研究NOTE | Nam June Paik 白南准：电子禅宗

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策展人研究笔记

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白南准Nam June Paik

艺术家 | About the Artist

白南准（Nam June Paik，백남준，1932-2006）是一位韩裔美籍的新媒体艺术家。1956年，白南准在东京大学获得美学学士学位后移居德国攻读音乐学、哲学和艺术史。他引领了录像形式和各种电子媒介在艺术中的运用，并尝试使用电视、广播、合成器和机器人等呈现作品，不断突破艺术的传统媒介和规范，被公认为「影像艺术之父」。在德国时期，白南准加入了当时欧洲最新潮的「激浪派」实验团体（Fluxus是一个由20世纪60年代到70年代从事实验艺术表演的艺术家、作曲家、设计师和诗人组成的国际性、跨学科的团体，强调的是艺术过程而非成品），并通过巡演将他具有实验性的多元化艺术形式带给了大众。

Nam June Paik ©Gagosian Hong Kong

白南准通常使用诸如电视此类的日常物品进行创作，建立起「哲学与思想的连结」，电视技术和信息传递成为了他最主要的创作主题。在互联网时代到来前夕，他曾预测“技术将使人们能够及时交流”，「电视」是全球通讯网中的一种工具，这种想法也贯穿于他的整个职业生涯和Zen for TV（1963/82）、TV of Change （1974）、TV Buddha（1976）等一系列媒体作品中。

主要回顾展有：巴黎市立现代艺术博物馆（1978），美国纽约惠特尼美国艺术博物馆(1982)，旧金山现代艺术博物馆(1989)，首尔国立当代艺术博物馆(1992)，纽约古根海姆博物馆(2000)，伦敦泰特美术馆（2019）等。

 Nam June Paik, Electronic Superhighway: Continental U.S., Alaska, Hawaii, 1995

艺术家简历 | CV

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Nam June PaikBorn in 1932 in Seoul, South Korea.Died in 2006 in Miami, FL. EDUCATION1956Graduated from the University of Tokyo, Japan.1956–58Studied History of Music at Munich University, Germany.Studied Composition at Freiburg Conservatory, Freiburg, Germany.

