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诺奖人物科普篇(一):Linda Buck,解码“闻香识物”的科学奥秘!

Original 博士科普 2023-02-24
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诺奖人物科普篇
Linda Buck—嗅觉研究先行者



紫丁花的香气为我们迎来春天;凉爽刺激的汽水味带来夏日独特的仪式感;成熟瓜果的香甜味带给我们秋天丰收的快乐;冰雪凛冽的气息是冬日递给我们的邀请函。四季轮转,嗅觉的记忆,总能带我们第一时间领略它们独特的美好!

嗅觉是如此的唾手可得,因为它是我们与生俱来的天赋;嗅觉又是如此的神秘莫测,在人类的诸多感觉中,嗅觉产生机理一直是最难揭开的难题之一。

嗅觉系统怎样把无数种气味分子区分开?大脑怎样处理不同的嗅觉信息?人类独特的嗅觉系统究竟拥有怎样的奥秘?

2004年度诺贝尔生理学或医学奖获得者、美国科学家理查德·阿克塞尔(Richard Axel)和琳达·巴克(Linda Buck),通过自己开拓性的工作找到了打开嗅觉世界的钥匙,为我们解开了人类嗅觉系统的神奇奥秘!

图1:琳达·巴克

#1

嗅觉是一个难解的谜题

Before Buck and Axel carried out their work:
‍‍•Odor scientists were aware that tiny changes in the molecules detected by our sense of smell could cause big changes in our brains’ interpretation of a smell.

George Wald, among others, discovered that only three types of light receptor allow us to distinguish between a very large number of colors. The situation with odors was unknown.

在巴克和阿克塞尔进行他们的研究之前:

气味科学家已经意识到,嗅觉检测到的分子的微小变化可能会导致我们的大脑对一种气味的解释发生巨大变化。

乔治·沃尔德等人发现,拥有三种类型的光受体就能帮我们的眼睛区分出大部分的颜色。而嗅觉的情况则是未知的。

图2:嗅觉检测到的分子变化会影响大脑
“Until Axel and Buck’s studies, the sense of smell was a mystery.” — professor Sten Grillner

“在阿克塞尔和巴克的研究之前,嗅觉是一个谜。”—Sten Grillner教授


图3:嗅觉系统的研究是一个难解的谜题

#2

解码嗅觉系统的科学奥秘

Buck and Axel wanted to discover:

How our brains tell the difference between thousands of different odors, from banana muffins to rotten cabbage. Did it work like color, with a small number of receptors interacting with a large number of different odor molecules? Or did a large number of receptors each identify a small number of different odor molecules?

How our bodies translate odors into information carried by nerve cells to our brains.

巴克和阿克塞尔希望去探索:

我们的大脑如何区分数以千计的不同气味。从香蕉松饼到腐烂的卷心菜,它是否像颜色一样,由少量的受体与大量的不同气味分子相互作用?还是大量的受体各自识别少量的不同气味分子?
我们的身体如何将气味转化的信息通过神经细胞带到我们的大脑。


图4:理查德·阿克塞尔

Buck and Axel discovered:
Humans have about 350 different odor receptor types – these receptors are found on nerve cells in the upper part of the nose.
Each cell in the upper part of the nose has only one type of receptor.
Each odor receptor is highly specialized and can detect only a small number of different odor molecules.
•Each type of odor receptor is a different protein molecule.
•Each odor receptor (protein molecule) changes when an odor molecule attaches to it, sending an electrical signal via nerve cells to the brain.
•Receptor cells send signals directly into the brain’s olfactory bulb – the part of the brain responsible for our sense of smell.
•There is a large gene family, up to 1,000 genes, that controls production of specialized protein odor receptors.

