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PRL导读-2022年129卷12期

共工 京师物理 2022-10-01

序 言


京师物理公众号本着服务于中国物理学者和物理专业研究生的宗旨,根据PRL摘要和引言对本期部分文章进行中文导读。由于水平有限,不免出现一些不准确的地方乃至错译的地方。公众号下方有留言功能,欢迎专家学者通过留言指出不准确或错译的地方,共同提高公众号的服务质量。留言经编辑确认后,会显示在文章下方,供后来浏览者参考。



阅读导航




01 普通物理:统计与量子物理(18篇)

02 引力与天体物理(4篇)
03 基本粒子与场论(8篇)
04 原子核物理(1篇)
05 原子、分子与光学(10篇)
06 非线性动力学和流体力学(4篇)
07 等离子体与束物理(1篇)
08 凝聚态物理:结构(4篇)
09 凝聚态物理:电子性质(4篇)
10 软物质与交叉科学(5篇)



01

普通物理:统计与量子物理







责编:郭文安



01-01

二次型(quadratic)开放量子多体系统的临界性和相分类


作者研究了由Lindblad主方程所描述的具有平移不变性开放量子多体系统的定态,其中哈密顿量在梯形算子中是二次的, Lindblad 算子是线性的或二次并且厄密的。这些系统分别被称为准自由系统和二次系统。 作者发现,具有有限距离相互作用一维系统的定态,必然具有指数衰减的格林函数。对于没有二次Lindblad算子的准自由情况,作者证明,具有有限距离相互作用的任意维费米子系统都是非临界的,并给出了关联长度的界限。对于空间维度D>1的准自由玻色子系统,可以是临界的。最后,作者讨论了二次系统中的相变问题, 发现在单粒子基和粒子-空穴变换下,如果没有不变性以外的对称约束,所有有能隙的Liouvillians都属于同一个相。

(王哲)

Criticality and Phase Classification for Quadratic Open Quantum Many-Body Systems

Y. Zhang and T. Barthel

Phys. Rev. Lett. 129, 120401 (2022)

https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.129.120401



01-02

运动目标态的量子非破坏测量


We present a protocol for probing the state of a quantum system by its resonant coupling and entanglement with a meter system. By continuous measurement of a time evolving meter observable, we infer the evolution of the entangled systems and, ultimately, the state and dynamics of the system of interest. The photon number in a cavity field is thus resolved by simulated monitoring of the Rabi oscillations of a resonantly coupled two-level system, and we propose to regard this as a practical extension of quantum nondemolition measurements with applications in quantum metrology and quantum computing.


Quantum Nondemolition Measurements of Moving Target States

A. L. Andersen and K. Mølmer

Phys. Rev. Lett. 129, 120402 (2022)

https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.129.120402



01-03

自旋玻色子模型中的隐藏相


亚欧姆谱浴(sub-Ohmic bath)中的量子两能级系统具有增强的低频量子涨落,从而使其非平衡量子动力学具有高度非马尔科夫性。作者通过采用时间演化矩阵直积算符的精确数值方法,研究了极化动力学的相图。除了已知的阻尼相干振荡动力学相和过阻尼衰减相之外,作者还在强耦合情况下发现了一个具有非周期行为的新的相区域。作者确定了相应的相边界。因此,量子双态系统的动力学本身 不是相干的,只是屈从于振荡的环境系统的动力学。

(张凡)

Hidden Phase of the Spin-Boson Model

F. Otterpohl et al.

Phys. Rev. Lett. 129, 120406 (2022)

https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.129.120406



01-04

稳定器子理论非文本模型的唯一性


We give a complete characterization of the (non)classicality of all stabilizer subtheories. First, we prove that there is a unique nonnegative and diagram-preserving quasiprobability representation of the stabilizer subtheory in all odd dimensions, namely Gross’s discrete Wigner function. This representation is equivalent to Spekkens’ epistemically restricted toy theory, which is consequently singled out as the unique noncontextual ontological model for the stabilizer subtheory. Strikingly, the principle of noncontextuality is powerful enough (at least in this setting) to single out one particular classical realist interpretation. Our result explains the practical utility of Gross’s representation by showing that (in the setting of the stabilizer subtheory) negativity in this particular representation implies generalized contextuality. Since negativity of this particular representation is a necessary resource for universal quantum computation in the state injection model, it follows that generalized contextuality is also a necessary resource for universal quantum computation in this model. In all even dimensions, we prove that there does not exist any nonnegative and diagram-preserving quasiprobability representation of the stabilizer subtheory, and, hence, that the stabilizer subtheory is contextual in all even dimensions.


Uniqueness of Noncontextual Models for Stabilizer Subtheories

D. Schmid et al.

Phys. Rev. Lett. 129, 120403 (2022)

https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.129.120403



01-05

Shor算法中的相干性资源


Shor分解算法相较其它经典分解算法提供了一个超多项式的加速。作者本文主要解决的问题是,哪些量子特性提供了这些优势。作者研究了具有固定整体结构的Shor算法的一系列变体,并定量地确定了该算法的相干性的作用。作者在动态资源理论(该理论能抓住创建和检测相干性的算符的资源特征)框架下分析了该算法协议,这允许作者推导出该协议成功概率的上下限:它取决于把相干性作为动力学资源的严格定义测量。作者将这些边界与协议的经典极限进行了比较并得出结论:在作者所考虑的固定结构内,相干性是通过界定成功概率上下界来决定其性能的量子资源。因此,大家对相干性在量子计算中的基本作用有了全新的认识。

(张凡)

Coherence as a Resource for Shor’s Algorithm

F. Ahnefeld et al.

Phys. Rev. Lett. 129, 120501 (2022)

https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.129.120501



01-06

超冷浴中单杂质探测的相干和退相位光谱


We report Ramsey spectroscopy on the clock states of individual Cs impurities immersed in an ultracold Rb bath. We record both the interaction-driven phase evolution and the decay of fringe contrast of the Ramsey interference signal to obtain information about bath density or temperature nondestructively. The Ramsey fringe is modified by a differential shift of the collisional energy when the two Cs states superposed interact with the Rb bath. This differential shift is directly affected by the mean gas density and the details of the Rb-Cs interspecies scattering length, affecting the phase evolution and the contrast of the Ramsey signal. Additionally, we enhance the temperature dependence of the phase shift preparing the system close to a low-magnetic-field Feshbach resonance where the s-wave scattering length is significantly affected by the collisional (kinetic) energy. Analyzing coherent phase evolution and decay of the Ramsey fringe contrast, we probe the Rb cloud’s density and temperature. Our results point at using individual impurity atoms as nondestructive quantum probes in complex quantum systems.


