2018年统招专升本英语语法汇总
弘正学苑培训专升本报名
目录
一、句子成分与基本结构(包括时态）1
二、不定式5
三、动词的时态和语态29
一般现在时的特例29
一般过去时的注意点30
一般将来时的注意点30
四、非谓语动词31
五、复合式谓语41
六、动词的虚拟语气45
七、状语从句50
1、时间状语从句50
2.地点状语从句52
3、原因状语从句52
4．条件状语从句53
5．让步状语从句54
6．目的状语从句54
7．结果状语从句55
8．方式状语从句56
一、句子成分与基本结构(包括时态）
•
主语 subject
谓语 predicate
宾语 object
宾语补足语 object complement
表语 predictive
定语 attributive
状语 adverbial
WARM-UP：1)The teacher in the classroom. 2)Sang many songs and danced happily. 3)She attracts.
4)Many people living in the country. 5)All the books on the desk over there.
以上这些形式都不能构成英语句子。
英语句子(sentence)=主语+谓语（核心：主动词）
I．八大成分的概念和构成
1．主语(名词代词形)：句子的主体，是谓语陈述，说明的对象。
If you want the rainbow you have to put up with the rain.
不经历风雨，怎么见彩虹。
The secret of success is to start from scratch and keep on scratching.
成功的秘诀在于从磨练开始，并要坚持不断磨练。
充当主语的形式：1）名词2）代词3）名词短语4）名词从句5）数词6）不定式7）-ing形式8）介词短语（少见）
形式主语（名词从句，不定式，动名词）（见第六讲主语和宾语）
2．谓语：表示主语的行为或进行的活动。
I have a dream.
You don’t always want what you need, or need what you want.
所需之物未必皆所欲，所欲未必皆所需。
谓语形式：动词（英语句子的灵魂）
3．宾语：行为或活动的对象，接受者或受影响者。
You don’t find opportunities…you make them.
你找不到机会。你得去创造机会。
You probably won’t hear opportunity knock if your television is always on.
如果你常开着电视，你就可能听不到机会的敲门声。
充当宾语形式：1）名词2）代词3）名词短语4）名词从句5）数词6）不定式7）-ing形式
形式宾语（名词从句，不定式，动名词）（见第六讲主语和宾语）
4．表语：说明主语的身份和情况。(跟在系动词后)
Time is money.
Three o’clock is always too late or too early for anything you want to do.
你想做什么事，三点钟总是太早或太迟。
构成形式：1）名词2）形容词3）代词4）数词5）不定式6）ing形式7）过去分词8）副词9）介词短语10）小品词
11）名词从句
5．补语：补充说明。（由动词类别来决定）
构成形式：1）名词2）代词3）形容词4）数词5）不定式6）-ing形式7）过去分词8）介词短语
9）副词小品词10）名词从句
主语补语
Tom was made monitor.
宾语补语
I made Tom monitor.
表语补语
I am sure to succeed.
First comes spring, then summer.
I’ve never been to America, therefore I don’t know much about it.
3)评述性状语：修饰整个句子，表示说话人的看法或态度。
Frankly speaking, the food is not very good.
英语句子成分歌
英语句子八呀八大块， 主谓宾表真呀真实在；
补语跟着宾语表语跑， 定语同位（语）专把名词踹。
状语的位置它自由自在， 忽右忽左随心所欲摆。
浑身的毛病真呀真不少， 前后乱窜它还会加塞。（RAP）
II．成分关系
1．补语跟着宾语表语跑：
补语跟在宾语和表语的后面构成宾补和表补。把有宾补的句子变成被动语态，则宾补就变成了主补。
To love others makes us happy…to love ourselves makes us lonely.（宾补）
We are made happy to love others…we are made lonely to love ourselves.（主补）
爱他人使我们幸福，在自己使我们孤单。
2．定语，同位（语）专把名词踹：
定语，同位语修饰名词性形式
Experience is the best teacher.（被定语所修饰的形式为名词）
They are going to Melbourne, the beautiful city in southern Australia.（同位语所修饰的形式为名词）
/ (I) thank you. ((我)谢谢你。)
(4)反意问句的附加问句,主语必须是代词：The man looks worried,doesn’t he? (这个人看上去很着急不是吗？)
/ Tigers are dangerous animals, aren’t they? (老虎是危险的动物不是吗？)
(5)祈使句一般省略主语。加主语时往往用来指定某个人。
Keep the keyboards clean, children. (孩子们请保持键盘的清洁。) (省略了主语)
/ You go there and fetch me a glass of water. (你去给我弄一杯水来。)
(6)主语一般在句首,但在问句中会处于第二位和句尾；倒装句及there be句型主语在动词之后。
如：Computers are made in this factory. (计算机生产于这家工厂。)
/ Where are they? (他们在哪儿？) / Does the boy like staying home? (这个男孩喜欢呆在家里吗？)
(7)主语与谓语必须保持单、复数的一致, 而谓语与表语或宾语之间没有这一要求。
Neither Jim nor Rose has passed the exam. (Jim和Rose都没有通过考试。)
/ The Chinese people are a hardworking and brave people. (中华民族是一个勤劳勇敢的民族。)
止
禽流感蔓延。)
二、不定式
一、作主语
不定式作主语
动词不定式作主语时，句子的谓语动词常用单数，其位置有以下两种：
(1)把不定式置于句首。如：
To get there by bike will take us half an hour.
(2)用it作形式主语，把真正的主语不定式置于句后，常用于下列句式中。如：
①It＋be＋名词＋to do
It's our duty to take good care of the old.
②It takes sb+some time+to do
How long did it take you to finish the work?
不定式作宾语
①以下动词后，只能跟不定式作宾语。如：agree,ask,aim,arrange,choose,decide,demand,expect,fail ,help,hope,lean,long,
manage,offer,plan,prepare,pretend,promise,refuse,wish等，
这些词大部分可接that引导的从句。如：
I decided to ask for my money back.
I decided that I would ask for my money back.
When our visit to the farm was over,we expected to startback on foot.
When our visit to the farm was over, we expected that wewould start back on foot.
②当复合宾语中的宾语是不定式时，先用形式宾语it代替不定式，把不定式置于补语之后，
即：主语＋动 词＋it＋补语＋to do句式。如：
We think it quite important for us to learn a foreignlanguage well.
He feels it his duty to help the poor.
③介词but,except,besides+to do(do)
在这种句型中，如介词前有动词do，后面应接不带to的不定式；如无do，则接to不定式，
即带do不带to， 带to不带do。如：
The enemy soldiers had no choice but to give in.
On Sunday afternoon I had nothing to do but watch TV
It is +adj.+ to do sth 句型
It is difficult for us to finish writing the compositionin a quarter of an hour.
④It＋be＋形容词＋of sb＋to do
It is stupid of you to write down everything the teachersays.
⑤It seems(appears)＋形容词＋to do
It seemed impossible to save money.
在句型③中，常用表示客观情况的形容词，如：difficult,easy,hard,important,
impossible,necessary 等；
在句型④中，常用careless,clever,good,foolish,honest,kind,lazy,nice,right,silly,
stupid,wise等 表示赞扬或批评的词。在不定式前的sb，可看作其逻辑主语。
这一句式有时相当于Sb is＋形容词＋to do句式 ，
如：It'skind of you to help me with my English.
=You are kind to helpme with my English.
以及whether后面接一个带to的动词不定式。这种结构是连接词宾语从句的简略形式。
I wonder who to invite. (= who I should invite)
Show us what to do. (=what we must do)
I don’t know whether to answer his letter. (=此处不用if）
4..不定式作宾语时,如带有宾语补足语,则要把不定式放到后面,用it作形式宾语,
构成"主语+动词+it+宾补(形容词,名词)+不定式"
He found it very difficult to get to sleep.
他发现很难入睡.
注意：常用此结构的动词有consider,judge,make,feel,make 等。
句型四： 形容词+ to do sth
of sb to do 用来说明人的性格特征和行为表现的动态形容词与不定式连用，
常用brave,careful cruel, generous,clever, foolish, kind,
modest, pilite,nice,rude,stupid,等形容词
It is wise of you not to agree with you.
