GSIS最新专辑|城市规划与城市管理中的时空大数据

近年来，新型城镇化、城市化进程进入新阶段：城市建成区不断扩张；社交网络等数字空间形态快速迭代。新型城镇化、信息化和智慧化正在合流，智慧城市建设不断加速。

多时空分辨率的城市影像、激光点云、社交媒体、公交刷卡数据和手机定位等时空大数据记录了从城市空间到人类个体的多维城市信息，为立体化、综合化、多维度城市感知提供了新途径。

为此，《地球空间信息科学学报》（Geo-Spatial Information Science，GSIS）推出了“城市规划与城市管理中的时空大数据”专辑，GSIS编委、武汉大学测绘遥感信息工程国家重点实验室吴华意教授等为专辑特邀客座编辑。

本期专辑报道了地理空间大数据在城市规划中的应用，包括交通规划、社区隔离、购物行为、城市外部空间开放性、地表温度、城市街道活力、交通枢纽分析和人行横道选址等方面的应用。

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■本期专辑目录如下：

Editorial

Geospatial big data for urban planning and urban management

用于城市规划和城市管理的地理空间大数据

Huayi Wu, Zhipeng Gui & Zelong Yang

文章简介

最近十年，地理空间大数据在多个学科广泛应用，取得了巨大成就。地理空间大数据提供了一种崭新的科学研究范式，尤其是广泛应用于交叉学科中，包括但不限于人文科学，物理科学，工程学等。

第十六届城市规划和城市管理计算机国际会议（CUPUM）于2019年7月8日至12日在中国武汉举行，旨在解决各种影响基于计算技术的城市规划和发展的社会和环境问题。收到了300多篇高质量的研究论文，涉及多个主题。

本期专辑来自上述会议，包括8篇文章，试图利用地理空间大数据来促进和推广城市规划和城市管理。

The recent ten years witnessed the great achievements on rich applications of Geospatial Big Data across a variety of disciplines. 

Geospatial Big Data provides a new transforming paradigm of scientific research especially at the crossroads of broad disciplines, including but not limited to the humanities, the physical sciences, engineering, and so on.

The Sixteenth International Conference on Computers in Urban Planning and Urban Management (CUPUM), held during July 8–12, 2019, in Wuhan (China), aims to address a diverse range of social and environmental issues that would affect urban planning and development based on computing technology. 

More than 300 quality research papers were received with various topics,This Special Issue emerges from the above conference and includes eight articles that attempt to use geospatial big data to facilitate and promote the UPUM.

Article

Social media as passive geo-participation in transportation planning – how effective are topic modeling & sentiment analysis in comparison with citizen surveys?

社交媒体地理数据在交通规划中的效果分析

Oliver Lock & Christopher Pettit 

文章简介

我们生活在一个快速城市化的时代，许多城市正经历着前所未有的人口增长速度和拥堵。公共交通需要在城市中高效地运送人员和货物，在城市交通中扮演着越来越重要的角色。

在现有公共交通系统面临巨大压力的情况下，本文以澳大利亚悉尼为例，研究了利用社交媒体更有效地参与使用此类服务的公民和客户互动的机会。

本文首先检查了与公共交通绩效有关的社交媒体数据（Twitter）。其次将这些信息与纵向大数据结合在一起-延迟信息在一年内由网络连续广播，因此形成了数亿个数据构件。

使用机器学习和自然语言处理（NLP）技术对主题，语气和情感进行建模。将这些结果数据和模型与用户之间的公民调查得出的意见进行比较。在监管和改善交通性能的系统的背景下，讨论了此类数据和模型的有效性与用户意图的对比。

在基于这些数据和技术的应用研究背景下，本文提出发展智能城市的关键建议。

We live in an era of rapid urbanization as many cities are experiencing an unprecedented rate of population growth and congestion. Public transport is playing an increasingly important role in urban mobility with a need to move people and goods efficiently around the city. 

With such pressures on existing public transportation systems, this paper investigates the opportunities to use social media to more effectively engage with citizens and customers using such services. 

This research forms a case study of the use of passively collected forms of big data in cities – focusing on Sydney, Australia. 

Firstly, it examines social media data (Tweets) related to public transport performance. 

