思的家庭旅馆。詹姆斯·特瑞尔从谷崎润一郎(Tanizaki Junichiro) 的论著《阴翳礼赞》中汲取了灵感,想要以日本传统建筑风格为模型,连接室内与室外的光,让人感觉到被光包围着的生活。
外食浅谈 | More with Curator-To-Go
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视频采访: James Turrell
Introduction of James Turrell, 2017, ©️ Guggenheim Museum
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统筹 / Roxy
排版 / Roxanne
图片 / Jone & Bella
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