It is generous of him to lend me his car,
不定式作状语
⒈作目的状语
(1) ①I stayed there to see what would happen.
②Henry has decided to go to the hospital to be
answer.
The room is really comfortable to live in.
常这样用的形容词有：comfortable,easy,dangerous,difficult,expensive,fit,impossible等。
⒉作结果状语
We came home after our holiday to find our garden neat and tidy.
不定式作结果状语还常用在下列句式中。如：
①so…as to;such…as to
I'm not so stupid(a fool) as to put it in writing.我不至于愚蠢到会把它写下来。
I'm not such a stupid fool as to put it in writing.
②enough…to
The speed is high enough for us to catch up with thefirst liner.
③only to
Jane hurried back only to find her mother dying inthehospital.
④too…to
I'm too tired to stay up longer.
但在下列结构中，too…to并非是“太……而不能……”之意。如：
①I'm only too glad to have passed the exam.考试及格我太高兴了。
（too修饰glad to have…，相当 于very）
②We have too much to learn.我们要学的太多了（不定式作定语）。
too....to 的用法
一、too... to... 的意义
too... to 句型形式上是肯定的，但是它在意义上却是否定的，表示"太……而不能……"。
too 的后面接形容词或副词的原级，to 的后面接动词原形。too... to...句型是简单句。
例如：
He is too young to join the army. 他年龄太小，不能参军。
二、动词不定式的逻辑主语
动词不定式所表示的动作的执行者与整个句子的主语不指同一人或物时，
需要在动词不定式前加上一个逻辑主语(常用for sb.)。例如：
The maths problem is too difficult for me to work out. 这道数学题太难我解不出来。
三、too... to... 结构表达肯定的意义
1. too 前面含有表示否定意义的词，如: not, never, nothing等时，
too... to... 结构不表示否定的意义。例如：
It is never too old to learn. 活到老，学到老。(要学永远都不迟。)
2. 如果在too... to...这种结构的前面出现了only, 不仅免去了too的否定意义，
反而加强了too的肯定语气，only too 相当于very 或very much。例如：
I shall be only too pleased to get home. 到了家我将极其高兴。
3. too后接表示感情的形容词，如glad, pleased, happy, sad等时，
too... to...句型不再表示否定意义，而表示的是肯定意义。例如：
He is too sad to hear the bad news. 听到这个不幸的消息他太悲伤了。
四、too... to... 结构与enough...to... 结构及so... that...结构的相互转换
1. 将too...to...结构转换为enough... to... 结构时，要注意：
(1) enough 前的形容词或副词应是too前面形容词或副词的反义词；
(2) enough... to... 句式须用否定式；
(3) too... to...结构有逻辑主语时，
enough... to... 结构也要加上逻辑主语。例如：
She is too young to do the work. = She isn't old enough to do the work.
The problem is too hard for him to work out.= The problem isn't easy
enough for him to work out.
2. 将too...to...结构转换为so... that... 结构时，要注意：
(1) so... that... 结构是复合句，so 的后面接形容词或副词的原级，that的后面接从句。
(2) that后面的从句要用否定形式。例如：
She is too young to go to school. = She is so young that she can't go to school.
请同学们做做下列中考题，以便检验你对too... to...用法的掌握情况。
2. b. so, that c. too, for me to
3. b. so, that
不定式作定语
不定式在句中作定语，置于被修饰的名词或代词之后。如：
①The next train to arrive is from Washington.
②Have you anything to be taken to your sister?
③Do you have anything to say on the question?
④Would you please give me some paper to write on?
⑤My wish to visit France has come true at last.
不定式短语作定语和被修饰词之间表示以下关系：
(1)表示将来的动作（例①）。
(2)与被修饰词之间有动宾关系，如是不及物动词，则需加介词（例④）。
(3)与被修饰词之间有动宾关系，同时与句中其它词之间又有逻辑上的主谓关系时，
尽管有被动含义，却仍 用主动语态（例③）；如只有动宾关系，而无逻辑上的主谓关系，
则需用被动语态（例②）。
(4)不定式作定语时，一般可转换为定语从句，例①to arrive=that will arrive。
作宾语补足语
一些及物动词除要求按宾语外，有时还需要有宾语补足语，说明宾语的行为、状态、特征，
这时意思才相对完整。
(1)常要求不定式作宾补的动词有：allow,ask,advise,beg,cause,drive（强迫），
encourage,expect,fo rbid,force,get,would like(love,hate),order,permit,persuade,
teach,tell,want,warn,wish等。如：
①Would you like me to give your regards to Mary?
②I want you to understand the whole passage clearly.
(2)部分动词后常接to be＋形容词、名词短语等形式，有时to be可省略，
如：believe,consider,discover,find(=consider),feel(=think),imagine,judge,know,prove,
think,suppose,see(=understand),understa nd等。
①We all believe John(to be)honest.
②I consider him(to be)one of the best biology teachers of No. 1 Middle School.
但当不定式是完成式时，to不能省略，如：We consider him tohave been foolish.
不定式作主语补足语，和主语构成一种逻辑上的主谓关系。如：
①He was not allowed to enter the classroom for being late.
②The young university student is considered to have great promise.
⒊不定式短语还可作独立成分，用于句首、句中或句末。如：
To tell the truth,the play was a great disappointment tome.
常见的短语有to be exact（确切地说），to begin with（首先），
to do him justice（说句对他公道的 话），to be sure（真的）等等。
不定式作表语表示具体动作或将来动作；
①To be kind to the enemy is to be cruel to the people.
②My chief purpose is to point out the difficulties ofthe matter.
③What I would suggest is to put off the meeting.
⒉动名词作主语
Learning without practice is no good.
动名词作主语时，也常用It句式。如：
①It's +no good(no use,fun,a pleasure,a waste of time)+doing…
It's no good reading in dim light.
It's no use sitting here waiting.
②It's＋形容词＋doing
It's dangerous swimming in the sea in windy days.
这样用的形容词有expensive,nice,tiring等，但important,necessary则不适用于这种结构，
应用不定式 代替，如：It'simportant for you to keep fit.
③There is no+doing
There is no saying what will happen next.
在这一结构中，动名词后常带宾语，相当于"It's impossible to…"结构。
⒊动词不定式和动名词作主语的区别
①不定式作主语经常表示具体动作，常与特定的动作执行者联系在一起；
而动名词作主语经常表示抽象动作，经常不与特定的动作执行者联系在一起。如：
It's no good eating too much fat.
It's no good for you to eat so much fat.
②动名词结构作主语，可以用名词或代词属格形式作逻辑主语。如：
It's no use your pretending that you didn't know the rules.
二、作宾语
⒉动名词作宾语
①以下动词后，只能接动名词作宾语，如：admit,appreciate,consider,delay,enjoy,finish,
keep,imag ine,mind,miss,practise,resist,risk,save,suggest,don't mind,give up,
insist,on, put off等。如：
I suggest spending our summer vacation in a seaside town.
You must give up smoking, for it does too much harm toyour health.
②动名词作介词的宾语
I should go to attend the birthday celebration instead of staying at home.
What about inviting Li Jun to make a speech?
动名词前的介词有时可以省略，如：have difficulty(in)doing,have no trouble(in)doing,
lose no ti me(in)doing,prevent/stop…(from)doing,there is no use(in)doing等。
⒊部分动词后面，既可接动词不定式，也可接动名词作宾语，意义不变。如：begin,continue,
start,hat e,like,love,need,require,want等。
在need,require,want后接-ing形式，表示被动意义，也可接不定式，但要用被动形式，
如：Your handwr iting needs improving(tobe improved).
hate,love,like接不定式表示特定的未来事件，
接动名词表示目前正在进行的活动或一般的行为。 在下列情况下，一般要用不定式：
①hate,like,love前有would(should)时，如：I'd like to have a cup of coffee.
②当谓语动词begin,continue,start等是进行式时，
如：Thestudents are starting to work on the di fficult maths problem.
③begin,continue,start与know,understand等状态动词连用时，如：I soon began to
understand what was happening.
⒋advise,allow,encourage,forbid,permit等动词后接动名词作宾语，
或带不定式作宾语补足语。如：
Our teachers don't permit our swimming in the lake.
Our teachers don't permit us to swim in the lake.
