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每日听写 | 2.27-3.3高级汇总
Indeed the following study that I think confirms the importance of a "time-in", time to look inside. What they did was they scanned the brains of rats, while they were in a maze and after they went through the maze. And here's what they found.
他们研究证实了"练习时间"的重要性，开始内省的时间。他们在老鼠处在迷宫中及脱离迷宫后分别对它们进行了脑扫描。以下是他们的发现：
"What the results suggest is that while there certainly is some record of your experience as it is occurring.
实验结果表明，当某种经历正在进行时。
In other words when they were doing the maze, the actual learning when you try to figure out:
即老鼠进行迷宫时，真正的学习阶段，是当你尝试分辨:
'What was important? What should I keep and throw away?' that happens after the fact, during periods of quiet wakeful introspection.
什么才是重要的？什么舍弃什么保留？这些发生在经历之后，进行安静的自省时间。
What they show was rats who went through the maze and went through the maze again and again, learned far less than rats who took time aside, chilled out a little bit after a maze, had more margarita. Experienced, embraced stillness.
他们的实验表明，接连不断反复进入迷宫的老鼠，比进行一次迷宫后，稍事放松，来点小酒的老鼠，学到的少得多，经历、享受安静。
This has implications and they showed implications to human beings as well. Not only those who’re on the rat race, all human beings.
这很能说明问题，对人类也一样。不仅仅是实验小白鼠，所有人类都是。
So what they say is that "replay might constitute a general mechanism of learning and memory". Both learning, understanding, as well as memory, retention.
他们认为"重现可能形成一种学习记忆机制"，包括学习、理解、记忆、保留。
When we reflect, when we replay the material, we’re much more likely to retain, to remember what we have just been through.
当我们思考时，我们重放素材时，更容易保留、记住之前的经历。
So the importance of time aside cannot be overemphasized. In his wonderful book of teaching, Parker Palmer– it's called The Courage to Teach, says the following–"Words are not the sole medium of exchange in teaching and learning. We educate with silence as well.
所以休息时间的重要性不能被忽视。Parker Palmer在他的教学著作《教学的勇气》一书中提到了以下一段话：语言不是教学的唯一媒介，安静同样可以进行教育。
Silence gives us a chance to reflect on what we have said and heard. In authentic education, silence is treated as a trustworthy matrix for the inner work students must do. A medium for learning of the deepest sort."
安静让我们有机会反省我们所说所闻。在真正的教育中，安静为学生进行内省提供可靠环境。是一种最深层次的学习媒介。
Silence is something that is missing from our culture. I know that many of you have probably read Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance,Robert M. Pirsig. He has a second book out, less well-known, called Lila (Lila: an Inquiry into Morals).
而安静恰恰是我们文化所缺失的。很多人可能读过《禅与摩托车维修艺术》/《万里任禅游》，作者Robert M Pirsig还写过另一本书，没那么知名，叫《莱拉》(《莱拉：探究道德》)。
And Lila is an anthropological study of Native Americans. What he does there is compare their culture to Americans from European ancestry. And one of them distinguishing characteristics between these two cultures is their approach were silence.
这本书是对印第安人的人类学研究。将他们的文化与美国传承的欧洲文化进行对比。两种文化最突出的特点之一是，印第安人崇尚安静。
What he found was when he went and sat around with Native Americans. They would sit around the fire and hang out for two, three hours without saying a word.
他发现和印第安人坐在一起 ，他们围坐在篝火边两三个小时，一句话也不说.
Just sit around. Look at one another.
只是坐在那儿 ，看着对方。
Smile. Have a good time. Introspect. Just be there for hours.
微笑。享受美好时光，内省，就这样几个小时。
Whereas he points out that in our culture we feel very uncomfortable with the absence of words, with the absence of sound or noise. We have to fill up all the gaps.
他指出，在我们文化中沉默，让人不适，我们试图打破沉默。
This is an important cultural difference. And we pay a price for this lack of stillness, a price that I will talk about a lot.
