《论语》Confucian Analects (18)微子第十八
微子离开商纣王出走,箕子做了奴隶,比干强谏身遭惨死。孔子说:“殷代有三个仁者。”
【解读】微子,名启,商纣王的同母兄。纣王无道,不听微子规劝,微子离开他出走。箕子,名胥馀。纣王的叔父。纣王不听规劝,箕子批发装疯,被纣王降为奴隶。比干,纣王的叔父,他强谏纣王,比干被纣王剖心而死。微子是“邦无道则隐”;箕子是“邦无道则愚”;比干则是“舍生取义”。
柳下惠做了司法官,三次被罢免。有人说:“你不能离开这里吗?”他说:“如果以正直之道侍奉君主,到哪里去能不被多次罢官呢?如果不用正直之道侍奉君主,何必还要离开祖国呢?”
【解读】柳下惠,姓展,名获,又名禽。鲁国的贤大夫,柳下是他的封地,惠是他的谥号。柳下惠直道侍君,宁可弃官,不愿改变自己的操守。孟子称他为“圣之和者也”。我们要思考的就是环境不好的时候是否需要改变自己。
齐景公讲到怎么对待孔子时说:“像鲁国国君对待季氏那样,我做不到;可以像季氏、孟氏之间那样对待。”又说:“我老了,不能用他了。”孔子于是离开了齐国。
【解读】记载孔子在齐国不被重用的事情。这一章有很大歧义,有人认为“吾老矣,不能用也”是齐景公不用孔子的托词,也有人认为是孔子拒辞不干的托词。
齐国人送给鲁国一些歌伎舞女,季桓子接受了,三天不理朝政。孔子就离开了。
【解读】体现了孔子对当政者的极度失望,“道不同不相为谋”。
楚国狂人接舆唱着歌经过孔子身旁说:“凤鸟啊,凤鸟!为什么你的命运这样不济呢?过去的不用说了,未来还来得及。算了吧,算了吧,现今从政的人实在太危险。”孔子下车,想要和他说话。他急忙躲开,孔子不得和他说话。
【解读】接舆,楚国的贤者,为逃避现实装疯卖狂。
Ch'ang-tsu and Chiheh-ni were at work in the field together, when Confucius passed by them, and sent Tsze-Lu to inquire for the ford.
Ch'ang-tsu said, "Who is he that holds the reins in the carriage there?”Tsze-Lu told him, "It is K'ung Ch'inu.', "Is it not K'ung of Lu?" Asked he." Yes," Was the reply, to which the other rejoined, "He knows the ford."
Tsze-Lu then inquired of Chiheh-ni, who said to him, "Who are you, sir?" He answered, "I am Chung Yu." "Are you not the disciple of K'ung Ch'inu of Lu?" Asked the other. "I am," Replied he, and then Chiheh-ni said to him, "Disorder, like a swelling flood, Spreads over the whole empire, and who is he that will change its state for you? Rather than follow one who merely withdraws from this one and that one, had you not better follow those who have withdrawn from the world altogether?" With this he fell to covering up the seed, and proceeded with his work, without stopping.
长沮和桀溺一起耕田。孔子经过那里,派子路去问道。长沮说你为谁赶车?“子路说:为孔丘。”长沮问:“是鲁国的那个孔丘吗?”子路说:“是呀。”长沮说:“这个人应该知道‘道’啊。”子路又问桀溺。桀溺说:“你是什么人呀?”子路说:“我是仲由。”桀溺说:“你是孔丘的学生吗?”子路说:“对呀。”桀溺说:“天下洪水滔滔,谁能改变呢?你与其跟从躲避坏人的人,不如跟从我们这些躲避世事的人。”一边说一边不停地耕作。子路回来告诉孔子。孔子惆怅地说:“我们不能和鸟兽一起生活,我们不跟世上的人相处还跟谁相处呢?如果天下政治清明,我就不去努力改变这样的现状了。”
【解读】长沮、桀溺这些隐者,面对儒者这些人总是说话怪怪的,好像他们什么都看透了。孔子听了这些话,也是心中百味,颇感无奈。
Tsze-Lu, following the master, happened to fall behind, when he met an old man, carrying across his shoulder on a staff a basket for weeds. Tsze-Lu said to him, "Have you seen my master, sir?" The old man replied, "Your four limbs are unaccustomed to toil; you cannot distinguish the five kinds of grain:-who is your master?" With this, he planted his staff in the ground, and proceeded toweed.