⒌部分动词后接不定式或动名词时，意义差别较大，应根据句子语境选择使用。
①forget,remember,regret后接不定式，表示现在或未来的动作，接动名词表示动作已经发生。如：
Don't forget fo post the letter for me.
Have you forgotten meeting her in Beijing Airport?
Remember to close the windows before you leave.
I remember writing him a letter a year ago.
We regret to tell you that all of you are not invited toattend the meeting.
They regretted ordering these books from abroad.
②mean to do 打算做某事
doing 意味着……
I meant to catch up with the early bus.
This means wasting a lot of money.
③try to do 设法尽力做某事
doing 试着做某事
You should try to overcome your shortcomings.
Try working out the physics problem in another way.
④stop to do 停下一件事去做另一件事（不定式作目的状语）
doing 停止做某事
On the way to the airport,I stopped to buy a paper.
You'd better stop arguing and do as you are told.
⑤can't help doing 禁不住……
to do不能帮助干……
They couldn't help jumping up at the news.
Sorry I have lots of work to do.So I can't help to make up the room for you.
⑥go on to do 做不同的事或不同内容的事
doing 继续不停地做某事，指同一动作的继续
He went on to talk about world situation.他接着又谈了世界形势。
We'll go on fighting so long as there is oppression inthe world.
⑦leave off to do 离开某地去干什么（目的状语）
doing停下某事
It's time to leave off talking and to start acting.
They left off to go fishing.
三、做表语
动名词作表语表示抽象的一般行为。当主语和表语都是不定式时，其含义一是条件，
一是结果（例①）。当主语是aim,duty,hope,idea,mista ke,plan,purpose,suggestion等
为中心词的名词词组（例②）时，或以what引导的名词性分句（例③），
不定 式说明主语的内容。
④Our work is serving the people.
⑤What he likes is taking a walk after supper.
⑥The story told by Mr.Wang is interesting.
④⑤句动名词作表语，与主语部分可以转换，如Serving thepeople is out work,
而⑥句中是现在分词作 表语，说明主语的性质、状态，现在分词具有形容词的各种特征，
另外，动名词作表语还应与进行时态区别开 来。
四、作定语
动名词作定语
①This passage can be used as listening materials.
②The reading room of our school library can hold 800people.
③All moving bodies have energy.
①②句动名词作定语说明一种性能，即：用来……的；第③句为现在分词作定语，
单个分词作定语常置于 被修饰词之前，与被修饰词之间，可构成逻辑上的主谓关系，
分词短语作定语常置于被修饰词之后。
如：The man standing at the school gate is Professor Hua.
动词不定式、动名词的其它用法
⒈疑问词＋不定式结构
疑问词who,what,which,when,where,whether,how后可接不定式构成不定式短语，
在句中作主语、宾语、表 语等。如：
①When to leave for London has not been decided yet.
②Mr. Smith didn't know whether to leave or stay there.
③I asked Professor Xu how to learn English well.
④The question was where to get the medicine needed.
以上例句中疑问词＋不定式部分，均可转换为相应的从句形式。
如：①When we shall leave…
③…how I could learn…
经常在这种结构中使用的动词有：consider,decide,discover,explain,find out,forget,
hear,know,lea rn,observe,understand,wonder等。
⒉动词不定式的时态、语态
(1)时态
①一般式：动词不定式一般式表示的动作发生在谓语动词之后，有时表示同时发生。如：
I hope to become a university student this year.（tobecome发生在hope之后）
We often hear Dick play the piano in the next room.（play和hear同时发生）
②完成式：表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。如：
I'm sorry to have kept you waiting.
We are too young to have seen the old society.
③进行式：表示的动作与谓语动词同时发生。如：
The teacher happened to be correcting our papers when Icame in.
They seemed to be discussing something important.
(2)语态
如果动词不定式的逻辑主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者，
不定式一般要用被动语态形式。如：
It's a great honour to be invited to Mary's birthday party.（不定式作主语）
It was impossible for lost time to be made up.（不定式作主语）
I wish to be sent to work in the country.（不定式作宾语）
Can you tell me which is the car to be repaired?（不定式作定语）
He went to the hospital to be examined.（不定式作状语）
在There be结构中，修饰主语的不定式可用被动，也可用主动。
如：There are still many things to t ake care of (to be taken care of).
但有时两种形式表达的意思不同，
如：These is nothing to do now.( We have nothing to do now.)
There is nothing to be done now.(We can do nothing now.)
⒊动名词的时态、语态
(1)时态
①一般式：动名词的一般式所表示的动作可以是泛指，也可与谓语动词同时发生，
或发生在谓语动作之前 、之后。如：
We are interested in collecting stamps.
I shall never forget seeing the Great Wall for the firsttime.
We are not afraid of dying.
②完成式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前。如：
Lmagine having travelled on the moon.
We were praised for having finished the work ahead of time.
(2)被动语态
①如果动名词的逻辑主语为动名词所表示的动作的承受者，动名词要用被动语态，
动名词的被动语态有一 般式与完成式之分。如：
The young man came in without being noticed.
He prided himself on having never been beaten in class.
②有些动词后的动名词用主动形式，但表示被动意义。如：
The bike needs repairing.
If a thing is worth doing, it is worth doing well.
⒋在口语中，为避免重复，常用"to"代替不定式结构，有时甚至可以把to省略。如：
①—Did you go to visit the Great Wall?
—No,I wanted to,but there wasn't enough time.
②—Would you like to come to a party?
—I'd love to.
③—Don't make any mistakes in your homework,will you?
—I'll try not to.
④—Try to be back by 12,won't you?
—OK,I'll try.
另外，be going to,ought to,used to等也常用于这一结构中。
⒌在why引起的问句中，省略"to"。如：
Why spend such a lot of money?
Why not wait for a couple of days?
⒍当两个或更多作用相同的不定式并列使用时，只在第一个不定式前加"to"。如：
It's quite necessary for us to read more and have morepractice.
⒎"to"在下列短语中是“介词”，后接动名词或名词形式。如：
devote…to,face up to（勇敢地面对），look forward to（盼望），object to（反对），
take to（养 成习惯，对……感兴趣；开始从事某种活动），be used to（习惯于）等。
三、动词的时态和语态
动词的时态和语态【to be continued】
时态是谓语动词所表示的动作或情况发生时间的各种形式。
一般 | 进行 | 完成 | 完成进行 | |
现在 | am, is , are, do, does | am/is/are doing | have/has done | have/has been doing |
将来 | will/shall do | will/shall be doing | will/shall have done | will/shall have been doing |
过去 | was, were, did, v-ed | was/were doing | had done | had been doing |
过去 将来 | would/should do | would/should be doing | would/should have done | would/should have been doing |
一般现在时的特例
（1） Practice makes perfect.
熟能生巧。
Duck has two legs.
鸭子有两条腿。
vMy father told me that the earth _____(go) around the sun. 【goes】
（2）表示客观事实、普遍真理，特别是用于表示科学事实、客观存在和格言等。
vThe earth goes around the sun.
地球绕着太阳转。
用于表示一般将来时的主从复合句的从句中可以表示将来时；也就是说，主句用一般 将来时，从句用一般现在时。
When he arrives, he’ll tell us all about the match. 当他到的时候，他会告诉我们这场比赛的经过。
I can’t come unless my brother agrees. 我不能来，除非我哥哥同意。
If he arrives in Paris, Peter will give me a call .
如果peter到了巴黎，他会给我电话的。
一般过去时的注意点
在条件从句中表示与现在或将来事实相反的假设。（虚拟语气）
If I were you, I wouldn’t accept the offer. 如果我是你，我不会接受这个提议。
I wish, It’s (high) time后that从句中，表示与现在或将来的事实相反的主观设想
It’s time you went to bed. 你该睡觉了。
I wish I were a bird .
2) 表示过去经常发生的动作，也可用“used to”和“would +动词原形”。
注意：used to表示过去常发生而现在不再发生的动作或存在的状态。另外“be used to + 名词或动名词”表示“习惯于……”。例如：
I used to smoke when I was a college freshman.