Selected Solo Exhibitions

2019Nam June Paik: The Future Is Now. Tate Modern, London, England.Nam June Paik: Music Is Not Sound. James Cohan, New York, NY.2018Videocittà. Museo Nazionale Delle Arti Del XXI Secolo, Rome, Italy.Nam June Paik: TV Clock. Santa Barbara Museum of Art, Santa Barbara, CA.2017Nam June Paik: In Character. San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, San Francisco,CA.2016The Paik Nam June Show. Dongdaemun Design Plaza, Seoul, South Korea.2015Nam June Paik. James Cohan Gallery, New York, NY.Nam June Paik W3. Hakgojae Gallery, Seoul, South Korea.2014Nam June Paik: Becoming Robot. Asia Society, New York, NY.2012Nam June Paik: Global Visionary. Smithsonian American Art Museum, Washington,DC.2011Nam June Paik. LEE galerie BERLIN, Berlin, Germany.VIDEO SCREENING 2 2011. Center for Contemporary Art, CCA Kitakyushu, Japan.In the Tower: Nam June Paik. The National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC.Nam June Paik. Auditorium Parco della Musica, Rome, Italy.2010Nam June Paik. FACT (Foundation for Art and Creative Technology), Liverpool,England.Nam June Paik. Tate Liverpool, Liverpool, England.Nam June Paik. Museum Kunstpalast, Dusseldorf, Germany.Nam June Paik. Galleria Six, Milan, Italy.2009Nam June Paik. Johyun Gallery, Busan, South Korea.Nam June Paik Live Feed: 1972 -1994. James Cohan Gallery, New York City, NY.Nam June Paik. CAFA Art Museum - China Central Academy of Fine Arts, Beijing,China.Nam June Paik - Music for all Senses. Museum Moderner Kunst Stiftung LudwigMUMOK , Vienna, Austria.2008Nam June Paik - Works from the ZKM Collection. Foyer of the EnBW, Karlsruhe,Germany.2007Nam June Paik. doART Beijing, China.Nam June Paik. James Cohan Fallery, New York City, NY.Nam June Paik y Corea, de la fantástico a lo hiperreal. Fundación Telefónica, Madrid,Spain.2006Bye Bye, Nam June Paik. The Watari Museum of Contemporary Art, Tokyo, Japan.In memoriam. Museum of Modern Art, New York, NY.Orange County Museum of Art, Newport Beach, CA.Paik on Paper. Kunstmuseum Bochum, Bochum, Germany.2005Den Zufall im Griff. Galerie Reckermann, Cologne, GermanyOlympe de Gouges. Musée d’art moderne de la Ville de Paris à la Maison de la RadioFrance, Paris, France.2004Nam June Paik: Global Groove. Deutsche Guggenheim, Berlin, Germany.Sun Art Center, Seoul, South Korea.Nam June Paik, Award 2004 der Kunstschiftung NRW. Phoenix Halle, Dortmund,Germany.National Gallery of Australia, Canberra, Australia.Art Gallery of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.2003Nam June Paik: Drawings. Mano Gallery, Seoul, South Korea.2002Nam June Paik, Fluxus und Video Skulptur. Wilhelm-Lehmbruck Museum, Duisburg,Germany.Il giocoliere elettronico, Nam June Paik e l'invenzione della videoarte. Palazzo Cavour,Turin, Italy.2001The Worlds of Nam June Paik. Guggenheim Museum, New York, NY.2000The Worlds of Nam June Paik. Guggenheim Museum, New York, NY; Hoam Museum,Seoul, South Korea.Nam June Paik, Zeichnungen. Museum für Gegenwartskunst, Basel, Switzrland.Nam June Paik: Video Art Pioneer. Santa Barbara Museum of Art, Santa Barbara, CA.1999Medium Is The Message. TV Gallery, Moscow, Russia.Nam June Paik: Fluxus/Video. Kunsthalle, Bremen, Germany.Butler Institute