Tsze-Lu joined his Hands across his breast, and stood before him.
The old man kept tsze-Lu to pass the night in his house, killed a fowl, prepared millet, and feasted him. He also introduced to him his two sons.
Next day, tsze-Lu went on his way, and reported his adventure. The master said, "He is a recluse," And sent tsze-Lu back to see him again, but when he got to the place, the old man was gone.
子路更从孔子周游列国,落在了后面,遇见一位老人,用拐杖挑着除草工具。子路问他:“您看见了我的先生了吗?”老人说:“四体不勤,五谷不分,谁是你的先生?”放下拐杖,便去除草。子路拱手一旁站立。老人挽留子路到他家过夜,杀鸡做饭给子路吃。让他的两个孩子见了子路。第二天,子路赶上孔子告诉他这件事。孔子说:“这是一位隐者。”派子路回去再拜见他。子路到了那里,这个老人却已经离开了。子路说:“这个人不做官,没有道理啊。长幼之间的秩序既然不能废弃,君臣之间的关系又怎么能废弃呢?为了自身的干净,却破坏了最根本的伦理关系。君子做官,是为了施行大的道义。但大道义行不通,我们也已经知道了。”
【解读】怎么看待入世与出世,怎么对待人生每个人的态度和方式都不一样,也不能妄论谁对谁错,这就是生活,这就是人生。
The men who have retired to privacy from the world have been Po-i, Shu-Ch'in,YuChung, L-yi, Chu-cHang, Hui of Liu-hsia, and shao-lien.
The master said, "Refusing to surrender their wills, or to submit to any taint in their persons; such, i think, were Po-i and Shu-Ch'in.
"It may be said of Hui of Liu-hsia! And of Shaolien, that they surrendered their wills, and submitted to taint in their persons, but their words corresponded with reason, and their actions were such as men are anxious to see. This is all that is to be remarked in them.
"It may be said of Yu-Chung and L-yi, that, while they hid themselves in their seclusion, they gave a license to their words; but in their persons, they succeeded in preserving their purity, and, in their retirement, they acted according to the exigency of the times.
隐逸世间的贤者有:伯夷、叔齐、虞仲、夷逸、朱张、柳下惠、少连。孔子说:“不放弃和降低自己的志向,不玷辱自己的人格,大概就是伯夷叔齐吧!”说“柳下惠、少连,虽然降低自己的志向,人格遭到侮辱,但说话合乎规矩,行为经过考虑,也不过如此罢了。”说“虞仲、夷逸避世隐居,放言高论,洁身自好,行为主张灵活权变。我和这些人不一样,没有什么可以不可以的。”
【解读】孔子对这些人的处世方式还是赞许的,但对自己而言,就不一定非得向他们那样。“无可无不可”体现了孔子处世的灵活。
The grand music master, Chihh, went to Ch'in.
Kan, the master of the band at the second meal, went to Ch'u. Liao, the bandmaster at the third meal, went to Ts'ai. Chueh, the band master at the fourth meal, went to Ch'inn.
Fang-Shu, the drum master, withdrew to the north of the river. Wu, the master of the Hand drum, withdrew to the Han.
太师挚去了齐国,第二乐师干去了楚国,第三乐师缭去了蔡国,第四乐师缺去了秦国,打鼓乐的方叔到了黄河边,摇小鼓的乐师武到了汉水地区,少师阳、击磬的襄去了沿海地区。
【解读】鲁国是一个礼乐之邦,环境昏暗,礼崩乐坏,人才都流失了。
周公对鲁公说:“君子不疏远自己的亲族,不让大臣抱怨不被重视。老朋友、老下属没有大过失,就不能抛弃。不要对人求全责备。”
【解读】宽以待人,这也是成事之道。
周代有八位名士:伯达、伯适、伯突、仲忽、叔夜、叔夏、季随、季騧。
【解读】已不可考。周初一妇人,连生四胎,每胎双生,故以伯仲叔季排列。
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