一般将来时的注意点
一般将来时表示将要发生的动作或状况，由助动词shall或will加动词原形构成以及be going to 。Shall 用于第一人称，will用于第二、三人称。一般和表示时常、将来的时间状语连用，如tomorrow, next month, next week等。如：
l) “be going to+动词原形”，表示即将发生的或最近打算进行的事。例如：
We are going to have a meeting today．
2) go, come, start, move, sail, leave, arrive 等词可用进行时态表示按计划即将发生的动作；有时用一般现在时也可表示将来。例如：
I’m leaving for Beijing
be going to的用法
1. 用于表将来 Their daughter is to get married soon.
2. 表示 “义务”、“应该” 。(意思接近于should， must， ought to， have to)
You are to be back by 10 o’clock. 你必须十点以前回来。
3. 表示 “命运”, 将来必然要发生的事, 译作 “注定……”。如： The worst is still to come.
They said goodbye, little knowing they were never to meet again.
四、非谓语动词
非谓语动词（1）
一、作主语
⒈不定式作主语
动词不定式作主语时，句子的谓语动词常用单数，其位置有以下两种：
(1)把不定式置于句首。如：
To get there by bike will take us half an hour.
(2)用it作形式主语，把真正的主语不定式置于句后，常用于下列句式中。如：
①It＋be＋名词＋to do
It's our duty to take good care of the old.
②It takes sb+some time+to do
How long did it take you to finish the work?
不定式作宾语
①以下动词后，只能跟不定式作宾语。如：agree,ask,aim,arrange,choose,decide,demand,expect,fail ,help,hope,lean,long,
manage,offer,plan,prepare,pretend,promise,refuse,wish等，这些词大部分可接that引导的从句。如：
I decided to ask for my money back.
I decided that I would ask for my money back.
When our visit to the farm was over,we expected to startback on foot.
When our visit to the farm was over, we expected that wewould start back on foot.
②当复合宾语中的宾语是不定式时，先用形式宾语it代替不定式，把不定式置于补语之后，即：主语＋动 词＋it＋补语＋to do句式。如：
We think it quite important for us to learn a foreignlanguage well.
He feels it his duty to help the poor.
③介词but,except,besides+to do(do)
在这种句型中，如介词前有动词do，后面应接不带to的不定式；如无do，则接to不定式，即带do不带to， 带to不带do。如：
The enemy soldiers had no choice but to give in.
On Sunday afternoon I had nothing to do but watch TV
It is +adj.+ to do sth 句型
It is difficult for us to finish writing the compositionin a quarter of an hour.
④It＋be＋形容词＋of sb＋to do
It is stupid of you to write down everything the teachersays.
⑤It seems(appears)＋形容词＋to do
It seemed impossible to save money.
在句型③中，常用表示客观情况的形容词，如：difficult,easy,hard,important,impossible,necessary 等；
在句型④中，常用careless,clever,good,foolish,honest,kind,lazy,nice,right,silly,stupid,wise等 表示赞扬或批评的词。在不定式前的sb，可看作其逻辑主语。这一句式有时相当于Sb is＋形容词＋to do句式 ，如：It'skind of you to help me with
my English.=You are kind to helpme with my English.
2.动词+to do（作宾语）
动词不定式做宾语其实你只要把不定式(to do sth)看成一个名词即可,
它属于五种基本句型里的主+谓+宾结构,例如 I beg to differ.我不敢苟同.
能用此结构的动词有:
决心decide determin学会learn想want希望expect wish hope,拒绝refuse设法manage strive愿care假装pretend,主动ofer答应promise选choose
计划plan,同意agree请求ask beg帮一帮help.为方便记忆大家把汉字连成句.
另外再加上afford to do sth 承担的起
3. 在一些动词之后，可以在连接代词（what/who/which)或者连接副词（how/when/where)以及whether后面接一个带to的动词不定式。这种结构是连接词宾语从句的简略形式。
I wonder who to invite. (= who I should invite)
Show us what to do. (=what we must do)
I don’t know whether to answer his letter. (=此处不用if）
4..不定式作宾语时,如带有宾语补足语,则要把不定式放到后面,用it作形式宾语,构成"主语+动词+it+宾补(形容词,名词)+不定式"
He found it very difficult to get to sleep.
他发现很难入睡.
注意：常用此结构的动词有consider,judge,make,feel,make 等。
句型四： 形容词+ to do sth
of sb to do 用来说明人的性格特征和行为表现的动态形容词与不定式连用，常用brave,careful cruel, generous,clever, foolish, kind,
modest, pilite,nice,rude,stupid,等形容词
It is wise of you not to agree with you.
It is generous of him to lend me his car,
不定式作状语
⒈作目的状语
(1) ①I stayed there to see what would happen.
②Henry has decided to go to the hospital to be examinedby the doctor.
(2)有时为了强调，不定式前可加in order或so as。如：
Bob took down my telephone number so as(in order)not toforget it.
有时为强调目的状语可把in order to或不定式置于句首，但so as to不能这样用。在这种句式中不定式部 分可转换为so that,in order that,成为目的状语从句，如：
I stayed there so that (in order that)I could see whatwould happen.
(3)在部分表示感情色彩的形容词、过去分词或动词之后可接不定式，如：astonished,glad,happy,laugh ,pleased, sad,smile,sorry,surprised等。
①We are glad to hear the news.
②I was surprised to see that a three-year-old baby could write so well.
在部分形容词后接不定式，用主动形式表示被动意义，这种句型中的主语是不定式的逻辑宾语。
如：The question raised by thestudent is difficult to answer.
The room is really comfortable to live in.
常这样用的形容词有：comfortable,easy,dangerous,difficult,expensive,fit,impossible等。
⒉作结果状语
We came home after our holiday to find our garden neat and tidy.
不定式作结果状语还常用在下列句式中。如：
①so…as to;such…as to
I'm not so stupid(a fool) as to put it in writing.我不至于愚蠢到会把它写下来。
I'm not such a stupid fool as to put it in writing.
②enough…to
The speed is high enough for us to catch up with thefirst liner.
③only to
Jane hurried back only to find her mother dying inthehospital.
④too…to
I'm too tired to stay up longer.
但在下列结构中，too…to并非是“太……而不能……”之意。如：
①I'm only too glad to have passed the exam.考试及格我太高兴了。（too修饰glad to have…，相当 于very）
②We have too much to learn.我们要学的太多了（不定式作定语）。
too....to 的用法
一、too... to... 的意义
too... to 句型形式上是肯定的，但是它在意义上却是否定的，表示"太……而不能……"。too 的后面接形容词或副词的原级，to 的后面接动词原形。too... to...句型是简单句。例如：
He is too young to join the army. 他年龄太小，不能参军。
二、动词不定式的逻辑主语
动词不定式所表示的动作的执行者与整个句子的主语不指同一人或物时，需要在动词不定式前加上一个逻辑主语(常用for sb.)。例如：
The maths problem is too difficult for me to work out. 这道数学题太难我解不出来。
三、too... to... 结构表达肯定的意义
1. too 前面含有表示否定意义的词，如: not, never, nothing等时，too... to... 结构不表示否定的意义。例如：
It is never too old to learn. 活到老，学到老。(要学永远都不迟。)
2. 如果在too... to...这种结构的前面出现了only, 不仅免去了too的否定意义，反而加强了too的肯定语气，only too 相当于very 或very much。例如：
I shall be only too pleased to get home. 到了家我将极其高兴。
3. too后接表示感情的形容词，如glad, pleased, happy, sad等时，too... to...句型不再表示否定意义，而表示的是肯定意义。例如：
He is too sad to hear the bad news. 听到这个不幸的消息他太悲伤了。
四、too... to... 结构与enough...to... 结构及so... that...结构的相互转换
1. 将too...to...结构转换为enough... to... 结构时，要注意：
(1) enough 前的形容词或副词应是too前面形容词或副词的反义词；
(2) enough... to... 句式须用否定式；
(3) too... to...结构有逻辑主语时，
enough... to... 结构也要加上逻辑主语。例如：
She is too young to do the work. = She isn't old enough to do the work.
The problem is too hard for him to work out.= The problem isn't easy
enough for him to work out.
2. 将too...to...结构转换为so... that... 结构时，要注意：
(1) so... that... 结构是复合句，so 的后面接形容词或副词的原级，that的后面接从句。
(2) that后面的从句要用否定形式。例如：
She is too young to go to school. = She is so young that she can't go to school.