Secondly, it joins this to longitudinal big data – delay information continuously broadcast by the network over a year, thus forming hundreds of millions of data artifacts. Topics, tones, and sentiment are modeled using machine learning and Natural Language Processing (NLP) techniques. 

These resulting data, and models, are compared to opinions derived from a citizen survey among users. The validity of such data and models versus the intentions of users, in the context of systems that monitor and improve transport performance, are discussed.

As such, key recommendations for developing Smart Cities were formed in an applied research context based on these data and techniques.

作者简介

Oliver Lock   新南威尔士大学（UNSW）博士生。他在城市分析实验室和扩展的感知与交互中心（EPICentre）工作，主要研究方向为如何将视觉分析技术应用于更好地理解城市交通。他曾在工程设计公司Arup和数家较小的精品数据/运输模型公司中从事咨询工作，且曾在墨尔本大学接受城市规划和信息学的培训，在伦敦大学学院巴特利特高级空间分析中心接受空间数据科学和可视化方面的培训。

Oliver Lockis a Scientia PhD candidate at UNSW. Here he works between two labs– the City Analytics lab and the Expanded Perception & Interaction Centre (EPICentre). His research focuses on how visual analytics techniques can be applied to better understanding of urban mobility. Previously, Oliver has private sector consulting experience at engineering & design firm Arup and several smaller boutique data/transport modeling firms. Oliver trained in urban planning and informatics at the University of Melbourne, and spatial data science and visualization at The Bartlett CASA, UCL.

Christopher Pettit   新南威尔士大学首届城市科学系主任。在过去的20年中，他一直致力于使用空间信息和地图技术进行研究和开发。他的研究专长还涉及应用，开发和对地理可视化工具的评论，包括先进的空间决策支持系统。

Christopher Pettit is the inaugural Chair of Urban Science at the University of New South Wales (2015). For the last 20 years, he has been undertaking research and development in the use of spatial information and mapping technologies for envisioning what if? scenarios across both urban and regional landscapes. His research expertise also spans into applications, development, and the critique of geographical visualization tools including, advanced spatial decision support systems and city dashboards.

Equity issues and the PeCUS index: an indirect analysis of community severance

股权问题和PeCUS指数：对社区隔离的间接分析

Daniela Vanessa Rodriguez Lara &Antônio Nélson Rodrigues da Silva

文章简介

城市障碍物通常是运输基础设施计划外扩张、现有运输基础设施附近住房增长以及车辆交通本身的结果。这个被称为“社区隔离”的过程是一个影响人口出行方式并给邻近社区带来负面影响的问题，且鲜有有效的评估方法。

作为分析城市障碍物时使用的昂贵技术和受限访问数据的替代方法，我们提出了一种分析方法，通过对城市街道人行横道的质量进行分类（PeCUS指数），来评估社区隔离水平。

另外，该方法可用于识别关于人口统计数据的不同分类组邻近有可能出现的不平等现象。我们使用独立性的χ2检验和标准化的Pearson残差来表达关于城市街道周围人口统计学特征的居民赤字和过剩。

我们发现了以下关联证据：低收入居民或19岁以下居民往往生活在最差的十字路口附近，而行动不便的居民或老年人则倾向于生活在分类最好的十字路口附近。

因此，研究表明，通过对PeCUS的分析来评估社区隔离程度指标是可行的。此外，它表明，除了低收入或年轻居民外，围绕低质量人行横道的居民分布情况对于弱势社会群体是公平的。

Urban barriers are often a consequence of the unplanned expansion of transport infrastructures, housing growth nearby existing transport infrastructures, and the vehicular traffic itself. This process, also known as “community severance”, is a problem that affects the travel patterns of the population and causes negative impacts to adjacent communities, but it is not easy to assess. 

As an alternative to the costly technologies and restricted-access data sometimes used to analyze urban barriers, we propose an analytical approach that assesses community severance levels by classifying the quality of Pedestrian Crossings on Urban Streets (the PeCUS index). 

Additionally, the approach is used to identify possible inequities nearby the different classification groups regarding demographic data. We used the chi-square (χ2) test of independence and the standardized Pearson residuals to indicate deficits and excesses of residents regarding the demographic characteristics studied surrounding the urban streets. 

We found the following evidences of associations: residents with low-income or those aged up to 19 tend to live close to the worst crossings, whereas residents with permanent mobility constraints or the elderly tend to live near the crossings with the best classifications. 