of American Art, Youngstown, OH.1997Galerie Bhak, Seoul, South Korea.Kim Foster Gallery, New York, NY.Holly Solomon Gallery, New York, NY.Anthology Film Archives, New York, NY.Galeria Ramis Barquet, Monterrey, Mexico.The Electronic Super Highway, Nam June Paik in the Nineties. Nelson-AtkinsMuseum of Art, Kansas City, MO.1996The Electronic Super Highway: Nam June Paik in the Nineties. San Jose Museum ofArt, San Jose, CA; Culturgest, Lisbon, Portugal.The Electronic Super Highway, Bill Clinton Stole my Ideas. Copenhagen, Denmark.Statens Museum for Kunst, Copenhagen, Denmark.1995The Electronic Super Highway, Nam June Paik in the Nineties. Indianapolis Museumof Art, Indianapolis, IN; Columbus Museum of Art, Columbus, OH;Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, PA; Holly Solomon Gallery, NewYork, NY.Gallery Hyundai, Seoul, South Korea.New Work. Galerie Fine Art Rafael Vostell, Berlin, Germany.Nam June Paik, Video Sculptures and Video Installations. Ars Nova, Turku, Finland.Nam June Paik-Baroque Laser. Westfälisches Landesmuseum Münster / MünsterSankt Mauritz, Parish Church Mariae Himmelfahrt-Dyckburg, Munster,Germany.1994The Art Show. Associated Dealers of American Art, New York, NY.The Electronic Super Highway: Nam June Paik in the Nineties. Ft. Lauderdale, FL.1993Holly Solomon Gallery, New York, NY.Artist as Nomad. German Pavilion, Venice Biennale 1993, Venice, Italy.Jardin illumine. Sammlung Hauser & Wirth, Zurich, Switzerland.1992New Video Sculptures. Galerie Hans Mayer, Dusseldorf, Germany.Eco-lumbus and Rocketship to Virtual Venus. Korean Pavilion, World Expo, Seville,Spain.Nam June Paik: Retrospective. Museum des 20. Jahrhunderts, Vienna, Austria.Nam June Paik: Retrospective. Museum of Modern Art, Seoul, South Korea.Nam June Paik: Arti Elettroniche. Cinema e Media Verso il XXI Secolo, Palazzo delleEsposizioni, Rome, Italy.Nam June Paik: Retrospective. Museum of Modern Art, Seoul, South Korea.1991Nam June Paik: Retrospective. Kunsthaus, Zurich; traveled to Kunsthalle, Basel,Switzerland; Kunsthalle, Dusseldorf, Germany.Recent Video Sculptures. Carl Solway Gallery, Cincinnati, OH.1990Galerie Hans Mayer, Dusseldorf, Germany.Pre-Bell Man. (Public Sculpture), Deutsches Post Museum, Frankfurt, Germany.Video Arbor. (Public Sculpture), Forest City Residential Development, Philadelphia,PA.Galerie Maurice Keitelman, Brussels, Belgium.Galerie Van De Velde, Antwerp, Belgium.Holly Solomon Gallery, New York, NY.1989La Fée Electronique. Musée d'Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris, France.Galerie du Génie, Paris, France.Galerie de Paris, Paris, France.Mayor Rowan Gallery, London, England.Galerie Juana Mordo, Madrid, Spain.Weisses Haus, Hamburg, Germany.1988Nam June Paik: Beuys and Bogie. Dorothy Goldeen Gallery, Los Angeles, CA.Nam June Paik: Color Bar Paintings. Holly Solomon Gallery, New York, NY.Nam June Paik: Family of Robot. Hayward Gallery, South Bank Centre, London,England.1986Nam June Paik: Sculpture, Painting and Laser Photography. Holly Solomon Gallery,New York, NY.1985Nam June Paik: Family of Robot. Carl Solway Gallery, Cincinnati, OH; International ArtExposition, Chicago, IL.1984Mostly Video. Tokyo Metropolitan Art Museum, Tokyo, Japan.Tribute to Marshall McLuhan. Galerie Esperanza, Montreal, Canada.DAAD-Galerie, West Berlin, Germany.Good Morning Mr. Orwell. Musée national d'art moderne, Centre Georges PompidouParis, France.1982Nam June Paik. Whitney Museum of American Art, New York, NY; traveled to theMuseum of Contemporary Art, Chicago, IL.Tri-Colour Video. Centre Georges Pompidou, Musée National d'Art Moderne, Paris,France.Retrospective. Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago, IL.1981Program of videotapes. Sony Hall, Tokyo, Japan.Random Access/Paper TV. Gallery Watari, Tokyo, Japan.Laser Video. (with Horst Baumann), Die Nutzlichen Kunste, West Berlin, Germany.1980Nam June Paik. (retrospective of videotapes),The New American Filmmakers Series,Whitney Museum of American Art, New York, NY.Videa. Gallery Watari, Tokyo, Japan.1978A Tribute to John Cage. Gallery Watari, Tokyo, Japan.TV Garden. Musée d'Art Moderne, Centre National d'Art et de Culture GeorgesPompidou, Paris, France.Nam June Paik. Musée d'Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris, France.1977Projects: Nam June Paik. Museum of Modern Art, New York, NY.Fluxus Traffic. Galerie Rene Block, West Berlin, Germany.Nam June Paik. Galerie Marika Malacorda, Geneva, Switzerland.1976Moon is the Oldest TV-set. Rene Block Gallery, New York, NY.Nam June Paik: Werke 1946-1976: Musik-Fluxus-Video. Kolnischer Kunstverein,Cologne, Germany; Stedelijk Museum, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.Fish Flies on Sky. Galeria Bonino, New York, NY.Video Film Concert. (films in collaboration with Jud Yalkut), The Kitchen, New York,NY.Projects, Nam June Paik. Museum of Modern Art, New York, NY.1975Nam June Paik. Rene Block Gallery, New York, NY.Fish on the Sky-Fish hardly flies anymore on the Sky-let Fishes fly again. MarthaJackson Gallery, New York, NY.1974Nam June Paik: TV Sea: Electronic Art IV. Galeria Bonino, New York, NY.Nam June Paik: Video'n'Videology 1959-1973. Everson Museum of Art, Syracuse, NY.Electronic Art IV. Galeria Bonino, New York, NY.1973Electronic Video (Intermedia presents a new experiment by Nam June Paik). TheKitchen, Mercer Arts Center, New York, NY.Videotapes from the Perpetual Pioneer of Video Art. The Kitchen, Mercer Arts Center,New York, NY.1971Hit and Run Screening of Video Films. (Films in collaboration with Jud Yalkut), RizzoliScreening Room, New York, NY.Video Film Concert. (films in collaboration with Jud Yalkut), Millennium FilmWorkshop, New York, NY.Electronic Art III. Bonino Gallery, New York, NY.1968Electronic Art II. Galleria Bonino, New York, NY.1967Nam June Paik. State University of New York, Stony Brook, NY.Expanding Perceptions in the Arts. Art Center of the Paul Klapper Library, QueensCollege, City University of New York, NY.1965Electronic Art. Galleria Bonino, New York, NY.NJ Paik: Electronic TV, Color TV Experiments, 3 Robots, 2 Zen Boxes & 1 Zen Can.New School for Social Research New York, NY.1963Exposition of Music-Electronic Television. Galerie Parnass, Wuppertal, Germany.1962Kammerspiele, Dusseldorf, Germany.1961Simultan. Galerie Lauhus (with Wolf Vostell and Stefan Wewerka), Cologne, Germany.1960Mary Bauermeister Studio, Cologne, Germany.1959Galerie 22, Dusseldorf, Germany.