Coherent and Dephasing Spectroscopy for Single-Impurity Probing of an Ultracold Bath

D. Adam et al.

Phys. Rev. Lett. 129, 120404 (2022)

https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.129.120404



01-07

用于宽带量子存储器的超辐射介导光子存储


超辐射是指从一个激发辐射源系综发出集体相干光,产生的光子信号在时间尺度上短于单个原子的自然寿命。在超辐射区域,原子辐射源和光子场之间的相干快速交换实现了快速宽带量子存储。作者在冷铷原子系综中演示了这种超辐射存储机制,并验证了该协议适用于时间尺度短于原子自然寿命的脉冲。他们的模拟表明,超辐射存储协议在同一系统的各个协议中产生了最高的带宽存储。这些高带宽量子存储器为光学和微波光子信号的快速处理,以及应用于大规模量子通信和量子计算技术提供了难得的机会。

(侯迪莎)

Superradiance-Mediated Photon Storage for Broadband Quantum Memory

A. Rastogi et al.

Phys. Rev. Lett. 129, 120502 (2022)

https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.129.120502



01-08

自旋链探针中量子增强磁力计的顺序测量


Quantum sensors outperform their classical counterparts in their estimation precision, given the same amount of resources. So far, quantum-enhanced sensitivity has been achieved by exploiting the superposition principle. This enhancement has been obtained for particular forms of entangled states, adaptive measurement basis change, critical many-body systems, and steady state of periodically driven systems. Here, we introduce a different approach to obtain quantum-enhanced sensitivity in a many-body probe through utilizing the nature of quantum measurement and its subsequent wave function collapse without demanding prior entanglement. Our protocol consists of a sequence of local measurements, without reinitialization, performed regularly during the evolution of a many-body probe. As the number of sequences increases, the sensing precision is enhanced beyond the standard limit, reaching the Heisenberg bound asymptotically. The benefits of the protocol are multifold as it uses a product initial state and avoids complex initialization (e.g., prior entangled states or critical ground states) and allows for remote quantum sensing.


Sequential Measurements for Quantum-Enhanced Magnetometry in Spin Chain Probes

V. Montenegro et al.

Phys. Rev. Lett. 129.120503 (2022)

https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.129.120503



01-09

纠缠辅助通信中的自适应优势


众所周知,纠缠可以提高经典通信的效率。例如,在分布式计算中,利用纠缠可以减少通信比特的数量或增加获得正确答案的概率。纠缠辅助的经典通信协议通常由两轮连续的通信组成:首先是贝尔测试回合,其中各方测量他们在纠缠状态中的本地份额,然后是一轮通信,用于他们交换经典信息。在这里,作者超越了这种标准方法并研究了纠缠的自适应用途:作者允许接收者等待发送者消息的到达,然后再测量它们在纠缠态中的份额。作者首先表明了这种自适应协议提高了随机接入码的成功概率。其次,作者表明,一旦使用自适应测量,纠缠辅助比特在准备和测量场景中将成为比量子比特更强的资源。作者还简要讨论了将这些想法扩展到了涉及量子通信的场景,并确定了资源的不平等。

(胡坤)

Adaptive Advantage in Entanglement-Assisted Communications

J. Pauwels et al.

Phys. Rev. Lett. 129, 120504 (2022)

https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.129.120504



01-10

微扰量子模拟


[编辑推荐]该方案在量子计算机上模拟了哈密顿量的主要分量,并利用经典微扰理论来近似相互作用。

基于微扰理论的近似是大多数量子力学定量预测的基础,无论是在量子多体物理、化学、量子场论或其他领域都有广泛应用。量子计算为微扰范式提供了另一种选择,但是目前最先进的量子处理器有数十个量子比特噪声,所以实际用途有限。在这里,作者引入了微扰量子模拟,它结合了两种方法的互补优势,让使用有限的噪声、中等规模的量子硬件解决大型实际量子问题成为可能。量子处理器的使用消除了识别可解的无微扰哈密顿量的需求,而微扰耦合的引入则允许量子处理器模拟比可用物理量子位数更大的系统。作者提出了一种模仿Dyson级数展开而只涉及局部酉运算的显式微扰展开,并在一定条件下证明了它优于其他展开的最优性。这个工作在不同拓扑中对相互作用的玻色子、费米子和量子自旋的方法进行了数值测试,并研究了不同的物理现象,如信息传播、电荷自旋分离和磁性,所研究的系统有多达48个量子比特,但计算只使用8+1量子比特的量子硬件,。此外,作者还在IBM量子云上演示了他们的方案,验证了它的噪声鲁棒性,并说明了它使用小型量子处理器进行在大型量子处理器基准测试的潜力。

(刀流云)

Perturbative Quantum Simulation

J. Sun et al.

Phys. Rev. Lett. 129, 120505 (2022)

https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.129.120505



01-11

关联催化态转换的基本限制


Determining whether a given state can be transformed into a target state using free operations is one of the fundamental questions in the study of resource theories. Free operations in resource theories can be enhanced by allowing for a catalyst system that assists the transformation and is returned unchanged, but potentially correlated, with the target state. While this has been an active area of recent research, very little is known about the necessary properties of such catalysts. Here, we prove fundamental limits applicable to a large class of correlated catalytic transformations by showing that a small residual correlation between a catalyst and target state implies that the catalyst needs to be highly resourceful. In fact, the resource required diverge in the limit of vanishing residual correlation. In addition, we establish that in imperfect catalysis a small error generally implies a highly resourceful embezzling catalyst. We develop our results in a general resource theory framework and discuss its implications for the resource theory of athermality, the resource theory of coherence, and entanglement theory.


Fundamental Limits on Correlated Catalytic State Transformations

R. Rubboli and M. Tomamichel

Phys. Rev. Lett. 129, 120506 (2022)

https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.129.120506



01-12

无分束器的南部自旋子纠缠和贝尔不等式探测


The identification of electronic entanglement in solids remains elusive so far, which is owed to the difficulty of implementing spinor-selective beam splitters with tunable polarization direction. Here, we propose to overcome this obstacle by producing and detecting a particular type of entanglement encoded in the Nambu spinor or electron-hole components of quasiparticles excited in quantum Hall edge states. Because of the opposite charge of electrons and holes, the detection of the Nambu spinor translates into a charge-current measurement, which eliminates the need for beam splitters and assures a high detection rate. Conveniently, the spinor correlation function at fixed effective polarizations derives from a single current-noise measurement, with the polarization directions of the detector easily adjusted by coupling the edge states to a voltage gate and a superconductor, both having been realized in experiments. We show that the violation of Bell inequality occurs in a large parameter region. Our Letter opens a new route for probing quasiparticle entanglement in solid-state physics exempt from traditional beam splitters.


Entanglement of Nambu Spinors and Bell Inequality Test without Beam Splitters

W. Luo et al.

Phys. Rev. Lett. 129, 120507 (2022)

https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.129.120507



01-13

二维量子伊辛模型界面的局域化与熔化


本文研究了二维量子伊辛模型中共存铁磁畴的非平衡演化,并使用于几个相关的场景:从量子成核动力学和伪真空衰变机制到最近的Rydberg-atom阵列实验。这个工作证明,通过全息映射可以将限定大气泡的量子涨落界面作为一个有效的一维系统进行研究。对于所考虑的模型,涌现界面激发映射到费米子的可积链。作者讨论了这种可积性是如何被气泡的几何特征和铁磁耦合的逆幂修正打破的,并给出了气泡最终融化的时间尺度的下界。值得注意的是,这个工作证明了对称破缺的纵向场在二维中产生了鲁棒遍历破缺,这一现象是被界面涌现费米子激发的Stark多体局域化所支持的。

(刀流云)

Localization and Melting of Interfaces in the Two-Dimensional Quantum Ising Model

F. Balducci et al.

Phys. Rev. Lett. 129, 120601 (2022)

https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.129.120601



01-14

可以在宏观尺度下发挥作用的麦克斯韦妖(Maxwell Demon)


麦克斯韦妖通过修正热涨落来发挥作用。在宏观尺度下,涨落变得可以忽略不计,动力学变得具有确定性,一般认为麦克斯韦妖不会发挥作用。作者提出了一种自主麦克斯韦妖的电子实现,当动力学变得确定性时,它确实在常规的宏观极限下不发挥作用。但是,如果向妖提供的功率适当放大,则可以避免确定性限制,妖继续发挥作用。付出的代价是降低热力学效率。该工作表明,在非平衡环境中可能会找到一些新的策略,从而在宏观尺度上实现,迄今为止只有在微观尺度上才能观察到的奇特效应。

