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初中英语超强语法笔记 - 名词


* * *名词分类:分为专有名词和普通名词;普通名词分为可数和不可数名词 
名词复数(一)规则变化口诀 “五明” 1)直接加 s, 例如:cars, book, bottles. 2)以 s, sh, ch, x 结尾+es, 例 如:bus-buses, watch-watches, brush-brushes, box-boxes,glass-glasses。口诀:“不吃死蛇”(不—X,吃—ch, S-死,蛇—sh)3)辅音字母加 y 结尾,改 y 为 i 加 es,例如:family-families, city-cities.4)以 f 或 fe 结尾,去 f 或 fe 加 ves, 例如:wife-wives,leaf→leaves  knife→knives 口诀:半片 树叶 自己 黄,妻子拿刀要杀狼,小偷逃命架后藏。(half, leaf, self,    wife, knife, wolf, thief, life, shelf)特例:直接加s :giraffe, belief, chief,, proof, cliff, roof5.以 o 结尾,有生命的加 es;无生命的加 s;potatoes   radios   杀手锏:kangaroos, bamboos, zoos, bamboos, photos, kangaroos, pianos, radios加es口诀:口诀: 黑人爱吃西红柿芒果和土豆(+es)。(Negroes, heroes, tomatoes, mang  potatoes)Negro, hero, volcano, potato, tomato, mango, mosquito, tornado, torpedo 黑人英雄在火山上,用土豆、西红柿和芒果,砸死一只蚊子,此时龙卷风带来一只鱼雷 
二、不规则变化(一)口诀:五暗1.单词本身为复数 :牛群人们无单数形式,例如:cattle-cattle; people-people;(集合名词)2.单复同形,例如:sheep-sheep; deer-deer;*a. fish 表条数,同种多条,单复同形,例如:five fish;b. fish 表种类,加 es,例如:many kinds of fishes;c. fish 表鱼肉,不可数,例如:I like eating fish.3.特殊变化 1) 变中间:鹅鼠呲牙齐步走,男女儿童去追牛 mouse— mice foot— feet tooth— teeth  goose—geeseman— men  woman—women2) 结尾+en/ren:ox— oxen child— children3) “国人”变复数 不变: Chinese, Japanese, Swedish瑞典人, Swiss瑞士人 a变e: Englishmen, Frenchwomen, Dutchmen +s: Americans; ustralians; Greeks希腊人; Europeans欧洲人; Germans4)oo→ee: foot→feet; goose→geese; tooth→teeth(二)口诀:五小鬼1) man-men;2) woman-women;3) child-children;4) chick-chicks;5) mouse-mice其中特例:a.chicken 表小鸡时可数,chicken-chickensb.chicken 表鸡肉时不可数(三)口诀:国人变化1)中日历史永不变,例如:Chinese-Chinese, Japanese-Japanese.2)英法联军 a 变 e,例如:Frenchman-Frenchmen, Englishman-Englishmen3)其它国人加 s,例如:American-Americans, Australian-Australians,Canadian-CAnadians, Indian-Indians.4)重点提防德国人,例如 German-Germans
*复合名词:名词修饰名词的复数变化(常考)1.男人、女人 前后都变:但当 n1=man/woman 时,变复数,两者一起变。a man teacher, two men teachers2.其他:中心词变:n1 of n2,变n1some places of interestn1+n2, 一般只变 n2a book shop, two book shopsThey are bus drivers. (正确)They are buses drivers. (错误)They are woman drivers.(错误)They are women drivers.(正确)3.mother-in-law(婆婆; 岳母) 复数 mothers-in-law
不可数名词过关新闻;消息  news; 信息  information; 建议  advice作业  homework; 草  grass; 家务  housework原则1.不可数名词永远按单数处理,前面不能加 a(n),  后不加sWater is important.原则2.不可数名词可用表示量得名词表示数量,表示量的名词可数。常用量词:a bar of; a bowl of; two cups of; two pieces of; a bag of; a pair ofpiece:a piece of meat/ paper/ bread/ music/ information/ furniture/ machinery, etc.一片肉/一张纸/一片面包/一首曲子/一条信息/一件家具/一台机器等bar :a bar of chocolate/candy一块巧克力/一块糖bottle: a bottle of ink/milk/wine一瓶墨水/一瓶牛奶/一瓶葡萄酒注意:two bottles of water, two pairs of shoes(常考)

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