 Selected Group Exhibitions

2019The Body Electric. Walker Art Center, Minneapolis, MN.Selected Works from the Collection of Holly Solomon. Marlborough Contemporary, London, England.2018Programmed: Rules, Codes, and Choreographies in Art, 1965-2018. Whitney Museum of American Art, New York, NY.Art in the Age of the Internet, 1989 to Today. Institute of Contemporary Art, Boston, MA.2017Arcadia. Gagosian, Hong Kong.2016The Art of Time. Gagosian, Hong Kong.2015Ce fabuleux monde moderne. MAC Lyon, Lyon, France.America Is Hard to See. Whitney Museum of American Art, New York, NY.Watch This! Revelations in Media Art. Smithsonian American Art Museum, Washington, D.C.2013This is Not a Love Song . La Virreina - Centre de la Imatge, Barcelona, Spain.Die Bildhauer. Kunstakademie Düsseldorf, 1945 bis heute - K20 Grabbeplatz, Dusseldorf, Germany.Video Vintage 1963-1983. Beirut Art Center, Beirut, Lebanon.Storage Telling I. Extra-ordinary - Bonnefantenmuseum, Maastricht , Germany.Sous influences - arts plastiques et psychotropes . La Maison Rouge, Paris, France.2011Video, an art, a History, 1965-2010. Singapore Art Museum, Singapore.Measuring the World, Heterotopias and Knowledge Spaces in Art. Kunsthaus, Graz, Austria.Vidéo et après (with Jud Yalkut). Musée national d’art moderne-Centre de creation industrielle, Paris, France.2010Pasado-presente, Colección Nuevos Medios Centro Pompidou. Espacio Fundación Telefónica, Madrid, Spain.Art Gwangju 2010. Kimdaejung Convention Center, Gwangju, South Korea.Powerhouse. Gallery Hyundai, Seoul, South Korea.Trickster Makes This World (with Heman Chong). Nam June Paik Art Center, Yongin, South Korea.Moving Images, Artists & Video-Film. Museum Ludwig, Cologne, Germany.The Flower of May. Gwangju Biennale Foundation, Gwangju, South Korea.Random Access. Nam June Paik Art Center, Yongin, South Korea.2009Media Alchemy. Beall Center for Art + Technology, Irvine, CA.Vital Signals, Japanese and American Video Art from the 1960s and 70s Japan Society, New York, NY.Open Television. Los Angeles County Museum of Art, Los Angeles, CA.Die Kunst ist Super! Nationalgalerie im Hamburger Bahnhof Museum für Gegenwart, Berlin, Germany.Record>Again ! Ludwig Forum für Internazionale Kunst, Aachen, Germany.EXPosition of mythology. Electronic technology. Nam June Paik Art Center, Yongin, South Korea.Macro, Summer in Rome. Museo d’arte contemporanea, Rome, Italy.Pop-Up ! Ludwig Forum für Internationale Kunst, Aix-la-Chapelle, Germany.Center for Curatorial Studies and Hessel Museum of Art, Annadale-on-Hudson, NY.The Art of Participation, 1950 to Now. San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, San Francisco, CA.2008Now Jump. Nam June Paik Art Center, Yongin, South Korea.Fluxus Scores and Instructions, the Transformative Years ‘Make a salad’. Museum of Contemporary Art, Roskilde, Denmark.Art Brussels, 26th Contemporary Art Fair. Brussels Expo, Hall 1 & 3, Brussels, Belgium.Good Morning Mr. Nam June Paik. Korean Cultural Centre, London, England.2007Colecção Centre Pompidou no Museu do Chiado, Centre Pompidou Novos Media 1965- 2003. Museu nacional de arte contemporânea, Museu do Chiado, Lisbon, Portugal.Fluxus, una larga historia con muchos nudos, Allemania 1962-1994. Centro andaluz de arte contemporáneo, Sevilla, Spain.Visit(e), Contemporary Art in Germany. Escape culturel ING, Cultuurcentrum ING, Brussels, Belgium.Télémétries. Galerie Villa des Tourelles, Nanterre, France.Centre Pompidou, Video Art 1965-2005. Australian Centre for the Moving Image, Melbourne, Australia.2006First Generation, Art and the Moving Image, 1963-1986. Museo nacional Centro de arte Reina Sofía, Madrid, Spain.The New Media Collection 1965-2005. Museum of Contemporary Art, Sydney, Australia.Video die 80er Jahre. Kunstsammlung Nordrhein-Westfalen, Dusseldorf, Germany.Video, An Art, a History, 1965-2005, New Media Collection, Centre Pompidou. Miami Art Central, Miami, FL.New Media Collection, 1965-2005, Centre Pompidou. Taipei Fine Arts Museum, Taipei, Taiwan.Nothing. Schirn Kunsthalle, Frankfurt, Germany.Videokunst der 60er Jahre in Deutschland. Kunsthalle, Bremen, Germany.Summertime. Galerie m Bochum Fotografie, Bochum, Germany.The Expanded Eye. Kunsthalle, Zurich,Switzerland.Photo-Trafic. Centre pour l’image contemporaine Saint-Gervais, Geneva, Switzerland.Berlin-Tokio, Tokio-Berlin, Die Kunst zweier Städte. Neue Nationalgalerie, Berlin, Germany.Oeuvres vidéo de la collection Pierre Huber. Magasin, Centre national d’art contemporain, Grenoble, France.What sound does a color make? Govett-Brewster Art Gallery, New Plymouth, New Zealand.Summer of Love. Kunsthalle, Vienna, Austria.Art Space Germany. SCA Gallery, Sydney, Australia.Sip