(王哲)

Maxwell Demon that Can Work at Macroscopic Scales

N. Freitas and M. Esposito

Phys. Rev. Lett. 129, 120602 (2022)

https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.129.120602



01-15

高度不可逆过程的速度极限和紧有限时间兰道尔界限


兰道尔界限是擦除一比特信息的最小热力学成本。由于这个界限仅适用于准静态过程,因此有限时间操作会产生额外的能量成本。 通过建立经典速度极限的一般形式,作者发现了一个有限时间的兰道尔界限。这种紧密的界限很好地捕捉到了与高度不可逆过程的额外成本相关的发散行为,该过程与几乎不可逆过程的规模不同。作者还发现了一个使边界相等性饱和的最优动力学。利用离散的单比特和粗粒度比特系统作者证明了这个界限的有效性。本文展示了在高速不可逆计算过程中会出现比预期更多的散热。

(胡坤)

Speed Limit for a Highly Irreversible Process and Tight Finite-Time Landauer’s Bound

J. S. Lee et al.

Phys. Rev. Lett. 129, 120603 (2022)

https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.129.120603



01-16

对称监控量子电路中电荷锐化的场论


Monitored quantum circuits (MRCs) exhibit a measurement-induced phase transition between area-law and volume-law entanglement scaling. MRCs with a conserved charge additionally exhibit two distinct volume-law entangled phases that cannot be characterized by equilibrium notions of symmetry-breaking or topological order, but rather by the nonequilibrium dynamics and steady-state distribution of charge fluctuations. These include a charge-fuzzy phase in which charge information is rapidly scrambled leading to slowly decaying spatial fluctuations of charge in the steady state, and a charge-sharp phase in which measurements collapse quantum fluctuations of charge without destroying the volume-law entanglement of neutral degrees of freedom. By taking a continuous-time, weak-measurement limit, we construct a controlled replica field theory description of these phases and their intervening charge-sharpening transition in one spatial dimension. We find that the charge fuzzy phase is a critical phase with continuously evolving critical exponents that terminates in a modified Kosterlitz-Thouless transition to the short-range correlated charge-sharp phase. We numerically corroborate these scaling predictions also hold for discrete-time projective-measurement circuit models using large-scale matrix-product state simulations, and discuss generalizations to higher dimensions.


Field Theory of Charge Sharpening in Symmetric Monitored Quantum Circuits

F. Barratt et al.

Phys. Rev. Lett. 129.120604 (2022)

https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.129.120604



01-17

抑制随机驱动的带间加热


加热到高能态极大限制了驱动诱导的非平衡现象的实验观测,特别是当驱动具有宽谱时。在这里,作者表明,对于被称为随机多极驱动器的整个结构化随机驱动器家族,即使在远离高频驱动的情况下,粒子激发到更高能带也能被很好地控制。这为在最低能带中,观测长时间的预热状态的驱动诱导现象打开了一扇窗。

(侯迪莎)

Suppression of Interband Heating for Random Driving

H. Zhao et al.

Phys. Rev. Lett. 129, 120605 (2022)

https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.129.120605



01-18

人类尺度的布朗棘轮:一个历史思想实验


We present an experimental realization at macroscopic scale of the storied Brownian ratchet, which is an illustration of the Maxwell’s demon. In our mechanism, the rotation of a centimeter-scale 1D Brownian object in a granular gas is detected by an electromechanical converter (dynamo), generating a voltage proportional to its angular velocity. The current generated by this random rotation is rectified by an electronic device (demon), such that only positive current passes. Eventually, work can be produced. The advantage of such a macroscopic setup is to allow measurement of all the observables with time: useful power (work), heat taken from the bath, and finally the efficiency of the equivalent heat engine. The feedback allowing the conversion from heat into work expresses as a bias on the Brownian motion.


Human-Scale Brownian Ratchet: A Historical Thought Experiment

M. Lagoin et al.

Phys. Rev. Lett. 129, 120606 (2022)

https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.129.120606


02

引力与天体物理







导读:闫若帝;责编:郭敏勇



02-01

后闵可夫斯基暴胀中具有潮汐效应的引力轫致辐射


该研究使用有效场论世界线方法,计算质量和能流四极子对四动量和能量通量的潮汐校正,这一校正由两个无自旋物体散射期间的G的领头阶和速度的各阶产生。 特别的,作者推导出与两个物体产生的引力线性耦合的应力-能量张量守恒,它们包括潮汐场和直接空间中的波形。 作者使用散射幅度技术求解积分。 该研究所给出的表达式与后牛顿暴胀中次阶的现有结果相一致的。


Gravitational Bremsstrahlung with Tidal Effects in the Post-Minkowskian Expansion

Stavros Mougiakakos, Massimiliano Maria Riva and et al.

Phys. Rev. Lett. 129, 121101 (2022) 

https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.129.121101



02-02

MICROSCOPE任务:等效原理检验的最终结果


MICROSCOPE 任务旨在测试弱等效原理 (WEP),说明惯性质量和引力质量之间的相等性,在Eötvös比率η方面的精度为10−15。它的实验测试为,通过测量保持它们平衡所需的静电力,来比较两个不同成分的并置测试质量在绕地球运行时所经历的加速度。这是通过无阻力卫星上的超灵敏差分静电加速度计完成的。该任务持续了两年半,累积了五个月的科学自由落体数据,其中三分之二使用了一对不同成分的测试质量——钛和铂合金——最后三分之一使用了一对参考质量相同的成分——铂金。该研究总结了分析数据,重点是对由于热不稳定性引起的系统不确定性的表征以及对可能模拟WEP违规信号的短期事件的校正。该研究发现实验结果没有违反WEP,钛和铂对的Eötvös参数在统计误差为时被限制为 η(Ti, Pt)=[-1.5±2.3(stat)±1.5(syst)]×10−15


MICROSCOPE Mission: Final Results of the Test of the Equivalence Principle

Pierre Touboul, Gilles M´etris and et al.

Phys. Rev. Lett. 129, 121102 (2022)

https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.129.121102



02-03

未来引力波探测器在1550 nm波长下光的压缩状态


The generation of strongly squeezed vacuum states of light is a key technology for future ground-based gravitational wave detectors (GWDs) to reach sensitivities beyond their quantum noise limit. For some proposed observatory designs, an operating laser wavelength of 1550 nm or around 2 μm is required to enable the use of cryogenically cooled silicon test masses for thermal noise reduction. Here, we present for the first time the direct measurement of up to 11.5 dB squeezing at 1550 nm over the complete detection bandwidth of future ground-based GWDs ranging from 10 kHz down to below 1 Hz. Furthermore, we directly observe a quantum shot-noise reduction of up to (13.5±0.1) dB at megahertz frequencies. This allows us to derive a precise constraint on the absolute quantum efficiency of the photodiode used for balanced homodyne detection. These results hold important insight regarding the quantum noise reduction efficiency in future GWDs, as well as for quantum information and cryptography, where low decoherence of nonclassical states of light is also of high relevance.


Squeezed States of Light for Future Gravitational Wave Detectors at a Wavelength of 1550 nm 

Fabian Meylahn, Benno Willke and et al.