Therefore, the study shows that the assessment of community severance by the analysis of the PeCUS index is feasible. Moreover, it reveals that the distribution of residents surrounding the distinct classes of quality of crossings is equitable for vulnerable social groups, except for low-income or young residents.

作者简介

Daniela Vanessa Rodriguez Lara 圣保罗大学博士生。研究兴趣为社区隔离和城市交通系统的抗逆性。

Daniela Vanessa Rodriguez Lara is currently a PhD candidate at the University of São Paulo. Her current research interests are: community severance and resilience of urban transportation systems.

Antônio Nélson Rodrigues da Silva 圣保罗大学圣卡洛斯工程学院运输工程系教授，获圣保罗大学博士学位。他目前的研究兴趣：实施可持续交通策略，城市交通系统的抗逆性，城市地区普遍可及性的挑战及其对发展中国家交通和运输系统的影响。

Antônio Nélson Rodrigues da Silva is a professor in the Dept. of Transportation Engineering at the São Carlos School of Engineering of the University of São Paulo. He received the PhD degree from the University of São Paulo. His current research interests are: the implementation of sustainable mobility strategies, resilience of urban transportation systems, and the challenges of universal accessibility in urban areas and its impacts on mobility and transportation systems of developing countries.

Analysis of shopping behavior characteristics in the Keihanshin metropolitan area in Japan based on a person trip survey

基于人员出行调查的日本京阪神大都会区购物行为特征分析

Takashi Yamada & Takumi Hayashida

文章简介

本项研究使用第4次京阪神都会区人员出行调查的数据，分析了工作日中从家庭到目的地的购物行为。

首先分析了职业与交通方式、交通方式与出行时间之间以及交通方式与目的地持续时间之间的关系。χ2检验，残差分析和对应分析的结果证实，就业人员倾向于乘汽车出行，而失业人员倾向于乘公共汽车或步行。交通方式还揭示了出行时间与到达目的地的时间之间的关系。

然后，聚类分析的结果对购物行为进行了分类以揭示四种模式。最后，多元回归分析了某些变量与目的地持续时间的相关性。结果证实了目的地停留时间和旅行时间之间有很强的关系，还阐明了该因素对其他变量的影响程度。

这些发现的价值在于，使用统计分析阐明通过交通工具的出行时间与到达目的地的时间之间的关系。本文发现了一个高度精确的方程式，该方程式可以根据出行时间估算出到达目的地的时间长度。如果可以估计到达目的地的持续时间，则可以更准确地开发休息设施的结构，停车场的数量，拥挤程度等，可以与客户在购物站点中的使用行为相关联。

本文的研究通过提出一种新的出行调查和分析的有效方法，为城市分析和营销领域做出了贡献。

This study analyzed weekday shopping behavior from a home base to a destination using data from the 4th Keihanshin metropolitan area person trip survey. We first analyzed the relationships between occupation and transportation means, transportation means and travel time, and transportation means and duration of time at the destination. 

Results of a chi-square test, residual analysis, and correspondence analysis confirmed that employed persons tend to travel by cars while unemployed persons tend to travel by bus or walk. The relationship between travel time and duration of time at the destination was also revealed according to transportation means. Results of a cluster analysis then classified shopping behaviors to expose four patterns. Finally, multiple regression analyzed the degree to which certain variables were related to duration of time at the destination. 

Results confirmed a strong relationship between duration of time at the destination and travel time. The degree of this factor’s influence on other variables was also clarified. The value of these findings is that the relationship between travel time by means of transportation and the duration of time at the destination was clarified using statistical analysis. 

We then found a highly accurate equation that estimates the duration of time at a destination from the travel time. If the duration of time at a destination can be estimated, it may be possible to more accurately develop the structure of rest facilities, the number of parking lots, the degree of congestion, and so on, which can be associated with the customer’s usage behavior in a shopping site. This research in this paper contributes to the field of urban analysis and marketing by presenting a new effective method for person trip survey and analysis.

作者简介

Takashi Yamada  日本近畿大学人为因素工程与环境设计系讲师。获日本庆应大学博士学位。他的研究涵盖建筑物或城市空间中的人类行为建模，仿真和空间设计分析。

Takashi Yamada is a lecturer in the Department of Human Factors Engineering and Environmental Design, Kindai University, Japan. He received a Ph.D. from Keio University, Japan. His research covers human behavior modeling, simulation, and space design analysis in buildings or urban spaces.