请同学们做做下列中考题，以便检验你对too... to...用法的掌握情况。
变换下列句型：
1. a. The box is so heavy that I can't carry it.
b. The box is ________ heavy______ ________ ________ carry.
c. The box is not ________ ________ for me to carry.
2. a. The maths problem isn't easy enough for me to work out.
b. The maths problem is ________ difficult ________ I can't work it out.
c. The maths problem is ________ difficult ________ ________ ________ work out.
3. a. The book is interesting enough foreverybody to read.
b. The book is ________ interesting________ everybody likes to readit.
Keys: 1. b. too, for me to c. light enough
2. b. so, that c. too, for me to
3. b. so, that
不定式作定语
不定式在句中作定语，置于被修饰的名词或代词之后。如：
①The next train to arrive is from Washington.
②Have you anything to be taken to your sister?
③Do you have anything to say on the question?
④Would you please give me some paper to write on?
⑤My wish to visit France has come true at last.
不定式短语作定语和被修饰词之间表示以下关系：
(1)表示将来的动作（例①）。
(2)与被修饰词之间有动宾关系，如是不及物动词，则需加介词（例④）。
(3)与被修饰词之间有动宾关系，同时与句中其它词之间又有逻辑上的主谓关系时，尽管有被动含义，却仍 用主动语态（例③）；如只有动宾关系，而无逻辑上的主谓关系，则需用被动语态（例②）。
(4)不定式作定语时，一般可转换为定语从句，例①to arrive=that will arrive。
作宾语补足语
一些及物动词除要求按宾语外，有时还需要有宾语补足语，说明宾语的行为、状态、特征，这时意思才相 对完整。
(1)常要求不定式作宾补的动词有：allow,ask,advise,beg,cause,drive（强迫），encourage,expect,fo rbid,force,get,would like(love,hate),order,permit,persuade,teach,tell,want,warn,wish等。如：
①Would you like me to give your regards to Mary?
②I want you to understand the whole passage clearly.
(2)部分动词后常接to be＋形容词、名词短语等形式，有时to be可省略，如：believe,consider,discov er,find(=consider),feel(=think),imagine,judge,know,prove,think,suppose,see(=understand),understa nd等。
①We all believe John(to be)honest.
②I consider him(to be)one of the best biology teachers of No. 1 Middle School.
但当不定式是完成式时，to不能省略，如：We consider him tohave been foolish.
(3)感觉动词和使役动词后用作宾补的不定式须省略to。
①I didn't hear anyone say anything about it.
②They make the students do too much homework every day.
这种句式在变为被动语态时，to不能省略，如第②句：Thestudents are made to do too much homework
every day.
(4)help,know后面的"to"可有可无。如：
Would you please help me(to) fill in the taxform?
I've never known her(to)be late before.但：He was known to have been to France before.
(5)部分短语动词后，常接不定式作宾补，如：
You may depend on them to be there early.
The Party calls on us to increase production and practise economy.
常这样用的短语动词有：ask for,care for,call on,count on,depend on,wait for,long for（渴望）， prepare for,wish for等。
⒉作主语补足语
不定式作主语补足语，和主语构成一种逻辑上的主谓关系。如：
①He was not allowed to enter the classroom for being late.
②The young university student is considered to have great promise.
⒊不定式短语还可作独立成分，用于句首、句中或句末。如：
To tell the truth,the play was a great disappointment tome.
常见的短语有to be exact（确切地说），to begin with（首先），to do him justice（说句对他公道的 话），to be sure（真的）等等。
不定式作表语表示具体动作或将来动作；
①To be kind to the enemy is to be cruel to the people.
②My chief purpose is to point out the difficulties ofthe matter.
③What I would suggest is to put off the meeting.
⒉动名词作主语
Learning without practice is no good.
动名词作主语时，也常用It句式。如：
①It's +no good(no use,fun,a pleasure,a waste of time)+doing…
It's no good reading in dim light.
It's no use sitting here waiting.
②It's＋形容词＋doing
It's dangerous swimming in the sea in windy days.
这样用的形容词有expensive,nice,tiring等，但important,necessary则不适用于这种结构，应用不定式 代替，如：
It'simportant for you to keep fit.
③There is no+doing
There is no saying what will happen next.
在这一结构中，动名词后常带宾语，相当于"It's impossible to…"结构。
⒊动词不定式和动名词作主语的区别
①不定式作主语经常表示具体动作，常与特定的动作执行者联系在一起；而动名词作主语经常表示抽象动作，经常不与特定的动作执行者联系在一起。如：
It's no good eating too much fat.
It's no good for you to eat so much fat.
②动名词结构作主语，可以用名词或代词属格形式作逻辑主语。如：
It's no use your pretending that you didn't know the rules.
二、作宾语
⒉动名词作宾语
①以下动词后，只能接动名词作宾语，如：admit,appreciate,consider,delay,enjoy,finish,keep,imag ine,mind,miss,practise,resist,risk,save,suggest,don't mind,give up,insist,on, put off等。如：
I suggest spending our summer vacation in a seaside town.
You must give up smoking, for it does too much harm toyour health.
②动名词作介词的宾语
I should go to attend the birthday celebration instead of staying at home.
What about inviting Li Jun to make a speech?
动名词前的介词有时可以省略，如：have difficulty(in)doing,have no trouble(in)doing,lose no ti me(in)doing,prevent/stop…(from)doing,there is no use(in)doing等。
⒊部分动词后面，既可接动词不定式，也可接动名词作宾语，意义不变。如：begin,continue,start,hat e,like,love,need,require,want等。
在need,require,want后接-ing形式，表示被动意义，也可接不定式，但要用被动形式，如：Your handwr iting needs improving(tobe improved). hate,love,like接不定式表示特定的未来事件，接动名词表示目前 正在进行的活动或一般的行为。
在下列情况下，一般要用不定式：
①hate,like,love前有would(should)时，如：I'd like to have a cup of coffee.
②当谓语动词begin,continue,start等是进行式时，如：Thestudents are starting to work on the di fficult maths problem.
③begin,continue,start与know,understand等状态动词连用时，如：I soon began to understand what
was happening.
⒋advise,allow,encourage,forbid,permit等动词后接动名词作宾语，或带不定式作宾语补足语。如：
Our teachers don't permit our swimming in the lake.
Our teachers don't permit us to swim in the lake.
⒌部分动词后接不定式或动名词时，意义差别较大，应根据句子语境选择使用。
①forget,remember,regret后接不定式，表示现在或未来的动作，接动名词表示动作已经发生。如：
Don't forget fo post the letter for me.
Have you forgotten meeting her in Beijing Airport?
Remember to close the windows before you leave.
I remember writing him a letter a year ago.
We regret to tell you that all of you are not invited toattend the meeting.
They regretted ordering these books from abroad.
②mean to do 打算做某事
doing 意味着……
I meant to catch up with the early bus.
This means wasting a lot of money.
③try to do 设法尽力做某事
doing 试着做某事
You should try to overcome your shortcomings.
Try working out the physics problem in another way.
④stop to do 停下一件事去做另一件事（不定式作目的状语）
doing 停止做某事
On the way to the airport,I stopped to buy a paper.
You'd better stop arguing and do as you are told.
⑤can't help doing 禁不住……
to do不能帮助干……
They couldn't help jumping up at the news.
Sorry I have lots of work to do.So I can't help to make up the room for you.
⑥go on to do 做不同的事或不同内容的事
doing 继续不停地做某事，指同一动作的继续
He went on to talk about world situation.他接着又谈了世界形势。
We'll go on fighting so long as there is oppression inthe world.
⑦leave off to do 离开某地去干什么（目的状语）
doing停下某事
It's time to leave off talking and to start acting.
They left off to go fishing.
三、做表语
动名词作表语表示抽象的一般行为。当主语和表语都是不定式时，其含义一是条件，一是结果（例①）。当主语是aim,duty,hope,idea,mista ke,plan,purpose,suggestion等为中心词的名词词组（例②）时，或以what引导的名词性分句（例③），不定 式说明主语的内容。
④Our work is serving the people.
⑤What he likes is taking a walk after supper.