Phys. Rev. Lett. 129, 121103 (2022)

https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.129.121103



02-04

来自大质量标量张量理论中吸积引起的去标量化的引力波


Many classes of extended scalar-tensor theories predict that dynamical instabilities can take place at high energies, leading to the formation of scalarized neutron stars. Depending on the theory parameters, stars in a scalarized state can form a solution-space branch that shares a lot of similarities with the so-called mass twins in general relativity appearing for equations of state containing first-order phase transitions. Members of this scalarized branch have a lower maximum mass and central energy density compared to Einstein ones. In such cases, a scalarized star could potentially overaccrete beyond the critical mass limit, thus triggering a gravitational phase transition where the star sheds its scalar hair and migrates over to its nonscalarized counterpart. Such an event resembles, but is distinct from, a nuclear or thermodynamic phase transition. We dynamically track a gravitational transition by first constructing hydrostatic, scalarized equilibria for realistic equations of state, and then allowing additional material to fall onto the stellar surface. The resulting bursts of monopolar radiation are dispersively stretched to form a quasicontinuous signal that persists for decades, carrying strains of order 10−22 (kpc/L)3/2 Hz−1/2 at frequencies of 300 Hz, detectable with the existing interferometer network out to distances of L 10 kpc, and out to a few hundred kpc with the inclusion of the Einstein Telescope. Electromagnetic signatures of such events, involving gamma-ray and neutrino bursts, are also considered. 


Gravitational Waves from Accretion-Induced Descalarization in Massive Scalar-Tensor Theory

Hao-Jui Kuan, Arthur G. Suvorov and et al.

Phys. Rev. Lett. 129, 121104 (2022)

https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.129.121104


03

基本粒子与场论







责编:晁伟,刘晓辉



03-01

经典散射中的辐射角动量和耗散效应


本文给出了经典散射中由引力辐射带走的角动量Jμν的一个新公式。该公式与辐射线性动量Pμ已知的表达式相结合,完成了散射引起的辐射庞加莱荷的集合。作者通过非微扰形状因子将PμJμν参数化,并利用庞加莱代数推导出精确关系。静态(零频率)模式对Jμν有贡献,这可以从温伯格软定理推导出来。利用散射振幅和有效场理论的方法,作者计算到了牛顿常数G第三阶由两个无自旋粒子散射而产生的辐射Jμν,但速度包含了所有阶。本文的形状因子分析阐明了BiniDamourGeralicoo(G3)处发现的能量和角动量损失之间的新关系。本文的新结果对o(G4)处的两体散射有一些重要的意义。作者给出了一个由散射引起的庞加莱荷损失而引导的有效辐射反作用力的过程。


Radiated Angular Momentum and Dissipative Effects in Classical Scattering

Aneesh V. Manohar, Alexander K. Ridgway, and Chia-Hsien Shen

Phys. Rev. Lett. 129, 121601 (2022)

https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.129.121601



03-02

Coon振幅的幺正性与低能展开


The Coon amplitude is a deformation of the Veneziano amplitude with logarithmic Regge trajectories and an accumulation point in the spectrum, which interpolates between string theory and field theory. With string theory, it is the only other solution to duality constraints explicitly known and it constitutes an important data point in the modern S-matrix bootstrap. Yet, its basics properties are essentially unknown. In this Letter, we fill this gap and derive the conditions of positivity and the low energy expansion of the amplitude. On the positivity side, we discover that the amplitude switches from a regime where it is positive in all dimensions to a regime with critical dimensions, which connects to the known d=26, 10 when the deformation is removed. Incidentally, we find that the Veneziano amplitude can be extended to massive scalars of masses up to m2=1/3, where it has critical dimension 6.3. On the low-energy side, we compute the first few couplings of the theory in terms of q-deformed analogs of the standard Riemann zeta values of the string expansion. We locate their location in the EFT-hedron, and find agreement with a recent conjecture that theories with accumulation points populate this space. We also discuss their relation to low spin dominance. Finally, we comment on the length of the Coon parton.


Unitarity and Low Energy Expansion of the Coon Amplitude

Felipe Figueroa and Piotr Tourkine

Phys. Rev. Lett. 129, 121602 (2022)

https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.129.121602



03-03

黑洞微观状态中的世界面关联


与黑洞等重束缚态的相互作用的轻探针会产生有价值的动力学信息的观测值。最近,一个黑洞微观状态家族被证明承认了一个精确的弦世界面描述。作者构造了这些模型的物理顶点算子,并计算了大量新的重-轻关联。然后,作者获得了黑洞微观状态下的世界面关联与全息双共形场理论之间的首个匹配。作者推测了具有任意数目的轻插入关联的一个闭合公式。作为应用,作者还计算了这些微观状态的霍金辐射率的模拟值。


Worldsheet Correlators in Black Hole Microstates

Davide Bufalini, Sergio Iguri, Nicolas Kovensky, and David Turton

Phys. Rev. Lett. 129, 121603 (2022)

https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.129.121603



03-04

陈-西蒙斯-物质理论中的线算子与三维玻色子化


We study Chern-Simons theories at large N with either bosonic or fermionic matter in the fundamental representation. The most fundamental operators in these theories are mesonic line operators, the simplest example being Wilson lines ending on fundamentals. We classify the conformal line operators along an arbitrary smooth path as well as the spectrum of conformal dimensions and transverse spins of their boundary operators at finite ’t Hooft coupling. These line operators are shown to satisfy first-order chiral evolution equations, in which a smooth variation of the path is given by a factorized product of two line operators. We argue that this equation together with the spectrum of boundary operators are sufficient to uniquely determine the expectation values of these operators. We demonstrate this by bootstrapping the two-point function of the displacement operator on a straight line. We show that the line operators in the theory of bosons and the theory of fermions satisfy the same evolution equation and have the same spectrum of boundary operators.


Line Operators in Chern-Simons–Matter Theories and Bosonization in Three Dimensions

Barak Gabai, Amit Sever, and De-liang Zhong (钟德亮)

Phys. Rev. Lett. 129, 121604 (2022)

https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.129.121604



03-05

中子β衰变的介子诱导辐射校正


本文使用低能强子有效场理论计算中子 β 衰变的电磁修正。确定了由先前研究中遗漏的虚介子产生的新辐射校正。最大的修正是核子轴向电荷与介子质量分裂的电磁部分成比例的百分比的偏移。较小的修正,与预期的实验精度相当,影响β-ν角相关和β不对称。作者解释了实验测量的核子轴向电荷与使用晶格QCD的第一性原理计算的比较结果的意义,以及利用β衰变实验约束超出标准模型的相互作用的潜力。


Pion-Induced Radiative Corrections to Neutron β Decay

Vincenzo Cirigliano, Jordy de Vries, Leendert Hayen, Emanuele Mereghetti, and André Walker-Loud

Phys. Rev. Lett. 129, 121801 (2022)

https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.129.121801



03-06

DUNE实验测量绝对中微子ν质量


超新星中微子信号中的飞行时间延迟提供了一种独特的工具,可以对绝对中微子质量设置与模型无关的约束。在第一发射阶段存在一个尖锐的时间结构,即电子中微子味时间分布中的所谓的中子化爆发,使这个通道成为一个非常强大的通道。大型液态氩地下探测器将提供对电子中微子通量的时间依赖性的精确测量。我们从银河系附近的未来超新星坍缩中推导出了一个新的ν质量灵敏度,可在未来的DUNE远探测器中探测到sub-eV的范围。这些值与实验室直接测量中微子质量相比具有竞争力。