my Ocean. Louisiana Museum of Contemporary Art, Humblebaek, Denmark.40jahrevideokunst.de-Die 60er. Kunsthalle, Bremen, Germany.Tokyo-Berlin, Berlin-Tokyo. Mori Art Museum, Tokyo, Japan.35th International Film Festival Rotterdam. International Film Festival, Rotterdam. The Netherlands.Moving Time, Tribute to Nam June Paik. Korean Cultural Service, New York, NY.2005Temps de vídeo 1965-2005, Col.lecció Nouveaux Medias del Centre Pompidou amb la participació de la col.lecció d’art contemporani Fundació‘La Caixa’. Fundació La Caixa, Barcelona, Spain.Superstars. Kunsthalle, Vienna, Austria.Paik and Beyond. Art Cologne, Cologne, Germany.Dall occhio’elletronico. Castello di Rivoli, Rivoli, Italy.Jahre-Years documenta, 1955-2005. Kunsthalle Friedericianum, Cassel, Germany.Mixed Double. Carnegie Museum of Art, Pittsburg, PA.Ein Ring von Unschätzbarem Wert. Museum Franz Gertsch, Burgdorf, Switzerland.Videographies, The Early Decades. National Museum of Contemporary Art, Athens, Greece.Sammlung 2005-Neupräsentation der erweiterten Sammlung. K21 Kunstsammlung, Dusseldorf,Germany.I am Making Art. Queensland Art Gallery, Brisbane, Australia.Art Locality Germany. National Museum of Contemporary Art, Bucharest, Romania.Il teatro dell’arte. Villa Manin, Centre for Contemporary Art, Codroipo, Italy.An International Legacy, Selections from Carnegie Museum of Art. Columbus Museum of Art, MO.Über Schönheit. Haus der Kulturen der Welt, Berlin, Germany.Wonderwall. Netherlands Media Art Institute Montevideo, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.Contemporanea. Fundación Juan March, Madrid, Spain.2004Video Sculpture in Germany since 1963. Faculty of Fine Arts Gallery, Chiang Mai, Thailand.Woman, Metamorphosis of modernity. Fundació Joan Miró, Barcelona, Spain.Central Station. La Maison Rouge, Paris, France.Encontros com o modernism. Museu de arte moderna, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.Friedrich Christian Flick Collection. Hamburger Bahnhof, Museum für Gegenwart, Berlin, Germany.Sons et lumières, une histoire de son dans l’art du 20ème siècle. Musée national d’art moderne, Centre Georges Pompidou, Paris, France.Video Sculpture in Germany since 1963. National Gallery, Bangkok, Thailand.Hypermedia. Orange County Museum of Art, Newport Beach, CA.Becoming Father, Becoming Infant. Bronx Museum of the Arts, New York, NY.Video et cogito, Wiederhergestellte Künstlervideos der Sammlung. Ludwig Forum für Internationale Kunst, Aachen, Germany.World Wide Video Festival. World Wide Video Festival, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.Prima e dopo l'immagine. Museo d'arte contemporanea, Rivoli, Italy.Collection Agnès b. Les Abattoirs - Frac Midi-Pyrénées, Toulouse, France.Arte del video, Il viaggio dell¹uomo immobile. Fondazione Ragghianti, Lucca, Italy.Art & Life. Hara Museum of Contemporary Art, Tokyo, Japan.Videospritz. Studio Tommaseo, Trieste, Italy.New arrivals, Multiples. Conny Dietzschold Gallery, Sydney, Australia.Treasure Island, 10 Jahre Sammlung Kunstmuseum Wolfsburg. Kunstmuseum, Wolfsburg, Germany.Nam June Paik, Fabrice Hybert,…. Watari Museum of Contemporary Art, Tokyo, Japan.2003X-screen, Film Installations and Actions in the 1960s and 1970s. Museum ModernerKunst Stiftung Ludwig, Vienna, Austria.Recent Acquisitions. Musée d’art contemporain, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.Nothing Special. FACT, Liverpool, England.2002Video acts, single channel works from the collections of Pamela and Richard Kramlich and New Art Trust. P.S.1 Contemporary Art Center, New York, NY.Who's Afraid of Contemporary Art ? Israel Museum, Jerusalem, Israel.Museum fur Moderne Kunst, Frankfurt, Germany.Wilhelm Lehmbruck Museum, Duisburg, Germany.Les animaux sortent de la reserve. Musée national d’art moderne, Centre Georges Pompidou, Paris, France.Fluxus und Videoskulptur. Stiftung Wilhelm Lehmbruck Museum, Duisburg, Germany.Reineland is my artistic Heimat. NRW, Forum Kultur und Wirtschaft, Dusseldorf, Germany.2001Centre d’Art Contemporain, Geneva, Switzerland.Guggenheim Bilbao, Spain.Gallery Hyundai, Seoul, South Korea.Over the Century. Galerie BHAK, Seoul, South Korea.Collecting Ideas: Works from the Polly and Mark Addison Collection. Denver Art Museum, Denver, CO.L'arte elettronica, metamorfosi e metafore. Galleria civica d'arte moderna, Ferrara, Italy.2000Museum fur Moderne Kunst, Frankfurt, Germany.Museum fur Gegenwartskunst, Basel, Switzerland.Sprengel Museum, Hannover, Germany.Guggenheim Museum, New York, NY.Tempus Fugit: Time Flies. The Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art, Kansas City, MO.The New Frontier, Art and Television 1960-65. Austin Museum of Art, Austin, TX.