⑥The story told by Mr.Wang is interesting.
④⑤句动名词作表语，与主语部分可以转换，如Serving thepeople is out work,而⑥句中是现在分词作 表语，说明主语的性质、状态，现在分词具有形容词的各种特征，另外，动名词作表语还应与进行时态区别开 来。
四、作定语
动名词作定语
①This passage can be used as listening materials.
②The reading room of our school library can hold 800people.
③All moving bodies have energy.
①②句动名词作定语说明一种性能，即：用来……的；第③句为现在分词作定语，单个分词作定语常置于 被修饰词之前，与被修饰词之间，可构成逻辑上的主谓关系，分词短语作定语常置于被修饰词之后。如：The man standing at the school gate is Professor Hua.
动词不定式、动名词的其它用法
⒈疑问词＋不定式结构
疑问词who,what,which,when,where,whether,how后可接不定式构成不定式短语，在句中作主语、宾语、表 语等。如：
①When to leave for London has not been decided yet.
②Mr. Smith didn't know whether to leave or stay there.
③I asked Professor Xu how to learn English well.
④The question was where to get the medicine needed.
以上例句中疑问词＋不定式部分，均可转换为相应的从句形式。如：①When we shall leave…
③…how I
could learn…
经常在这种结构中使用的动词有：consider,decide,discover,explain,find out,forget,hear,know,lea rn,observe,understand,wonder等。
⒉动词不定式的时态、语态
(1)时态
①一般式：动词不定式一般式表示的动作发生在谓语动词之后，有时表示同时发生。如：
I hope to become a university student this year.（tobecome发生在hope之后）
We often hear Dick play the piano in the next room.（play和hear同时发生）
②完成式：表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。如：
I'm sorry to have kept you waiting.
We are too young to have seen the old society.
③进行式：表示的动作与谓语动词同时发生。如：
The teacher happened to be correcting our papers when Icame in.
They seemed to be discussing something important.
(2)语态
如果动词不定式的逻辑主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者，不定式一般要用被动语态形式。如：
It's a great honour to be invited to Mary's birthday party.（不定式作主语）
It was impossible for lost time to be made up.（不定式作主语）
I wish to be sent to work in the country.（不定式作宾语）
Can you tell me which is the car to be repaired?（不定式作定语）
He went to the hospital to be examined.（不定式作状语）
在There be结构中，修饰主语的不定式可用被动，也可用主动。如：There are still many things to t ake care of (to be taken care of).但有时两种形式表达的意思不同，如：These is nothing to do now.( We have nothing to do now.) There is nothing to be done now.(We can do nothing now.)
⒊动名词的时态、语态
(1)时态
①一般式：动名词的一般式所表示的动作可以是泛指，也可与谓语动词同时发生，或发生在谓语动作之前 、之后。如：
We are interested in collecting stamps.
I shall never forget seeing the Great Wall for the firsttime.
We are not afraid of dying.
②完成式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前。如：
Lmagine having travelled on the moon.
We were praised for having finished the work ahead of time.
(2)被动语态
①如果动名词的逻辑主语为动名词所表示的动作的承受者，动名词要用被动语态，动名词的被动语态有一 般式与完成式之分。如：
The young man came in without being noticed.
He prided himself on having never been beaten in class.
②有些动词后的动名词用主动形式，但表示被动意义。如：
The bike needs repairing.
If a thing is worth doing, it is worth doing well.
⒋在口语中，为避免重复，常用"to"代替不定式结构，有时甚至可以把to省略。如：
①—Did you go to visit the Great Wall?
—No,I wanted to,but there wasn't enough time.
②—Would you like to come to a party?
—I'd love to.
③—Don't make any mistakes in your homework,will you?
—I'll try not to.
④—Try to be back by 12,won't you?
—OK,I'll try.
另外，be going to,ought to,used to等也常用于这一结构中。
⒌在why引起的问句中，省略"to"。如：
Why spend such a lot of money?
Why not wait for a couple of days?
⒍当两个或更多作用相同的不定式并列使用时，只在第一个不定式前加"to"。如：
It's quite necessary for us to read more and have morepractice.
⒎"to"在下列短语中是“介词”，后接动名词或名词形式。如：
devote…to,face up to（勇敢地面对），look forward to（盼望），object to（反对），take to（养 成习惯，对……感兴趣；开始从事某种活动），be used to（习惯于）等。
五、复合式谓语
3) 记住使用下列正确形式：
①情态动词+原形动词。如：You’d better go over the lesson.（你最好复习这一课。）
②shall/ will/ would+原形动词。如：They should have been there once.（他们应该去过那儿。）
③be+现在分词或者过去分词。如：What are you doing this evening?（今晚你打算做什么？）/ Many trees have been cut down since 1970s.（自从20世纪70年代大批树木被砍伐。）
④have+过去分词。如：Many trees have been cut down since 1970s.（意思同上）
⑤一般时问句和否定句中：do/does/did+原形动词。如：He does not enjoy himself very much.（他日子过的不好。）/ Did any of you see dinosaur eggs?（你们当中有谁见过恐龙蛋吗？）
(4)不可用形容词、名词、代词、副词、介词短语等独立作谓语,必须在此之前加连系动词。
(5)谓语动词单复数形式：单数形式的动词有：is,was,has,does以及“动词+s”；复数形式的动词有：are,were,have以及动词原形。其他动词不分单、复数。
谓语部分第一个动词的形式
单数形式
复数形式
一般现在时be(是)动词；
现在某些时态和语态的助动词be
am (单一); are (单二); is (单三);
are
一般过去时be(是)动词；
过去某些时态和语态的助动词be
was (单一); were (单二); was;(单三)
were
一般现在时have(有)动词；
现在完成时态的助动词have
have (单一); have (单二); has (单三);
have
一般现在时行为动词和助动词do
do (单一、单二); does (单三)
do
实意动词和连系动词的一般现在时动词（否定和疑问句除外）
原形动词(单一、单二); 动词+s /es (单三)
原形动词
(2) 只有及物动词或介词才有宾语,不及物动词没有宾语,如果涉及到事物,则必须在不及物动词后面加合适的介词。Listen to the radio. (listen不是及物动词,故加to。) / Can you hear anything exciting?(你能听到什么令人兴奋的消息吗？)
(3) 宾语一般放在及物动词或介词的后面,但是在疑问句中,如果宾语是疑问词,则宾语要放在句首。介词的宾语如果是疑问词,则可以放在介词后或句首。如：What did he see? (他看见了什么？) / What does he write a letter with? (他用什么写的信？) / With what does he write a letter? (他用什么写的信？)
(4)“动词+副词+宾语”结构中,如果宾语是代词,则代词必须放在“动”“副”之间。如：Please put the shoes away. (请把鞋子收起来。) / Please put away the shoes. (请把鞋子收起来。) / Please put them away. (请把它们收起来。)
(5) 动词后面跟双宾语时可以采用两种结构：
①动词+间接宾语(人)+直接宾语(物)。如：He often gives me some help. (他常常帮我。)
②动词+直接宾语+介词+间接宾语。注意,一般情况介词用to,但动词是make, buy, borrow时,介词用for.如： Please make me a kite. (请给我做个风筝。)或Please make a kite for me.
(6) 在“动词+宾语+宾补”结构中,如果宾语是不定式、动名词、宾语从句,则常用it做形式宾语,而将实际的宾语移到补语后面去。如：I found the job rather difficult. (我发觉这个工作相当难做。) / I found it rather difficult to do the job.