Absolute ν Mass Measurement with the DUNE Experiment

Federica Pompa, Francesco Capozzi, Olga Mena, and Michel Sorel

Phys. Rev. Lett. 129, 121802 (2022)

https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.129.121802



03-07

用双希格斯二重态模型联系W玻色子质量偏离与μ g-2


本文在双希格斯二重态模型中展示了最近CDF合作组对W玻色子质量的高精度测量与μ子(g−2)反常之间有趣的关联。涉及中性标量玻色子交换的单圈图可以解释μ子(g−2),然而这要求第二个希格斯二重态的分量之间有显著的质量劈裂。这些劈裂也使得W玻色子质量产生了正的偏离,这与最近的CDF测量一致。为了同时解释这两种反常,该模型的带电标量和中性标量粒子的质量不能大于约600GeV。模型的整个参数空间可以在LHC中通过    和  信号中相同符号的双μ子信号组合进行测试。


Correlating W-Boson Mass Shift with Muon g−2 in the Two Higgs Doublet Model

K. S. Babu, Sudip Jana, and Vishnu P. K.

Phys. Rev. Lett. 129, 121803 (2022)

https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.129.121803



03-08

e+e 湮灭过程中 χc1 直接产生的首次观测


本文通过在χc1(1P)的质量周围进行能量扫描,研究了电子-正电子湮灭中JPC =1++粲偶素态 χc1 (1P)的直接产生。数据是通过 BEPCII 对撞机上的 BESIII 探测器采集的。结合所有的数据样本,发现 e+e→χc1(1P)→γJ/ψ→γμ+μ 与背景过程 e+e →γISR J/ψ →γISRμ+μ e+e →γISRμ+μ 之间存在一种干涉模式。观测到 χc1 (1P)信号的置信度为 5.1σ 。这是第一次观测到在 e+e 湮灭中直接产生的 C-偶态。确定了 χ (1P)的共振电子宽度为   ,与理论计算的数量级相同。


First Observation of the Direct Production of the χc1 in e+e−Annihilation

M. Ablikim et al. (BESIII Collaboration)

Phys. Rev. Lett. 129, 122001 (2022)

https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.129.122001


04

原子核物理







责编:耿立升



04-01

库仑放大镜下的36Ca结构


Lalanne等人利用37Ca(p,d)36Ca38Ca(p,t)36Ca转移反应测得了缺中子核36Ca直到9MeV的激发能谱。由GANILLISE光谱仪产生的放射性核与液态氢靶CRYPTA中的质子反应,通过与零角度探测系统鉴别的重残留物符合测量的方式,在MUST2探测阵列中探测到了反应生成的轻发射核(氘核 d 与氚核 t)。他们的主要发现包括:(i)与镜像核36S相比,(36Ca的)11+21+态的能量存在大约-250keV的位移;(ii)36S相反,在(36Ca谱)2.83(13) MeV处发现能量低于第一个2+态的02+闯入态;(iii)在(36Ca谱)4.83(17) MeV处可能存在03+态,其表现出气泡结构,并且在2s1/2轨道上有两个中子空穴。02+态与21+态的反转是由于前者的镜像能量差(MED)过大(516(130)keV)。基于sd-pf价空间的壳模型计算发现02+态是一个纯闯入态,由两个质子(中子)被激发穿过36Ca (36S)Z=20闭壳所导致。如果排除由连续谱效应引起的少数情况,该镜像系统具有迄今为止探测到的最大的MEDs

(肖杨)

Structure of 36Ca under the Coulomb Magnifying Glass

L. Lalanne, et al.

Phys. Rev. Lett. 129, 122501 (2022)

https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.129.122501


05

原子、分子与光学







导读:管川;责编:严运安



05-01

用物质波干涉仪探测纳米磁性


[编辑推荐]物质波干涉仪可以探测各种各样物种的磁性,从单个原子到非常大的弱磁性分子。

作者通过应用可变磁梯度测量物质波干涉条纹的退相干来探索广泛的基本磁现象。作者的干涉Stern-Gerlach技术的多功能性使他们能够在同一装置中研究碱原子、有机自由基和富勒烯的磁性,磁矩范围从玻尔磁子到小于核磁子。最值得注意的是,作者找到了有机自由基超音速束磁化的证据,并观察到热C60 束的强磁响应与旋转磁矩的高温类原子偏转一致。


Nanoscale Magnetism Probed in a Matter-Wave Interferometer

Yaakov Y. Fein, et al.

Phys. Rev. Lett. 129, 123001 (2022)

https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.129.123001



05-02

超快强场电离和分子氮碎裂的电子态布居动力学


由空气中的激光灯丝引起的单电离N2+分子诱导的空气激光已得到大量研究,但当前激光产生的机制备受争议。作者用超快氮K-边光谱研究了N2与超短800 nm激光脉冲相互作用时的强场电离和碎裂动力学。使用极高次谐波产生的探测脉冲,作者在飞秒时间尺度上观察到标志N2+的电子基态X2g+、第一激发A2u和第二激发B2u+态形成的跃迁,由此作者可以定量地确定N2+的随时间变化的电子态布居分布动力学。作者的结果表明A2u态的布居数非常低,X2g+B2u+态的布居数几乎相等。此外,作者观察到N2+在几十皮秒的时间尺度上分裂为NN+,作者认为这是等离子体中显著的碰撞动力学,导致N2+的解离激发。


Electronic State Population Dynamics upon Ultrafast Strong Field Ionization and Fragmentation of Molecular Nitrogen

Carlo Kleine, et al.

Phys. Rev. Lett. 129, 123002 (2022)

https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.129.123002



05-03

二维可编程费米子镊子阵列


[编辑推荐]具有频闪扭曲的光镊可以将冷原子捕获在各种形状的晶格中。

作者在光镊中制备了数十个费米子6Li原子的高填充双组分阵列,每个光镊中的原子都处于基态。作者使用频闪技术在各种二维几何结构中配置阵列,Floquet加热可忽略不计。单个位点的完整自旋和密度解析读数使作者能够为费米子量子模拟后选择接近零熵的初始态。作者在一个2×2隧穿耦合的Hubbard平板中准备了一个关联态,演示实现可编程费米子量子模拟器的所有构建模块。


Two-Dimensional Programmable Tweezer Arrays of Fermions

Zoe Z. Yan, et al.

Phys. Rev. Lett. 129, 123201 (2022)

https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.129.123201



05-04

一维量子系统中动态诱导对称破缺和失衡拓扑


晶格中的非平凡拓扑以不变量为特征——例如一维(1D)晶格的 Zak 相位——该不变量由覆盖布里渊区的波函数导出。作者使用超冷87Rb实现了一维双粒子Rice-MeleRM)晶格,并专注于具有手性、时间反转和粒子-空穴对称性的各种组合的晶格构型。通过非绝热调谐晶格参数,作者在构型之间淬灭并使用某种形式的量子态层析成像来直接跟踪Zak相位的时间演化以及手性圈数。Zak相位连续演化;然而,当非平衡体系中瞬态出现手性对称性时,手性圈数得到很好的定义,可以取任意整数。当在服从相同三种对称性的两种构型之间猝灭时,Zak相位与时间无关;作者证实了[McGinley and Cooper, Phys. Rev. Lett. 121, 090401 (2018)]中预测的动态诱导对称破缺,即手性对称性周期性恢复,此时圈数变化±2,产生了原本RM哈密顿量中不存在的值。


Dynamically Induced Symmetry Breaking and Out-of-Equilibrium Topology in a 1D Quantum System

G. H. Reid, et al.

Phys. Rev. Lett. 129, 123202 (2022)

https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.129.123202



05-05

苯的共振湮灭和正电子束缚态


正电子在振动共振两体碰撞中附着到分子上,导致湮灭率大为提高。本文介绍了用低温阱基束测量苯的湮灭与正电子能量的关系。作者确立正电子结合能为132±3meV,可测试最先进的理论计算,并且表现出许多意想不到的共振,这可能归因于组合和泛音振动模式。本文讨论了这些结果与苯独特的π-键结构之间的关系。


