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科学熬夜指南

毒舌科技 2021-01-29

The following article is from 果壳 Author 代天医


不睡觉伤身体都知道,但假期难免熬个通宵。
 想减少熬夜带来的身体伤害,保持快速应对亲友尴尬问题的能力,不妨在熬夜前后采取点手段。

图丨giphy


 熬夜前 

熬夜之前多睡一会儿,可以减轻伤害。知道哪一天要通宵后可以之前几晚都多睡一会儿。如果临时决定熬夜来不及准备,睡个午觉也能让你更好地迎接之后的漫漫长夜[1, 2]。


 熬夜中 

通宵当晚的小技巧就更多了,熬夜不仅需要正确的打开姿势,还得吃好喝好才行。

1、多走路

瘫坐一晚不动,能感觉到腰酸、肩痛、腿肿,觉不出来的还有心血管代谢方面的伤害,甚至脑子里面的血流都明显减少[3]。但只要隔一段时间站起来走动一会儿,这些都会好转[4]。每次时间不需要太长,几分钟就够了,但半小时就应起身一次[5, 6]。 只是站起来伸个懒腰踮踮脚还不行,大半夜在家里蹦跳也不好,快走或者做些简单身体活动更合适。走路避免久坐伤身,也能保持头脑清醒[7]。

伸懒腰不够,还得走走路丨pixabay

2、少吃零食

醒着的时间那么长,不吃点零食总觉得缺了什么。熬夜本身就让人长胖,还会增加高能量、高脂肪、高糖零食的吸引力。忍了一个白天没吃的零食,通宵时很可能抵御不住诱惑[8, 9]。一个晚上吃下来,可能抵得上一天正餐的能量了。 实在嘴里没有味道,可以提前准备些水果蔬菜,处理成方便拿取的条块。嫌弃它们寡淡的话,搭配些低能量的酱料更好接受,比如酸奶等。除此之外,坚果及豆类也可以少吃一点。这些食物当中的维生素可以减轻缺觉对大脑功能的影响,没准儿能让你多赢几局[10, 11]。

多吃蔬菜水果丨pixabay

3、多喝水

吃得不满足,可以用喝水来填补。而且熬夜时皮肤干燥脱屑,弹性和光泽消失,皱纹增多,在加湿器和面膜之外,多喝水也能让皮肤水润一些[12-14]。但喝添加糖含量高的饮料反而让皮肤更差,白水效果最好。除了皮肤,多喝水对身体很多器官都有好处,还能强迫我们去卫生间时多走走路。 有些人熬夜时以咖啡代水,喝咖啡确实可以提神,减轻缺觉时的反应迟钝及记忆力下降[15]。不过几个小时后作用会慢慢消退,如果再喝更多,困倦是可以减少,但大量的咖啡加上熬夜,可能造成咖啡因中毒。如果感觉坐立不安、心慌、肠胃不舒服,也许就是喝太多了[15]。 另外,咖啡与第二天补觉间隔时间不能太短。睡前2小时内喝咖啡影响最大,间隔8小时以上比较保险。当然了,这也取决于个人对咖啡因的反应及咖啡总量,如果白天喝了不舒服或没有提神效果,就不用在熬夜时尝试了[15]。

喝咖啡不要太多太晚丨pxfuel

4、尽量远离烟酒

除了用咖啡提神,吸烟者熬夜时常会吸更多烟来保持清醒[16]。大家互相交换香烟让人记不清吸了多少支,不经意间就大大超出平时的量,出现心血管病的可能额外增加。如果在室内,二手烟也会殃及周围的人。 少有用喝酒保持清醒的,但可能劝说“再喝点,一会儿睡得更好!”喝酒确实让人更快入睡,但睡眠质量反而降低,补觉后可能被头痛恶心的宿醉反应困扰,用酒精催眠不是个好主意[17]。

5、抽空小睡一会儿

说是通宵,中间小睡一会儿也不耽误继续玩耍。醒来后精力恢复,熬夜对健康的危害也减小[18]。从凌晨两点到三点开始小睡20~40分钟就会明显降低疲劳感。但不能睡得太久,否则刚醒来时反而觉得困倦,还得清醒半小时才能恢复正常[19-21]。
如果通宵不睡,一直瞪大眼睛盯着手中的牌、手机或电视的屏幕,可能出现看东西模糊,眼睛干涩、胀痛发痒、头晕或头痛等视疲劳的表现。怕睡着不敢闭眼休息的话,可以把灯光调整到明亮但不刺眼,减少眼睛的压力。眼药水也能增加润滑,缓解眼睛的干涩,使用频繁时选择不加防腐剂的人工泪液更安全[22]。

小睡一会儿丨flickr


 熬夜后 

熬夜的圆满结束不在天明各自回家时,而要等到身体完全恢复。回家路上和通宵的第二天身体功能还没逃离缺乏睡眠的影响,所以不能马上恢复日常生活习惯。

1、缺觉司机不靠谱

开了千百遍的路再熟悉,熬夜之后也会变得危险。因为缺觉时,人的反应速度明显减慢,操作和判断的能力也下降。值夜班的人早晨下班开车回家时,发生交通事故的风险比平时高7倍。 如果必须开车,提前小睡一会儿,出门前再喝点咖啡更安全[15, 23]。

熬夜后尽量不开车丨pixabay

2、补觉,别补零食和运动

安全到家之后先补觉,虽然这不能让你立即恢复到前一天的状态,但可以减少疲劳,让身体状态好一些[24]。时间不多的话,在午后睡上几十分钟就有效果[25, 26]。如果实在需要熬到第二天晚上,就多睡几个小时补偿一下[27]。 睡醒起来和熬夜时一样想吃高能量零食,不爱吃蔬菜水果[8]。这种睡眠对食欲的影响没法改变,我们只能在多补觉之外竭力控制住自己了。 即使吃多,熬夜之后也别用剧烈运动消耗能量。虽然长期运动的人更能熬夜,缺觉对身体的伤害也比较小,但熬夜第二天运动会感觉力不从心[28-30]。即使是健康的年轻人,一晚不睡觉心脏相关的指标就会变差,容易发生心律失常[31, 32]。再加上烟酒情绪等影响,剧烈运动容易出现意外。

熬夜后不要剧烈运动丨pixabay

充分做好了准备,开始愉快的通宵玩耍吧 也不能随便熬夜! 通宵第二天疲劳和皮肤变差是小事,更重要的是身体代谢和免疫功能都被打乱,脑子也会不好用,这些都不是补一觉就能完全恢复的。



参考文献

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