Quantification of the openness of urban external space through urban section

通过城区划分量化城市外部空间的开放性

Ziyu Tong, Huawu Yang , Chen Liu, Tingting Xu, Sha Xu

文章简介

图5   在计算点勾勒出具有高度开放性的外部空间

对于城市建筑环境而言，外部空间的形状特征具有决定性意义。但是，通常所说的开放空间更多是社会属性的定义。

因此，在城市环境研究中，特别是在城市微气候中，对微气候与开放空间的相关性进行研究很容易产生偏差。基于直接的定量描述来识别外部空间的开放性是认知城市形式的重要前提。

在这项研究中，根据外部空间不同方向部分的高宽比（HWR），通过阈值提取城市空间中具有高开放度的区域。通过对南京市不同地区的案例分析，结果表明该方法有效和简便。该分析结果在城市设计和研究中也可以应用得更广泛。

For the urban built environment, the shape characteristics of the external space are of decisive significance. However, what is commonly referred to as open space is more of a definition of social attributes. 

Therefore, in the research on urban environments, especially in urban microclimate, the study of a microclimate’s correlation with open space easily produces deviations. 

The identification of the openness of an external space based on a direct quantitative description is an important prerequisite for the cognitive urban form. In this study, based on the height-to-width ratio (HWR) of different directional sections of external space, areas with high openness in an urban space are extracted by the threshold value.

In the case analysis of different areas in Nanjing, China, the results showed that the method is effective and convenient. The results of the analysis can also be used more widely in the urban design and research.

作者简介

Ziyu Tong  南京大学建筑与城市规划学院副教授。他的研究兴趣包括计算机辅助建筑设计，GIS和空间分析，城市形态学和城市小气候。

Ziyu Tong is an associate professor in School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Nanjing University. His research interests include computer aided architectural design, GIS and spatial analysis, urban morphology, and urban microclimate.

Characterizing the spatial and temporal variation of the land surface temperature hotspots in Wuhan from a local scale

以局部尺度表征武汉市地表温度热点的时空变化

Chen Yang, Qingming Zhan, Sihang Gao, Huimin Liu

文章简介

来自星载热红外（TIR）传感器的地表温度（LST）是城市气候研究的关键参数。当前的研究对于一次仅采用一个快照，无法捕获LST的时空变化。针对局部尺度LST变化的时空特征，本研究提取了潜在模式和形态特征。

从技术上讲，在2002年，2007年，2012年和2017年使用了16种MODERATE分辨率成像光谱仪（MODIS）8天合成LST产品（MYD11A2）。

首先，使用一个LST子集及其在时间上相邻的图像，利用非参数多任务高斯过程模型（MTGP）提取平滑和连续的潜在LST（LLST）模式。

然后，应用多尺度形状指数（MSSI）来量化最佳尺度下的形态特征。再次，将LLST模式和MSSI映射聚类为多个空间类别。具有最高LLST和MSSI值的特定群集被视为局部LLST热点。采用热点加权平均中心（HSWMC）和标准偏差椭圆来进一步研究热点的方向，方向和轨迹的时空变化。

结果表明，不渗透表面（IS）的组成是局部LST异常的最重要的外力。构型因子（例如，形状指数，聚集指数）也具有明显的局部变暖作用。该研究显示了LST热点时空变化特征的潜在模式和基于形态的框架，以适应城市规划中的分区和分级策略。

Land Surface Temperature (LST) derived from space-borne Thermal-infrared (TIR) sensors is a key parameter of urban climate studies. Current studies are inefficient to capture the spatial and temporal variations of LST for only one snapshot adopted at one time. 

Focusing on the characterization of the spatial and temporal of LST variations at local scales, the latent patterns, and morphological characteristics are extracted in this study. Technically, sixteen MODerate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) eight-day synthesized LST products (MYD11A2) in 2002, 2007, 2012, and 2017 are employed. 

First, the non-parametric Multi-Task Gaussian Process Model (MTGP) is used to extract the smooth and continuous Latent LST (LLST) patterns using one LST subset and its temporally adjacent images. 