巴克和阿克塞尔研究发现:

人类大约有350种不同类型的气味受体:这些受体在鼻子上部的神经细胞中被发现。
鼻子上部的每个细胞中只存在一种类型的气味受体。
每个气味受体都高度专业,只能检测到少量不同的气味分子。
每种类型的气味受体都是一种不同的蛋白质分子。
每个气味受体蛋白质分子在气味分子附着在它身上时会发生变化,通过神经细胞向大脑发送电信号。
感受器细胞会将信号直接送入嗅球—大脑中负责我们嗅觉的部分。
有一个庞大的基因家族,由大约1000个不同的基因组成,控制着专门的蛋白质气味受体的生产。

图5:人类的嗅觉系统
Buck later discovered that:

A single smell recognized by our brains, for example apple pie, is generally made up of many different odor molecules. These individual molecules are recognized by different odor receptors.

Our brains recognize apple pie using messages sent by combinations of receptors, like specific sets of numbers form the combination to unlock a safe.

巴克后来又发现:

我们的大脑识别出的单一气味,例如苹果派的味道,一般是由许多不同的气味分子组成的,这些单独的分子再被不同的气味受体所识别。

所以我们的大脑是通过受体组合发出的信息来识别苹果派的,就像特定的数字组构成了开锁的密码。


图6:正在做研究的琳达·巴克

#3

从学士到博士:15年的坚持

Linda Brown Buck was born on January 29, 1947 in Seattle, Washington, USA. Her father was an electrical engineer, her mother a homemaker: Buck was the second of their three daughters.

Educated at Seattle’s Roosevelt High School, a teacher recorded in the yearbook that Linda could become a “great biologist one day.”

You might have thought I was a strange kid for the things I did. I buried my hamster after it died, then dug it up a while later to see what it looked like. I was always curious.” — Linda Buck

琳达·巴克于1947年1月29日出生在美国华盛顿州的西雅图。她的父亲是一名电气工程师,母亲是一名家庭主妇。巴克是他们三个女儿中的第二个。

在西雅图的罗斯福高中接受教育时,一位老师在年鉴上记录说:琳达·巴克有一天可以成为一位伟大的生物学家。

巴克是这么形容自己的:"你可能认为我是个奇怪的孩子,因为我做的事情。我的仓鼠死后,我把它埋了起来,过了一会儿又把它挖出来,看看它长什么样。我总是很好奇。"


图7:一位注定伟大的科学家

Buck graduated from Roosevelt High School in 1965, age 18, and spent the next 10 years intermittently at the University of Washington in Seattle, graduating in 1975, age 28, with a Bachelor’s degree in Psychology and Microbiology.

Regarding how long it took to get her first degree, Buck commented:“I wasn’t sure what I wanted to do. I was filled with angst; I wanted to do something to help other people, but I didn’t want to do an M.D. Then I discovered immunology and I never looked back.”

1965年,18岁的巴克从罗斯福高中毕业,随后10年一直断断续续地在西雅图的华盛顿大学学习,直至1975年,28岁的巴克毕业并获得了心理学和微生物学的学士学位。

关于她花了这么长时间才获得第一个学位的问题,巴克说:“我不确定我想做什么,我当时充满了焦虑。我想做一些能帮助别人的事情,但我不想做医学博士,然后我发现了免疫学,就再也没有回头。”


图8:华盛顿大学西雅图分校
Buck spent the next few years working with Professor Ellen Vitetta at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, resulting in the award of a Ph.D. in Immunology in 1980.
Buck spent two years carrying out postdoctoral research at Columbia University, New York, and in 1982 joined Dr. Richard Axel’s research group at Columbia. In 1984, she became an associate in Axel’s laboratory.

接下来的几年里,巴克在达拉斯的德克萨斯大学西南医学中心与Ellen Vitetta教授一起工作,并在1980年获得了免疫学博士学位。

此后,巴克又在纽约哥伦比亚大学进行了两年的博士后研究,并于1982年加入哥伦比亚大学理查德·阿克塞尔博士的研究小组。1984年,她成为了阿克塞尔实验室的一名科研人员。


图9:纽约哥伦比亚大学

#4

艰难漫长的荣耀加冕之路

In 1985, Buck read a paper from the eminent neuroscientist Solomon Snyder and his group about an odor-detecting protein. The article fired her enthusiasm for unraveling the puzzle of how we smell things.