作品 | About Artworks

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「

电视佛 

TV Buddha 

」

Nam June Paik, TV Buddha, 1974 

「电视佛」（TV Buddha）是白南准最为知名的系列作品之一，铜制佛像面对电视机进行冥想，而电视机中播放的正是实时拍摄佛像本尊的画面。在这个闭合回路中，佛像凝视电视机的同时，电视机也在凝视佛像，从而陷入一种永恒的「现在」状态，体现出一种东方与西方的对立以及现代/未来元素与历史之间的对峙。

Nam June Paik, TV Buddha, 1974 /2002

通过《电视佛》，白南准将现代化新兴技术与当时的历史、宗教问题并置，并将信息以图像的形式用装置呈现了出来。

Nam June Paik, Standing Buddha with Outstretched Hand, 2005

Nam June Paik, TV Buddha, 1989

除此之外，观众对作品的体验就像是在对艺术家使用的视觉符号和图像进行「解码」，并根据自身经验解读。这很好的保证了艺术家观念传播的「模糊性」，使观众解读出不同的含义和文化推论，从而更好的理解此时与彼时的社会。

Nam June Paik, TV Buddha, 1974/1997

那么，「现代社会」是否被媒体所定义？科技对精神层面的影响是更为消极复杂还是帮助我们连接世界？

▼

「

视频雕塑 

Video Sculpture 

」

「视频雕塑」是一种将流体“视频”融入到一个物体、环境、场所或表演中的影像装置，这一系列的表演反映出白南准长久以来想要将「电视媒介」介绍给当时的大众，以及通过与身体的结合将电视和视频技术「人性化」的想法。

Nam June Paik, “TV Bra for Living Sculpture”, 1975

「活雕塑电视胸衣」(TV Bra for Living Sculpture, 1969) 是白南准的艺术生涯中较为重要的一个作品，摩尔曼在赤裸的胸部穿着两个正在播放的电视机，并同时演奏大提琴。电视屏幕上交替播放着电视直播节目、录像片段和闭路摄像机对观众的实况转播。将电视作为胸罩，构建了「人类与机器间的亲密感」。白南准希望在展示人类对技术的运用之际，能够刺激观众在使用技术时去寻找新的、富有想象力的和人性化的方式。

Nam June Paik, TV Cello, Played by Charlotte Moorman, 1964

「电视大提琴」(TV Cello) 是由三个电视机堆叠而成的装置，为了模仿大提琴的形状，白南准将最小的电视机放了在中间。当演奏这个「乐器」时，电视机屏幕上将会出现摩尔曼和其他大提琴家表演的录像，并穿插表演现场的实时画面。

「电视眼镜」（TV Glasses）是由两块很小的屏幕充当眼镜戴在摩尔曼眼睛上，这些作品都体现出人与技术通过身体的接触，拉近了大众与电视媒介的距离。

Nam June Paik, Robot K-456, 1964

「机器人K-456」（Robot K-456）由金属、布料、数据记录器、用于行走的轮子和播放约翰·肯尼迪(John F. Kennedy)演讲的扬声器组成。这些材料反映了白南准对将廉价的一次性物品转化为与新技术相关的审美形式的长期兴趣。机器人K-456是为「街头即兴表演」而设计的，白南准说，“我能想象当它在街上遇到人，将会给人们带来一霎惊喜。”1964年，它首次在纽约贾德森大厅的机器人歌剧中展出，伴随着摩尔曼的大提琴演奏一同表演。

 Nam June Paik, Robot K-456, 1982

1982年，在惠特尼美国艺术博物馆 (Whitney museum of American Art) 举办的第一次大型博物馆展览上，机器人K-456被带出博物馆，白南准在街上策划了一起「事故」，这场表演被命名为“21世纪的第一次事故”。它被设计为沿着大楼外的人行道走，当穿过麦迪逊大道75街时，机器人被艺术家威廉·阿纳斯塔西（William Anastasi）驾驶的汽车撞倒。哥伦比亚广播公司（CBS）报道了这一事件，白南准在采访中表示，他正在练习如何应对21世纪的技术灾难。他甚至还打趣道，这个机器人已经20岁了，还没有接受犹太教成人礼（Bar Mitzvah）。

▼「

电子高速公路 

Electronic Super Highway 

」 Nam June Paik, Electronic Superhighway, Continental U.S., Alaska, Hawaii, 1995

电子高速公路（Electronic Superhighway）大型装置由336台电视机、50台DVD播放机、3750英尺的电缆和575英尺的彩色霓虹灯管组成。当观众第一次看到这个作品时会感到非常震撼，此起彼伏的声音和闪着霓虹灯的视觉呈现足以让人惊叹，将注意力集中于霓虹灯勾勒出的每一个州或是代表每个州影片中的对话都是一件非常困难的事。

 Nam June Paik, Electronic Superhighway, Continental U.S., Alaska, Hawaii, 1995

白南准通过这个作品非常清晰的传达出他是如何看待美国这个「多元融合」的国家，每一个电视机里的影像都将他对各个州理解的可视化。艺术家也使用他的个人关系进行描绘，例如：作曲家约翰·凯奇（John Cage）代表马萨诸塞州，夏洛特·摩尔曼（Charlotte Moorman）的表演代表阿肯色州，华盛顿则展示了编舞默斯·坎宁安（Merce Cunningham）的影像等等。这些影像都是由白南准挑选出的、通过他的镜头展现的美国。