Second, the Multi-Scale Shape Index (MSSI) is then applied to quantify the morphological characteristics at the optimal scale. Then, the LLST patterns and MSSI maps are clustered into multiple spatial categories. The specific clusters with the highest LLST and MSSI values are considered as local LLST hotspots. The Hotspots Weighted Mean Center (HSWMC) and standard deviation ellipse are adopted to further investigate the spatiotemporal change of hotspots orientation, direction, and trajectories. Results revealed that Impervious Surfaces (IS) composition is the most significant external forcing of local LST anomalies. 

The configuration factors (e.g., shape index, aggregation index) also have a noticeable local warming effect. This study represents a latent pattern and morphology-based framework for LST hotspots spatial and temporal variations characterization, catering to the zoning and grading strategies in urban planning.

作者简介

Chen Yang  北京大学城市与环境科学学院博士生， 研究兴趣包括热红外遥感，遥感图像的质量提升，气候变化和城市可持续性。

Chen Yang is a Ph.D. candidate in College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University. He received his master’s degree from School of Urban Design, Wuhan University in 2020. His research interests include thermal infrared remote sensing, quality development of remotely sensed image, climate change, and urban sustainability

Qingming Zhan  目前是武汉大学城市设计学院的教授。詹教授于2003年获得荷兰瓦特宁根大学（ITC）的地理信息科学博士学位。他的研究兴趣包括数字和智能城市，规划支持系统，基于对象的遥感影像分析等。

Qingming Zhan is currently a professor with School of Urban Design, Wuhan University. Prof. Zhan received his Ph.D. degree in geo-information science from Wageningen University - ITC, the Netherlands in 2003. His research interests include digital and smart cities, planning support systems, object-based analysis of remote sensing images, etc.

Sihang Gao  硕士生，他的研究兴趣包括空间统计，城市规划，城市热环境。

Sihang Gao is a graduate student at Wuhan University. His research interests include spatial statistics, urban planning, urban thermal environment.

Huimin Liu  香港中文大学博士后，由黄波教授指导。研究兴趣包括城市可持续性，环境模式和动态，健康城市，气候变化和遥感。

Huimin Liu is a postdoc scholar of The Chinese University of Hong Kong under the supervision of Prof. Bo Huang. Her research interests include urban sustainability, environmental patterns and dynamics, health cities, climate change, and remote sensing.

An investigation of the visual features of urban street vitality using a convolutional neural network

利用卷积神经网络研究城市街道活力的视觉特征

Yi Qi, Sonam Chodron Drolma, Xiang Zhang, Jing Liang, Haibing Jiang, Jiangang Xu, Tianhua Ni

文章简介

作为描述城市空间质量的著名城市景观概念，城市街道活力是人类对城市环境的主观感知，但很难直接从物理空间进行评估。

该研究在城市建筑环境中使用了现代的机器学习计算机视觉算法来模拟该过程，该过程从对城市街道景观的视觉感知开始，到人类对街道活力的反应结束。通过分析优化的训练模型，我们试图确定城市街道活力的视觉特征并评估其重要性。

我们将中国南京莫愁湖周围的区域设置为研究区域。七名调查人员对该区域进行了调查，并记录了他们在每个场所的活力水平上的评估得分，并在现场拍摄了相应的照片。来自231个有效调查站点的总共370张图片和记录的得分对用于训练卷积神经网络。经过优化后，创建了一个包含43个层（包括11个卷积层）的深度神经网络模型。然后使用热图来识别导致高生命力评分输出的特征还分析了不同类型的特征实体的空间分布，以帮助识别空间效果。研究发现，视觉特征，包括人、建筑工地、店面和路边/人行道都是与城市街道活力相对应的重要特征。这些关键特征与传统城市活力特征的一致性表明该模型已从训练过程中学到了有用的知识。在城市规划实践中应用经过训练的模型可以帮助改善城市环境，从而更好地吸引居民的活动和交流。

As a well-known urban landscape concept to describe urban space quality, urban street vitality is a subjective human perception of the urban environment but difficult to evaluate directly from the physical space. 

The study utilized a modern machine learning computer vision algorithm in the urban build environment to simulate the process, which starts with the visual perception of the urban street landscape and ends with the human reaction to street vitality. 

By analyzing the optimized trained model, we tried to identify urban street vitality’s visual features and evaluate their importance. A region around the Mochou Lake in Nanjing, China, was set as our study area. Seven investigators surveyed the area, recorded their evaluation score on each site’s vitality level with a corresponding picture taken on site. 