Resonant Annihilation and Positron Bound States in Benzene

S. Ghosh, et al.

Phys. Rev. Lett. 129, 123401 (2022)

https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.129.123401



05-06

克尔修正腔磁力学中的机械双稳态


在由微波腔模式、磁振子模式和铁磁性钇铁石榴石球的机械振动模式组成的腔磁力学系统中观察到双稳态机械振动。双稳态在强微波驱动场下表现在机械频率和线宽上,同时激活三种不同的非线性,即磁致伸缩、磁振子自克尔和磁振子-声子交叉克尔非线性。首次在磁力学中预测和测量磁振子-声子交叉克尔非线性。系统进入到克尔型非线性能强烈改变仅具有类似辐射压力的磁力耦合的传统腔磁力学的状态。实验中识别并区分了三种不同类型的非线性。作者的文章展示了一种通过结合磁致伸缩和克尔型非线性实现机械双稳态的新机制,并指出这种克尔修正腔磁力学为在单个实验中研究许多不同的非线性提供了独特的平台。


Mechanical Bistability in Kerr-modified Cavity Magnomechanics

Rui-Chang Shen, et al.

Phys. Rev. Lett. 129, 123601 (2022)

https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.129.123601



05-07

突破3dB的内腔压缩极限并应用于非破坏量子位读出


虽然传播场的压缩在原则上可以任意强,但空腔场的压缩受制于众所周知的3dB限制,因此应用范围有限。本文中,作者提出使用一个全量子简并参量放大器(DPA)来打破这个压缩极限。具体地说,作者表明,通过简单地对信号模式应用双音驱动,泵浦模式可以反直观地被信号模式的光子损耗驱动到压缩稳态,原则上具有任意高的压缩程度。此外,作者还证明这种腔内压缩可以使纵向量子位读出的信噪比随压缩程度呈指数级增加。相应的,即使对于适度的参数也可改进测量误差许多数量级。与此形成鲜明对比的是,使用半经典DPA的内腔压缩实际上不能提高信噪比,从而改善测量误差。作者的成果扩展了DPA的应用范围,并为现代量子技术开辟了新机遇。


Beating the 3 dB Limit for Intracavity Squeezing and Its Application to Nondemolition Qubit Readout

Wei Qin, et al.

Phys. Rev. Lett. 129, 123602 (2022)

https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.129.123602



05-08

多模系统光机双稳态的Floquet控制


腔光机械系统使对机械自由度的精细操纵成为可能,增加了功能并在光子技术中具有广泛的吸引力。作者表明,不同的机械模式可以利用时间调制的Floquet驱动操纵由腔辐射压力的变化引起的不同稳态。作者研究了热光非线性对这些动力学的额外影响,发现与通常的性能限制特性相比,热光非线性可以抑制或放大控制机制。作者的成果为表征光机系统的热特性及其控制、传感和计算应用提供了新的技术。


Floquet Control of Optomechanical Bistability in Multimode Systems

Karl Pelka, et al.

Phys. Rev. Lett. 129, 123603 (2022)

https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.129.123603



05-09

超导人工分子与微波波导的调控对称选择性耦合


[编辑推荐]考虑到波导耦合到超导电荷振荡量子位的对称性,在超导量子光学中实现了准选择规则。

调节结构化量子发射器到环境的衰减率为非线性量子光学、集体现象和量子通信开辟了新的途径。本文中,作者展示了一个由两个相同的强耦合超导电荷振荡(transmon)量子位和两个微波波导组成的人工分子之间的新型耦合方案。在作者的方案中,相对于置换算子,耦合设计使对称相同(相反)的状态之间的跃迁主要耦合到一个(另一个)波导。在作者的装置中,基于对称性的耦合选择性可由耦合强度的比率量化,对于两个波导都超过30倍。此外,作者实现了同时驱动两个波导激活的拉曼过程,并表明这可以用于在分子的单激发流形中相干耦合不同对称性的状态。利用该过程,作者在分子介导下实现了波导的频率转换,效率约为95%。最后,作者展示了这种耦合排列使得直接产生空间分离的贝尔态在波导间传播成为可能。作者展望了在量子热力学、微波光电探测和光子门的进一步应用。


Engineering Symmetry-Selective Couplings of a Superconducting Artificial Molecule to Microwave Waveguides

Mohammed Ali Aamir, et al.

Phys. Rev. Lett. 129, 123604 (2022)

https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.129.123604



05-10

脉冲量子光的电光傅里叶变换计时


基于测量光场的时间自相关性,通过傅里叶变换光谱法可以在没有光谱分辨检测器的情况下获得光场的功率谱。类似地,作者在本文中进行超短光脉冲的时间包络测量而不进行时间分辨检测。作者介绍了傅里叶变换测时技术,其中通过测量线性干涉仪中光场的频率自相关来获取时间包络。作者将时频共轭测量技术应用到傅里叶变换光谱法中,对经典光脉冲和单光子光脉冲的包络线进行了实验测量。


Electro-Optic Fourier Transform Chronometry of Pulsed Quantum Light

Ali Golestani, et al.

Phys. Rev. Lett. 129, 123605 (2022)

https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.129.123605


06

非线性动力学和流体力学







导读:郭鹏飞;责编:兰岳恒



06-01

双各向异性ε-μ-零值介质中的异常电磁隧穿效应


量子隧穿是由物质的波动性质引起的最著名的效应之一,它描述了入射波以瞬逝场的形式部分穿透势垒,从入射界面起呈指数衰减。在经典系统中也能观察到类似的隧道效应,例如受抑全内反射。本文中,Chen等人揭示了一种未经探索的电磁波隧穿形式,其特点是有相反的电场和磁场行为,在一个同时表现出 ε-μ-零值和双各向异性的介质中,一个变成增长的场,另一个变成衰减的场。文章提供了一种新机制,可用于新型设备操纵电磁波。


Anomalous Electromagnetic Tunneling in Bianisotropic ε-μ-Zero Media

Menglin L. N. Chen, Yangang Bi, et al.

Phys. Rev. Lett. 129, 123901 (2022)

https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.129.123901



06-02

表面电荷损耗对重掺杂半导体自由电子非线性响应的影响


We propose surface modulation of the equilibrium charge density as a technique to control and enhance, via an external static potential, the free electron nonlinear response of heavily doped semiconductors. Within a hydrodynamic perturbative approach, we predict a 2 order of magnitude boost of free electron third-harmonic generation. 


Impact of Surface Charge Depletion on the Free Electron Nonlinear Response of Heavily Doped Semiconductors

Federico De Luca, and Cristian Ciracì

Phys. Rev. Lett. 129, 123902 (2022)

https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.129.123902



06-03

扭曲圆波导阵列中的涡旋孤子


We address the formation of topological states in twisted circular waveguide arrays and find that twisting leads to important differences of the fundamental properties of new vortex solitons with opposite topological charges that arise in the nonlinear regime. We find that such system features the rare property that clockwise and counterclockwise vortex states are nonequivalent. Focusing on arrays with C6v discrete rotation symmetry, we find that a longitudinal twist stabilizes the vortex solitons with the lowest topological charges m=±1, which are always unstable in untwisted arrays with the same symmetry. Twisting also leads to the appearance of instability domains for otherwise stable solitons with m=±2 and generates vortex modes with topological charges m=±3 that are forbidden in untwisted arrays. By and large, we establish a rigorous relation between the discrete rotation symmetry of the array, its twist direction, and the possible soliton topological charges. 


