小词详解 | defect
defect 英 [ˈdiːfekt , dɪˈfekt] 美 [ˈdiːfekt , dɪˈfekt]
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外刊例句
Child marriage, once rife, is ebbing. So is cousin marriage, with its attendant risk of genetic defects, though it is still fairly common in the Middle East and parts of Asia.
曾经盛行的童婚习俗正在消退。可能导致遗传缺陷的近亲联姻也在减少,不过这在中东和亚洲部分地区仍然相当普遍。
——《经济学人》Brazil saw a surge in birth defects related to the mosquito-borne Zika virus.
巴西出现了与蚊媒寨卡病毒相关的出生缺陷激增。
——《纽约时报》
基本释义
[noun] a shortcoming, imperfection, or lack
[名词] 缺点、缺陷或缺乏
深入解读
Defect 是一个与许多熟词诸如 effect, affect, infect, perfect 等结尾相同的单词。该词于15世纪初期经古法语 defect 或直接经拉丁语 defectus (失败;缺乏;弱点、缺点、缺陷;反叛、叛逃)进入英语后作名词表示“缺乏、欠缺”,主要指使形式完整或功能有效所必需的东西缺乏,比如是非观念的缺乏(a defect in the sense of right and wrong)。
不过发展到现在, defect 主要用来指“缺点、缺陷、毛病”,同样意味着缺少或缺乏某种对于事物完整或完美来说至关重要的东西,不一定在表面上明显可见,包括上面外刊例句中提到的人生理上的“缺陷、障碍”,比如:
被告已为他的船投保了海难或船体潜在缺陷造成的损失或损害险。
The defendant had insured his ship against loss or damage caused by perils of sea or latent defect in hull.
而用作动词时, defect 则常用搭配 defect (from sth) (to sth) 指为了加入敌对国家、政党、事业等而“叛逃、背叛、变节、倒戈、脱离、退出”原本的国家、政党、事业等,比如:
上周他试图叛逃到西方。有人告发他是外国间谍。
He tried to defect to the West last week. He was denounced as a foreign spy.
最后值得注意的是, defect 的名词读音与动词读音略有不同,在首图下方的音标栏中可见该词有两个读音,其中前者为名词读音,后者为动词读音。
名著用例
Your defect was not that you knew so little about life, but that you knew so much.
你的毛病不是你对生活懂的太少,而是太多了。
出自英国作家、诗人、散文家奥斯卡·王尔德(Oscar Wilde)的狱中情笺《自深深处》(De Profundis)。
同近义词
blemish: a small mark or flaw which spoils the appearance of something
flaw: a mark, fault, or other imperfection that mars a substance or object
fault: an unattractive or unsatisfactory feature, especially in a piece of work or in a person's character
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