5、定语：
(1) 修饰名词或代词的成分,常由形容词、名词(含所有格)、代词(物主、指示、疑问、不定)、介词短语、不定式(短语)充当,在初三阶段还学习了定语从句做定语的知识。如：Put it in the top drawer.(把它放在最上层的抽屉里。) / France and Switzerland are European countries. (法国和瑞士是欧洲国家。) / His mother and father are both college teachers.(他的父母都是大学教师。) / This is the day that I can never forget in my life.(这是我一辈子难忘的日子。)
(2) 单词做定语时一般放在被修饰的名词前面,而且有一定的次序：
冠词/ a, the
物代 my, his
年龄/形状/ old, young
大小/温度 small
色彩 red, yellow
来源 Chinese, English
质地/材料 silk, paper,wooden
目的/用途 reading, improve
被修饰的名词(中心词) room, friend,car
例子：这是一辆很大的红色的中国的古老轿车。
(3) 时间副词(now,then,today,yesterday,...)、地点副词(here,there,back,in,out,home,...作定语时放在被修饰的名词后面。如：I could not find my way out, so I stayed there all along. (我找不到出去的路,所以就一直呆在那儿。)
(4) 介词短语修饰名词时只能放在名词的后面：The monkey in the cage was caught yesterday. (笼子里的猴子是昨天逮着的。)
(5) 形容词修饰复合不定代词时,往往后置。如：He remembered everything unusual. (他记得所有不寻常的事情。)
(6) 注意：由于定语属于修饰性的成分,因此它常归入主语、宾语、表语之中,不作为句子的主要成分。
6、状语：
(1) 说明动作“何时”、“何地”、“如何”发生,或者说明形容词或副词的程度,一般由副词、介词短语、不定式、状语从句等充当。如：I was not born yesterday.（我又不是昨天才出世的娃娃。）/ For many of these families a college education was something new.（对其中的许多家庭来说,大学教育是件新事物。）/ He woke up to find his house on fire.(他醒来发现房子着火了。) / You cannot leave until your work is finished.(在你的工作被完成以前你不能离开)
六、动词的虚拟语气
动词虚拟语气1
bianxiao英语中的语气分为三类：陈述语气（用于陈述句、疑问句、感叹句）祈使语气（用于祈使句）虚拟语气（用于条件状语从句、宾语从句等）
一、概述虚拟语气：
1） 虚拟语气概念：虚拟语气用来表示说话人的主观愿望或假想，所说的是一个条件，不一定是事实，或与事实相反。
4）虚拟语气的其他用法
It is demanded（分词） / necessary（形容词 ）/ a pity（名词 ）+ that（主语从句）结构。
主语从句（常用形式主语 it 来代替，结构为 It is that…）中的虚拟语气主要取决于某些用来表示建议、命令、要求、惊异和失望等的形容词、去分词或名词式为：（should）+ 动词原形。
常这样用的形容词有：appropriate，advisable，better，desirable，essential，imperative，important，insistent，natural，necessary，preferable，strange，urgent，vital等。
过去分词有：desired, demanded, ordered, requested, suggested, recommended, required 等。例如：
It is essential that you (should) win the voters’ hearts.
It was suggested that he (should) join the club activities
这类名词有：a pity,no wonder，advice ，decision ，desire ，demand ，idea，motion ，order，pity ，preference ，proposal，recommendation，requirement，resolution，shame，suggestion，surpris
气。
The look on his face suggested that he was quite satisfied with what I had done for him.
He insisted that he was honest.
2）在以it为形式宾语的复合宾语从句中也可以用虚拟语气，其形式为：（should）+ 动词原形。这一句型中使用的形容词（宾补）与主语从句中的虚拟语气所使用的形容词相同。例如：
We think it advisable that he (should) think deeply before acting. 我们认为他在行动之前好好考虑一下才是明智的。
3）“wish + 宾语从句”表示不能实现的愿望，译为“要是……就好了”等。表示现在不能实现的愿望，从句中的谓语动词用一般过去时；表示将来不能实现的愿望，从句中的谓语动词用“would/could + 动词原形”；表示过去不能实现的愿望，从句中的谓语动词用“had + 过去分词”或“could(should) + have + 过去分词”。如：
I wish I could fly like a bird.
I wish I knew what was going to happen. 但愿我能知道要发生什么事。
She wished she had stayed at home. 她后悔当时不在家。
I wish I were rich. 我巴不得我很有钱。
I wish I could have seen her last night. 要是我昨天晚上能够见到她那该多好。
其主要形式有三种列表说明：
表示对现在情况的虚拟 | wish + 主语 + 动词过去式（be用 were） |
表示对过去情况的虚拟 | wish + 主语 + had + 过去分词 或wish + 主语 + could(should) + have + 过去分词 |
表示对将来情况的虚拟 | wish + 主语 + would /could + 动词原形 |
在以so that和in order that引导的目的状语从句和让步状语从句中，动词形式为“might,could,should,would+动词原形”。
Mark tried to tie the boat to the buoy so that it wouldn’t be hit by other ships.马克试图把船系到浮标上，以防被别的船撞上。
2）as if/as though、even if/even though引导的状语从句中，其含义与事实相反，其动词用虚拟语气形式。若从句动作与主句动作同时发生，动词用过去时（be用 were）；若从句动作先于主句动作发生，则用“had+过去分词“。若从句动作指将来状况则用过去将来时。如：
He did it as if he were an expert.
① 表示与现在事实相反的情况
（条件）从句谓语动词形式 | 主句谓语动词形式 |
谓语动词用过去式（be用were） | should/would/could/might+动词原形 |
eg：If I were you, I’d take an umbrella.如果我是你，我会带把伞。（事实：我不可能是你）
If I knew his telephone number, I would tell you. 如果我知道他的电话号码，我就会告诉你。（事实：不知道）
If there were no air or water, there would be no living things on the earth. 如果没有水和空气，地球上就不会有生物。(事实：地球上既有空气也有水)
If I had any money with me, I could lend you some. 如果我带钱了，我就会借给你些。（事实：没带钱）
If he studied harder, he might pass the exam.如果他在努力些，就能通过考试了。（事实：学习不用功）
②表示与过去事实相反的情况
从句谓语动词形式 | 主句谓语动词形式 |
Had+过去分词 | Should/would/could/might+have+过去分词 |
eg：If I had got there earlier, I should/could have met her. 如果我早到那儿，我就会见到她。（事实：去晚了）
If he had taken my advice, he would not have made such a mistake. 如果他听我的劝告的话，就不会犯这样的错误了。（事实：没有听我的话）
③表示对将来情况的主观推测（可能相反或可能性很小）
eg: If he would come here tomorrow, I should/would talk to him. 如果他哪天来这儿的话，我就跟他谈谈。（事实：来的可能性很小）
If there were a heavy snow next Sunday, we would not go skating. 如果下周日下大雪，我们就不能去滑冰了。（事实：不知能否下雪）
If she were to be there next Monday, I would tell her about the matter. 如果她下周一来这儿的话，我就会告诉她这件事得始末。
3）正式文体中，有时可把虚拟条件句中的连词if省去，而将 were, had, should 等助动词（不包括行为动词）提到主语前面倒装处理。如果句中没有 were, had 或 should 时，既不能省略 if，也不能倒装。例如：
Were I to meet him tomorrow (= If I were to meet him tomorrow), I
succeeded. 要是没有你的帮助，我们是不会成功的。
But for electricity (= If there were no electricity), there would be no modern industry. 要是没有电，就不会有现代工业。
He was having a meeting; otherwise he would have come over to help us. 他当时正在开会，否则的话他就来帮我们了。
He felt very tired yesterday, or he would have attended the party. 他昨天很累，不然他就参加那个聚会了。
2）在某些暗含虚拟条件的简单句中，虚拟语气可通过上下文表现出来。谓语动词用should/would be 形式和should/would have been 虚拟形式。例如：
Any men in his position would have done like that. 任何人处在他的位置都会那么做的。
You should (ought to) have come earlier. 你本应早点来的。
七、状语从句
1、时间状语从句
1）when, as, while
)when表示“当…时”。when引出的时间状语从句，其中的动词既可以是延续性动作的动词，也可以是瞬间性动作动词。可以表示主句的动作和从句的动作同时发生，或者从句的动作发生在主句的动作之前。
如：When you apply for a job, you must present your credentials.当你申请工作时，你必须递交你的有关证件。（同时）
When the students heard the teacher’s footsteps, they all stopped talking. 当学生们听到老师的脚步声时，他们都停止了说话。（从句动作发生在前）
when还可以表示just then（正在那时）的意思，此时其引导的从句只放在主句之后。
如：we were about to start when it began to rain.我们正要动身，突然下起雨来。
b) while表示“在…期间”或“在某一段时间里”，其所引导的从句的动作是延续性的，并侧重表示和主句动作的同时发生。