这是一项重要的文化差异，我们为缺乏安静付出了代价，我们会重点讨论这一代价。
When I talk about relationships, when I talk about virtue and morality and when we talk about happiness and well-being in general.
涉及到恋爱，美德与道德 ，以及快乐与幸福感。
Let me give a little bit background on positive psychology: how we came about and how this class came about. In many ways, positive psychology is the brainchild, the product, the grandchild of humanistic psychology. What we have in humanistic psychology is essentially a reaction to the existing psychologies of the time.
下面介绍一点积极心理学的背景：这门课程的来源以及是如何产生的。在许多方面，积极心理学是人本主义心理学的创意、产物、延伸。我们在人本主义心理学中所拥有的,本质上是对当时现有心理学的反应。
The founders, considered the founders of humanistic psychology in fact called it "the third force". Why the "third force"?
人本主义心理学的创始人称之为心理学上的"第三势力".为什么是"第三势力"?
Because the first force was behaviorism. The work of Skinner, the work of Watson, the work of Thorndike. This was the first force.
因为第一势力是行为主义心理学。代表人物有斯金纳、华生、桑代克。
The second force was psychoanalysis. The work of Freud, Jung, Adler, to some extent. This was the second force.
第二势力是精神分析学。代表人物包括弗洛伊德、荣格以及阿德勒。
And the third force, humanistic psychology came as a reaction to it. First, it is a reaction to behaviorism. Behaviorism looks at the human entity, at the person as basically a collection of behaviors as a box, like a billiard ball knocked around by reinforcements, by punishment, by reward.
而第三势力——人本主义心理学则是对此的回应。首先，这是对行为主义的一种反应。行为主义着眼于人类实体，视为一个盒子，把人基本上看作是行为的集合，就像被增援、惩罚和奖励击打的台球一样。
And what humanistic psychology said was that we’re much more than just a billiard ball being knocked around.
而人本主义心理学认为我们不只是被击打的台球。
We have spirit. We have a soul. We have cognitions and thoughts that matter. It's not just behavior that’s important for understanding as well as improving life.
我们有精神，我们有灵魂。我们有重要的认知与思想。不能只靠行为观察改善人生。
And then psychoanalysis, the second force. The psychoanalysis is about basically understanding mostly through the subconscious: that's how you understand it, that's how you improve the quality of life.
然后是第二势力精神分析学。精神分析学主要通过潜意识分析基本理解。它决定你的理解方式，如何改善生活质量。
There’re defense mechanisms, there’re biological instincts, neurosis-- and if you understand these very often dark forces, were better able to handle and deal with life: understand as well as improve the quality of life.
还有防卫机制，生物本能，神经症。如果你理解这些负面的影响力量, 就能更好地了解并改善生活质量。
Humanistic psychology says human being is much more than that. Much more than biological instincts, much more than neurosis, much more than a person who exists in a Newtonian reality like a billiard ball.
人本主义心理学认为人类不止如此。不仅仅是生理本能，不仅仅是神经症，不仅仅是牛顿学说里的人，就像台球一样。
听写方法
众所周知，听写是练习精听最好的方法。很多同学不知道怎么听写。下面简单介绍一下我听写时的方法。
第一步：完整的听一遍所有内容，对听写内容有大概的了解，并且抓住了一些核心词汇，为等一下的听写初步减轻难度。
第二步：以每个单句或意群为单位，一句一句的听，暂停后写。比如4.11听写内容中hang on a minute，听到这里可以点击暂停并写下这句。
第三步：边听边写。如果听完却没有写完，也没有记住漏掉的单词，那么返回去重听，补充漏掉的词。
第四步：如果一句话反复听了五遍还是没有听出来一些单词，做好标记，放弃。继续听下面。
第五步：如此下来一篇听完了。完成今天的任务了么？不！千万不要丢掉极其重要的一步：校对！
有两个方面要校对：
1.没有听出来的意群：可能包括连读或者省音,分析错误的原因并做笔记。
2.没有听出来或听错的单词:每篇校对后写在听写笔记下面并罗列,这些才是你每天的进步之基。
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