Vortex Solitons in Twisted Circular Waveguide Arrays

Liangwei Dong, Yaroslav V, et.al.

Phys. Rev. Lett. 129, 123903 (2022)

https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.129.123903



06-04

实验湍流旋流中的欧拉与拉格朗日不可逆性


在湍流流体中,时间反演对称性被粘性明显破坏,并在非粘性极限下自发破缺。最近,Drivas [J. Nonlinear Sci. 29, 65 (2019).] 证明了两种不同时间不可逆性局部指标的等价性:(i) 一个是基于速度场规则性的欧拉指标 [Duchon and Robert, Nonlinearity 13, 249 (2000).](ii) 另一个是拉格朗日指标-基于时间反转下轨迹的对称性[Jucha et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 113, 054501 (2014)]。本文,Cheminet等人使用高分辨率的4D-PTV 技术在 Kolmogorov 尺度下,测试了湍流 Von Kármán 实验中的这种等价性。 文章使用此等价性对导致时间不可逆动力学进行了首次联合欧拉-拉格朗日探索,发现它与涡旋相互作用有关,表明不可逆性和奇点之间存在联系。


Eulerian vs Lagrangian Irreversibility in an Experimental Turbulent Swirling Flow

Adam Cheminet, Damien Geneste,et.al.

Phys. Rev. Lett. 129, 124501 (2022)

https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.129.124501


07

等离子体与束物理







责编:陈少永,牟茂淋



07-01

电子束在背景等离子体中传输的强湍流电子调制不稳定性


Haomin Sun等人使用模拟和解析理论研究了电子束在背景等离子体中传输时的集体过程。研究发现了朗缪尔波包不稳定性的局域增长速度远快于离子频率的新机制。这种新机制的关键特征是电子调制不稳定性,它会迅速产生局部朗缪尔波包,由于有质动力的作用,它又会产生局部电荷分离和强离子密度扰动,使得束等离子体波相互作用不再共振。研究讨论了该过程的三个演化阶段和观察到的周期性爆发特征。首次展示了等离子体和束参数空间中的不同物理状态。

(刘泰齐)

Electron Modulational Instability in the Strong Turbulent Regime for an Electron Beam Propagating in a Background Plasma

Haomin Sun, et al.

Phys. Rev. Lett. 129, 125001 (2022)

https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.129.125001


08

凝聚态物理:结构







责编:马天星



08-01

亚稳态超流氦-4的傅里叶光谱


作者研究了超流体氦4在温度约1k时,声驱动亚稳态布里渊频率的测量结果,该成果基于一个工作在受限时空域(约40微米,200纳秒)上的受激布里渊增益谱仪。作者的工作检验了先前关于液体氦4亚稳态的实验结果,说明了热效应或涡流在空化过程中起着重要作用。通过时间分辨测量,作者还发现有在通常定义的空化阈值之外也可能探测亚稳超流体氦4

(张骁)

Brillouin Spectroscopy of Metastable Superfluid Helium-4

Lionel Djadaojee and Jules Grucker

Phys. Rev. Lett. 129, 125301 (2022)

https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.129.125301



08-02

二维铰链结构中的对偶性、隐藏对称性和动态异构性


最近,在一些可变形的机械网络中报道了一种新的对偶,其在自对偶点的声子谱中表现出类似Kramers的简并。这项工作中,作者阐明了这种对偶的起源,并提出了具有任意复杂度的二维自对偶结构的设计原则。作者发现这种对偶性源于铰链的部分中心反演(PCI)对称性,属于更一般的端点固定尺度变换。这种对称性赋予结构一个额外的自由度,而不改变其动力学。这导致动态异构体,即不同的2D机械结构,无论是周期的或非周期的,具有相同的动态模式。文章基于此演示了一种新型的无反射或损耗的波导。此外,PCI对称性允许研究者设计具有铰链对偶的各种2D周期性均衡网络。最后,通过进一步研究二维非机械磁振子系统,作者证明了对偶和相关的隐藏对称性应该存在于广泛的哈密顿系统中。

(孟敬尧)

Duality, Hidden Symmetry, and Dynamic Isomerism in 2D Hinge Structures

Qun-Li Lei, et al.

Phys. Rev. Lett. 129, 125501 (2022)

https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.129.125501



08-03

维声学拓扑绝缘体中狄拉克层次的观察


[编辑推荐]声学测量揭示了三维声学晶体中狄拉克锥的完整层次和带拓扑的相应层次。

从石墨烯中的无质量电子到拓扑绝缘体(TIs)中鲁棒的表面态,狄拉克锥(DCs)在各种独特的现象中扮演着重要的角色。最近的研究从理论上揭示了一个完整的狄拉克体系,包括一个八重的体相狄拉克锥,一个四重的表面狄拉克锥和一个两重的铰链狄拉克锥。在相同三维基础晶格上,该体系与一阶到三阶三维(3D)拓扑绝缘体的拓扑相体系相关联。本文报告了首次在3D声学拓扑绝缘体中观察到狄拉克层次的实验。本文通过声学测量明确地揭示了每个层次中多个狄拉克锥体的提升可以在一阶3D拓扑绝缘体中诱导具有四个狄拉克锥的二维拓扑表面态,在二阶3D拓扑绝缘体中可以诱导具有两个狄拉克锥的一维拓扑铰链态,在三阶3D拓扑绝缘体中可以诱导零维拓扑角态。这不仅拓展了狄拉克物理的基础研究范围,而且为多维稳定波的操纵开辟了一条新的途径。

(潘月)

Observation of Dirac Hierarchy in Three-Dimensional Acoustic Topological Insulators

Linyun Yang, et al.

Phys. Rev. Lett. 129, 125502 (2022)

https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/ 10.1103/PhysRevLett.129.125502



08-04

相互作用的斯格明子系统中的斯格明子回波


作者计算了受限于纳米盘形成的势中斯格明子的螺旋旋转。结合数值模拟和解析计算,作者提出了斯格明子回波现象。斯格明子回波现象的物理机制同样也被作者揭示。由于晶格的畸变、杂质或钉扎效应,受限的斯格明子会经历略有不同的局域场,从而导致初始信号的退相位。斯格明子之间的相互作用也可以促进退相过程。然而,在纳米圆盘中切换磁化方向(例如,通过旋转传递扭矩)也会将斯格明子的螺旋旋转从顺时针切换到逆时针(反之亦然),从而恢复初始信号(这就是斯格明子回波的本质)。

(陈超)

Skyrmion Echo in a System of Interacting Skyrmions

X.-G. Wang, et al.

Phys. Rev. Lett. 129, 126101 (2022)

https://journals.aps.org/prl/pdf/10.1103/PhysRevLett.129.126101


09

凝聚态物理:电子性质







责编:袁喆,马锋杰



09-01

蜂窝状铁磁体CrBr3中狄拉克磁振子的热演化


CrBr3是二维蜂窝状铁磁体的一个极好的实现,它提供了一个具有狄拉克磁振子和拓扑特征的石墨烯的玻色子等效物。Nikitin等人使用最先进的仪器进行了非弹性中子散射测量,以更新50年前的数据,从而能够与最近关于狄拉克点存在显著能隙的实验声明和热磁振子重整化理论的预测进行明确比较。他们表明CrBr3具有近邻J2J3相互作用,约为J15%,在K点具有理想的狄拉克磁振子色散,并具有同位旋缠绕的相关特征。磁振子寿命和热能带重整化显示了相互作用自旋波处理所预期的普适的T2演化,但测量的色散缺乏预测的范霍夫特征,表明需要更复杂的理论分析。

(赵鑫磊)

Thermal Evolution of Dirac Magnons in the Honeycomb Ferromagnet CrBr3

S. E. Nikitin et al.

Phys. Rev. Lett. 129, 127201 (2022)

https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.129.127201



09-02

多体自相互作用和极化子


We address the many-body self-interaction in relation to polarons in density functional theory. Our study provides (i) a unified theoretical framework encompassing many-body and one-body forms of self-interaction and (ii) an efficient semilocal scheme for charge localization. Our theoretical formulation establishes a quantitative connection between the many-body and one-body forms of self-interaction in terms of electron screening, thereby conferring superiority to the concept of many-body self-interaction. Our semilocal methodology involves the use of a weak localized potential and applies equally to electron and hole polarons. We find that polarons free from many-body self-interaction have formation energies that are robust with respect to the functional adopted. 