如：While the teacher paraphrased the text in English, the students listened attentively and took notes.当老师用阐释课文时，同学们注意地听并且做着笔记。
The door bell rang while I was watching TV.我正在看电视的时候门铃响了。
while 还可以做并列连词，相当于whereas,连接一个表示对比的并列分句。
如：Mary was dressed in blue while Jane was dressed in red.玛丽穿蓝色的衣服，而珍妮穿红色的衣服。
c)as 表示“当…时”或“一边…一边”。他引导的时间状语从句的动作也是延续性的，并且侧重主句动作和从句动作的同时发生。
如：As the students walked to their dorms, they sang happily.学生们一边往宿舍走，一边快乐的唱着歌。
2002 年第23小题
___ I knew him better , I discovered that my impression had been right
A which B as C until D unless
答案是B
2）whenever, each time, every time任何时候；每当
如：Whenever/Every time/Each time I met her, she was studying.我每次看见她时，她总是在学习。
3)since(自从)，ever since(从那时起一直到现在)
since, ever since 引导的从句通常用一般过去时，主句中的谓语动词用完成时。
如：We have never met since we graduated from the college.我们自从大学毕业后就没有见过面。
4）before（在……之前），after(在……之后)
before 引导的从句一般表示主句的动作发生在从句动作之前，如从句是过去时，主句一般要用过去完成时。after引导的从句，表示主句的动作发生在从句的动作之后，如主句是过去时，从句一般用过去完成时。
如：I had written my dissertation before my supervisor went abroad.在导师出国之前，我已完成了我的学位论文。
After the boy had finished his homework, he played football with his friends.这个小男孩在完成作业后，和他的小伙伴们踢了一会球。
5) till, until
如果主句的谓语动词是延续性动词，就常用肯定式表示“直到……为止”
如：He will remain in college until (till) he finished his Ph.D course.他将留在学校里面直到完成他的博士学位课程。
如果主句的谓语动词是瞬间动词，就常用否定表示“直到……才”
如：I will not go with you until ( till) I finish my homework.等我做完作业我才和你一起去。
6) as soon as, immediately, directly, once, the moment, no sooner…than, hardly…when等引导的从句都表示从句的动作一发生，主句的动作随即就发生了。即“一……就”。
如：As soon as we got home, the telephone rang.我们一到家，电话就响了。
注：no sooner…than, hardly…when引导的从句，主句中的动词用过去完成时，从句用过去时。且no sooner, hardly位于句首，要倒装主句的主谓。
He had no sooner arrived home than he was asked to start on another journey.他一到家，就又要出另一次差。
No sooner had he arrived home than he was asked to start on another jouney.
2003年25小题
No sooner had he sat down to lunch ___there was a knock at the door .
A when B that C as D than
答案是D
2.地点状语从句
引导地点状语从句的连词有：where (在……地方)， wherever (无论哪里)，everywhere (到处)， anywhere (任何地方)等。
如：Where there is a will, there is a way. 有志者事竟成。
You can go wherever you like these days.这些天你可以去你想去的地方。
．
3、原因状语从句
1）because表示人们不知道的直接的原因或理由，着重点在从句，即because引出的从句为全句句意的中心所在。通常用于回答why提出的疑问，语气最强，除了特别强调外，该从句一般位于主句后面。
since表示对方已知的、无须加以说明的既成事实的理由。全句的中心在主句上，语气比because弱，译为“既然”。引出的状语从句一般放在句首。
as表示十分明显的原因，一般说明因果关系，着重点在主句，语气更弱，常译为“由于”。引出的状语从句一般放在句首。
for 引出的分句，语气最弱，主要是补充说明原因，解释另外一个分句，且只能放在句子后部。
如：I didn’t go abroad with her because I couldn’t afford it.我没有和她一起出国是因为费用太高。
Since traveling by air is much faster, they decided to take a plane.既然乘飞机旅行快得多，他们就决定坐飞机。
As it is snowing, we shall not climb the mountain.由于在下雪，我们就不爬山了。
It must have rained last night, for the ground is wet.昨晚准下雨了，地面是湿的。
2）now that, seeing that, considering that, in that表示鉴于，由于。in that只能放在主句之后。
如：Now that you have passed your test, you can drive on your own.你驾驶考试既然已经合格，就可以独自开车了。
Seeing that the weather is bad, we’ll stay at home.由于天气不好，我们要呆在家了。
I am in a slightly awkward position, in that he’s not arriving until 10th.我的处境有点难堪，因为他要十号才来。
4．条件状语从句
1）if (如果),unless（除非）; unless相当于if not.
如：I will buy a computer if I am able to save up enough money. 如果我能存下足够的钱，我就买台电脑。
Unless the weather was bad, my father always used to take a walk in the evening.除非天气不好，我的父亲晚上总是去散步。
2）suppose/supposing that, provided/providing that(假如)
如：Supposing that it rains, can we play the match indoors?要是下雨，我们在室内比赛行吗？
Ｉwill agree to go provided that my expenses are paid.假如为我负担费用，我就同意去。
5．让步状语从句
although, though引导让步状语从句，主句不能用 “but”.
如：Although they lack official support, they continue their struggle.他们虽然没有得到官方的支持，但仍然继续奋斗。
as虽然，尽管。引导让步状语，常放在作表语、状语的形容词、名词（不带冠词的名词）、副词后面。
如：Strong as you may be, you can not lift it. 尽管你可能很有力气，你却无法把他提起来。
Hard as he tried, he was unable to make much progress.他虽然竭尽全力，但是没有取得多大的进步。
6．目的状语从句
so that, in order that . 引导目的状语从句,从句的谓语常用can, could, may, might, shall, should, will, would等情态动词。in order that可以位于主句的前面或后面。so that引导的从句只能放在主句之后。
如：They started early so that they might arrive in time.他们早点动身，以便准时到达。
In order that they could go around West Lake, they stopped at Hangzhou.为了游览西湖，他们在杭州停了下来。
请同学们注意一下 简写版 主句+ so as to do sh
主句do1 sth +in order for sb to do 2 sth 如果有for sb说明do 1 和do2 不是同一人做的动作。
I speak slowly so that the audience can understand my words clearly.------I speak slowly for the audience to understand my words clearly. 这里的speak 和understand 不是我一个人发出的，
7．结果状语从句
1)so …that; such…that表示“如此……以至于”
so 后面通常接形容词或副词。such后面通常为名词。如果名词前有many, much, 等修饰，要用so…that.
such+a/an+adj+单数名词+that可以换成so+adj.+a/an+单数名词+that
如：There is so little time left that I have to tell you about it later.现在剩下的时间不多了，我只只好以后再给你讲这事。
He told us such a funny story that we all laughed.
He told us so funny a story that we all laughed.
2003年第17小题：
It was ____that a hundred people looked lost in it .
A so a large room B a so large room C such a large room D such large a room
so 和such的区别
so 的搭配
[1] so +adj. [2] so +a(an)+adj.+ 单数的可数名词
such的搭配
[1] such +单数名词 such+复数名词 such+不可数名词
[2] such +形容词+复数名词/不可数名词
2) so that“以至于，所以”。引导的结果状语从句之前可以有逗号。
如：She phoned me on arrival so that I knew she was safe and sound.她到达之后给我打了电话，我知道她平安无恙。
注：so that可以引导结果状语从句也可以引导目的状语从句，除了根据句意来判断外，还可以根据结构形式来判断。若从句前有逗号，一般为结果状语从句。如果从句中有情态动词，一般则为目的状语从句。
如：They started out early, so that they did not miss the train.他们早早出发了，所以没有误了火车。（结果状语）
They started out early so that they would not miss the train.他们早早出发是为了不误火车。（目的状语）
8．方式状语从句
1）as(正如)引导方式状语从句
如：She enjoys all kinds of music, as I do.她各种音乐都喜爱，和我一样。
Why didn’t you catch the last bus as I told you to?你怎么不听我的话赶乘末班公共汽车呢？
注：口语中like可以用作连词，当作as 使用。
如：Nobody understands him like /as I do. 没有人能像我这样理解他。
2)as if/though（好像）引导方式状语从句往往用虚拟，表示与事实相反。
如：They looked at me as if /as though I were mad.他们看着我好像我发疯了似的。