 Nam June Paik, Electronic Superhighway, Continental U.S., Alaska, Hawaii, 1995

艺术家受到美国庞大规模的冲击和州际高速公路的启发，以「电子高速公路」这一术语来命名这个作品，并且表达了他对未来的展望。白南准预测到未来的「传播」会因为高新技术的发展而没有边界，值得一提的是，他的设想在如今的互联网时代得以验证，“电子高速公路”一词也被广泛使用。

  Nam June Paik, Electronic Superhighway, Continental U.S., Alaska, Hawaii, 1995

“电子高速公路”以它巨型装置带来的「视听冲击」和「多样化的解读」持续惊艳着人们，它让我们意识到世界是如何被技术定义的，以及它带来的对诸如刻板印象或信息过载等问题的思考。通过这个影像艺术，白南准成功地呈现出我们所处的时代。

展览 | Exhibitions Review

Nam June Paik  ▼

Tate Modern

2019.10.17 - 2020.2.9

Installation view, 2019

年初闭幕的位于伦敦泰特现代美术馆（Tate Modern）的白南准大型回顾个展《Nam June Paik》，继2010年泰特利物浦馆（Tate Liverpool, 2010.12.17-2011.3.13）后再次完整地呈现在“艺术之都”伦敦。两个展览都同由韩裔泰特研究中心国际艺术高级策展人李淑京（Sook-Kyung Lee）主持，此次另有旧金山现代美术馆媒体艺术策展人鲁道夫·弗里林（Rudolf Frieling）的协作。

Installation view, 2019

进入展览，首先映入眼帘的是一个闭路电视摄像机，阴极射线颤抖着的电视机器人播放着不和谐的钢琴奏鸣曲和幽默的节目。这个作品始于白南准作品的中心主题：表演、合作、禅宗佛教和技术。约翰·凯奇的脸在“花园电视机丛林”中凝视着观众；佛陀通过闭路电视在屏幕上注视着自己；而白南准自己则对着镜头进行着缓慢而刻意的动作。

接下来是一架被毁坏的钢琴，一把像宠物一样在地面上拖拉的小提琴，烤肉串，唱片和磁带环——您可以用手现场弹奏。在此之后，我们会看到他的电视图像被磁铁扭曲、大屏幕上微笑的机器人、艺术家对卫星广播的实验……他令人难以置信的现场火焰录像或与约瑟夫·博伊斯和大提琴手夏洛特·摩尔曼的合作。

Installation view, 2019

听起来像是充满着很多东西，但事实上，“禅宗”或“冥想”的理念是为了让人们专注于「与眼前所见相反的事物」，即「现场的虚无」。嘈杂的背面是对现象本身的抽象美化，白南准通过将“禅（Zen）”融入作品和承载空间，警醒着我们去关注另一种可能，殊途同归是一种不可多得的新鲜体验。这也预示着当今“互联网艺术”，它影响了我们所认为的「当代艺术的本意」。

展览以一个压倒性的房间闭幕，就像是同时播放数千部视频一样。一如他的伴侣约翰·凯奇所说的那样：「这一切都是一次发生」。在声音和光的实验漩涡中，人们会发现，白南准传达出的最伟大的信息或许正是：所有这些事物，其实都紧密而持久地联系在一起。

Installation view, 2019

频道 | Virtural Channel

白南准：5次预言未来

5 Times Artist Nam June Paik Predicted the Future, ©TateShots

播客：“艺术有读”

今年伦敦疫情前夕，艺术读书分享节目“艺术有读（Art is Poison）”就泰特现代美术馆白南准大型回顾个展的契机，筹划并推出了这期近1小时的「展览-作品-艺术家-艺评」密集节目。我们联系了节目组，并将这期“干货”节目分享给大家。

2020年2月23日，艺术有读 #036，59mins 28secs

收听链接（复制粘贴至浏览器）：

https://artispoison.com/036

导 读 时 间 轴

4' 白南准生平介绍

10'21'' 行为艺术、影像艺术与观念艺术

13'35'' 白南准与激浪派

16'08'' 白南准的改造钢琴

25'39'' 白南准对中国艺术家的影响

27'42'' 《电视佛》（TV Buddha）

37'48'' 白南准与现代科技

40'10'' 信息高速公路

43'44'' 全球连线live stream

50'25'' 嘉宾张一帆的评价

56'36'' 嘉宾聂小依的评价

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