Many-Body Self-Interaction and Polarons 

Stefano Falletta et al.

Phys. Rev. Lett. 129, 126401 (2022)

https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.129.126401



09-03

高效非对称偏振锁定器件的黎曼-环绕奇异点


动态环绕奇异点 (Exceptional point, EP) 揭示了光子学中有趣的手性动力学。然而,基于哈密顿参数空间开放流形的传统方法无法探索通过无穷大边界的路径。在本文中,作者通过将全参数空间映射到一个闭流形的黎曼球上,引入了一个描述环绕-EP环的框架。作者证明了经过北极的环绕路径可以实现接近100%的非对称传输。通过将环绕路径映射到 L 形硅波导上,实现高效非对称的偏振锁定器件,丰富了片上光波模式的调控方法,为非厄米光学设备及其应用带来新的机遇。

(刘芮西)

Riemann-Encircling Exceptional Points for Efficient Asymmetric Polarization-Locked Devices

A. Li et al.

Phys. Rev. Lett. 129, 127401 (2022)

https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.129.127401



09-04

KTaO3中铁电不稳定性的超快抑制


We use an x-ray free-electron laser to study the lattice dynamics following photoexcitation with ultrafast near-UV light (wavelength 266 nm, 50 fs pulse duration) of the incipient ferroelectric potassium tantalate, KTaO3. By probing the lattice dynamics corresponding to multiple Brillouin zones through the x-ray diffuse scattering with pulses from the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS) (wavelength 1.3 Å and <10 fs pulse duration), we observe changes in the diffuse intensity associated with a hardening of the transverse acoustic phonon branches along Γ to X and Γ to M. Using force constants from density functional theory, we fit the quasiequilibrium intensity and obtain the instantaneous lattice temperature and density of photoexcited charge carriers. The density functional theory calculations demonstrate that photoexcitation transfers charge from oxygen 2p derived π-bonding orbitals to Ta 5d derived antibonding orbitals, further suppressing the ferroelectric instability and increasing the stability of the cubic, paraelectric structure.


Ultrafast Suppression of the Ferroelectric Instability in KTaO3

V. Krapivin et al.

Phys. Rev. Lett. 129, 127601 (2022)

https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.129.127601


10

软物质与交叉科学







责编:徐留芳



10-01

Kuhn长度下半柔性聚合物玻璃的意外延展性


根据基于裂纹延展率λcraze和断裂强度λfrac经典公式的预测,包括最近合成的半柔性共轭聚合物在内的半柔性聚合物玻璃(SPGs)Ne=C的系统中有λcraze= λfrac=1,且因此不能变形到大应变情况。运用分子动力学模拟,Dietz等人研究发现,事实上这样的玻璃体可以形成λcrazeNe¼C¼的稳定裂纹,且其在λcraze =(3C½-2)½(3Ne½-2)½时断裂。他们认为基于裂纹延展率λcraze和断裂强度λfrac的经典公式未能描述SPGs的力学响应,是因为这些经典公式不能解释在形变期间Kuhn片段拉伸的能力。

(吴雨轩)

Unexpected Ductility in Semiflexible Polymer Glasses with Entanglement Length Equal to Their Kuhn Length

Joseph D. Dietz, Kai Nan, and Robert S. Hoy

Phys. Rev. Lett. 129, 127801 (2022)

https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.129.127801



10-02

材料异质性如何造成粗糙的断裂


断裂是材料磨损、削弱和失效的关键过程,其不可预测行为可能会产生可怕的后果。虽然理想材料中光滑裂纹的行为已广为人知,但对于真实的异质系统,断裂扩展是复杂的,可能产生对介质的特定细节高度敏感的粗糙断裂表面。Steinhardt等人展示了断裂粗糙度和材料异质性如何通过一个简单的框架密不可分地联系在一起。研究了在脆性水凝胶中添加微珠或甘油以产生受控材料非均质性的水力裂缝后,他们表明裂缝表面的形态仅取决于一个参数:即在临界尺寸以上扰动而产生阶梯状不稳定的概率。该概率与数密度成线性关系,与异质尺寸成5/2幂律关系。随后的行为被沿奇异裂缝前沿的一维弹道传播和台阶湮灭所捕获,这是具有普遍性的。

(张一鸣)

How Material Heterogeneity Creates Rough Fractures

W. Steinhardt and S. M. Rubinstein

Phys. Rev. Lett. 129, 128001 (2022)

https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.129.128001



10-03

细胞骨架网络活性模式的热力学控制


生物材料,如肌动蛋白细胞骨架,通过消耗不同的能量,对各种外部刺激表现出显著的结构适应性。Lamtyugina等人使用大偏差理论的方法来确定模型细胞骨架网络中结构转变的热力学控制原理。具体而言,他们证明相对于非平衡组分所做的功,动力学的偏向可以有效地重新规范化这些组分之间的相互作用强度,从而最终导致形态转变。他们还证明了如何利用热力学量来重新规范化有效的相互作用,进而可以以可预测的方式调整结构,这表明存在一种控制细胞骨架结构和动力学的热力学原理。

(吴雨轩)

Thermodynamic Control of Activity Patterns in Cytoskeletal Networks

A. Lamtyugina, Yuqing Qiu, et al.

Phys. Rev. Lett. 129, 128002 (2022)

https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.129.128002



10-04

生长中轴突的力调节状态的相变


生长中的轴突是个一维活性结构,它对大脑的连接与神经修复非常重要。然而,复杂的轴突生长动力学背后的生物物理机制依旧难以捉摸。Huanxin Zhang等人发展了一个理论框架来概括力调节的状态及其在生长中的轴突中的相变。他们展示了一种独特的负反馈机制,定义了生长中的轴突中四种不同的动力学状态,其相变边界依赖于细胞骨架动力学和轴突-底物粘附间的相互作用。他们还基于两个无量纲数给出了轴突生长的相图。

(张清源)

Force-Regulated State Transitions of Growing Axons

Huanxin Zhang, et al.

Phys. Rev. Lett.129, 128101 (2022)

https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.129.128101



10-05

亲和性与价影响多价蛋白相分离的程度与对称性


生物分子自组装在空间上将有限数量结合点(价)的蛋白质分离成与稀释相共存的凝聚物。Nandi等人建立了在溶剂中有固定价蛋白质的三组分系统的多体晶格模型。他们将模型的预测与在体内测量的实验相图进行了对比,后者可以改变结合点的亲和力与价。他们发现相分离的程度随亲和度呈指数变化,并随价的增加而增加。而价本身就决定了相图的对称性。

(张清源)

Affinity and Valence Impact the Extent and Symmetry of Phase Separation of Multivalent Proteins

Saroj Kumar Nandi, et al.

Phys. Rev. Lett. 129, 128102 (2022)

https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.129.128102


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