In 1988, she began looking for genes that encode receptors for odor molecules. The paper she and Axel wrote in 1991 that led to the Nobel Prize was the culmination of working for three years with absolute dedication for 12-15 hours a day on the project. The paper was entitled A novel multigene family may encode odorant receptors: a molecular basis for odor recognition.

“I was never close to giving up. I was very optimistic. If one approach failed, I thought of another one. I just kept moving forward… The most important thing that I tell young scientists starting out is to pick a problem to work on that fascinates them. Then they will love what they’re doing, and they’ll be able to meet the challenges without getting discouraged.” — Linda Buck

1985年,巴克读到了著名神经科学家所罗门·斯奈德(Solomon Snyder)和他的小组关于一种气味探测蛋白的论文。这篇文章激发了她解开我们如何闻到东西这个难题的热情。

1988年,她开始寻找编码气味分子受体的基因。她和阿克塞尔在1991年写的那篇帮助他们获得诺贝尔奖的论文,是他们在这三年时间里以绝对的敬业精神每天为这个项目工作12-15小时的成果。这篇论文的题目是:一个决定气味受体编码的基因家族:气味识别的分子基础。
"我从未考虑过放弃,我非常乐观。如果一种方法失败了,我就尝试另一种方法。我告诉刚起步的年轻科学家,最重要的事情是选择一个让他们着迷的问题来工作。然后他们会喜欢他们正在做的事情,迎接挑战而不感到气馁。”—琳达·巴克


图10:荣耀背后,是无数个日夜的努力坚持

“Linda Buck devised a creative approach that indeed identified the genes encoding the receptors that recognize the vast array of odorants in the environment.” — Richard Axel

In 1995 she became an assistant professor at Harvard Medical School, Boston.

In 2001, Buck became a full professor at Harvard. In 2002, she returned to her hometown of Seattle to the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center.

“I was grateful that Richard [Axel] was tolerant of my high-risk endeavors. He was an unusual mentor in that he gave people in his lab extensive independence in charting their own course once they had established themselves.”

"琳达·巴克设计了一种创造性的方法,确定了可以决定环境中大量气味受体编码的基因。"—理查德·阿克塞尔

1995年,琳达·巴克成为了波士顿哈佛医学院的助理教授。

2001年,琳达·巴克成为哈佛大学的一名正式教授。2002年,她回到了家乡西雅图,就职于弗雷德·哈钦森癌症研究中心。

"我很感激理查德·阿克塞尔对我的高不确定性工作的宽容。他是一个不寻常的导师,因为他给了实验室里的人广泛的独立性,一旦他们建立了自己的方向,就可以制定自己的路线。"—琳达·巴克


图11:他们的研究打开了嗅觉世界的大门

Linda Buck won the 2004 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with her colleague Richard Axel for discovering the details of how our sense of smell works. She completed her degree and graduate studies later in life than most, taking time to find an endeavor that truly inspired her.

2004年,琳达·巴克与她的同事理查德·阿克塞尔因发现我们的嗅觉如何工作的具体细节而获得诺贝尔生理学或医学奖。她比大多数人更晚地完成了她的本科和研究生学习,只为了花时间去寻找真正可以激励她的研究方向。

图12:诺贝尔颁奖礼上的琳达·巴克
为了破解人类感官中最难解开的谜团之一,琳达·巴克用了数十年的时间。

她用了十五年才结束学术生涯和获得博士学位;用了六年的时间和理查德·阿克塞尔一起完成了确定气味受体基因的实验;又在此后的十几年里,和阿克塞尔一起从分子层面到细胞组织层面清楚地阐明了嗅觉系统的工作原理。

琳达·巴克用数十年的坚持与努力告诉我们,科学研究,需要热情投入,更需要持之以恒!时光不会辜负,每一个努力的你!


原文链接:
https://www.famousscientists.org/linda-buck/

资料来源:《Famous Scientists》


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