A total of 370 pictures and recorded score pairs from 231 valid survey sites were used to train a convolutional neural network. After optimization, a deep neural network model with 43 layers, including 11 convolutional ones, was created. Heat maps were then used to identify the features which lead to high vitality score outputs. The spatial distributions of different types of feature entities were also analyzed to help identify the spatial effects. 

The study found that visual features, including human, construction site, shop front, and roadside/walking pavement, are vital ones that correspond to the vitality of the urban street. 

The consistency of these critical features with traditional urban vitality features indicates the model had learned useful knowledge from the training process. Applying the trained model in urban planning practices can help to improve the city environment for better attraction of residents’ activities and communications.

作者简介

Yi Qi  博士，南京大学建筑与城市规划学院讲师。在撰写本文时，他是兰开斯特环境中心的访问学者。一直致力于地理信息建模和分析的工作。他在开发工具，模型和应用程序以解决实际的城市规划问题（尤其是在地理可及性和空间相互作用问题方面）时，教授了有关该主题的几门课程。他目前致力于研究机器学习应用程序和神经网络，以进行城市规划和地理空间的研究。

Yi Qi is a lecturer at the School of Architecture and Urban Planning at Nanjing University, China. He was a visiting scholar at Lancaster Environment Centre at the time of this study. He holds a Ph.D. in Human Geography and had been working on geographic information modeling and analysis. He teaches several courses on the topic while developing tools, models, and applications to address practical urban planning problems, especially on geographic accessibility and spatial interaction problems. He currently dedicated his work to machine learning applications and neural networks in urban planning and geospatial studies.

Cluster and Characteristic Analysis of Shanghai Metro Stations Based on Metro Card and Land Use Data

基于地铁卡和土地利用数据的上海地铁站聚类及特征分析

Ping Shen，Linxin Ouyang，Chong Wang，Yin Shi，Yiheng Su

文章简介

地铁是上海公共交通的重要形式。基于地铁卡数据，根据客流随时间变化的模式进行了上海地铁站的聚类分析。然后研究了不同类型车站的出行时间和周围土地利用的特征，以探索城市土地利用特征与地铁车站客流所反映的出行活动之间的关系。

研究发现，地铁车站的客流方式与车站的位置条件及其周围的土地利用方式密切相关。根据不同的特点，将285个地铁站分为住宅站，就业站，就业-住宅站和综合功能站，反映出行行为与城市土地利用特征之间的相互作用，并为优化城市功能结构和设施的空间分配提供参考。

Metro is an important form of public transport in Shanghai. Based on the metro card data, we conduct the cluster analysis of Shanghai metro stations according to the pattern of passenger flow changing with time. Then the characteristics of travel time and surrounding land use are investigated for different types of stations to explore the relationship between urban land-use characteristics and travel activities reflected by passenger flow at metro stations. 

It is found that the passenger flow pattern of metro stations is closely related to the location conditions of stations and its surrounding land-use patterns. Based on various characteristics, 285 metro stations are classified into four types, including residential-oriented stations, employment-oriented stations, employment-residence-oriented stations, and integrated functional-oriented stations, reflecting the interaction between spontaneous travel behavior and urban land-use characteristics and providing a reference for optimizing the urban functional structure and the spatial allocation of facilities.

作者简介

Ping Shen  广州城市规划设计研究院助理规划师。研究兴趣包括区域规划，空间定量分析和城市更新。

Ping Shen is an assistant planner in Guangzhou Urban Planning & Design Survey Research Institute. She received her master degree from College of Architecture and Urban Planning, Tongji University. Her research interests include regional planning, spatial quantitative analysis and urban renewal.

Using multi-agent simulation to predict natural crossing points for pedestrians and choose locations for mid-block crosswalks

使用多智能体仿真预测行人的自然道路交叉口并为街区中间人行横道选择位置

Egor Smirnov, Sergei Dunaenko& Sergei Kudinov

文章简介

The image of trampled paths and road crossing points after re-simulation

在安排行人基础设施时，保障行人安全最重要的一部分就是设置安全的道路交叉口。在城市中，由于既定路线或人行横道位置不足，行人经常在错误的地方过马路。占道路交通事故总量的很大一部分是因为行人过马路中忽略交通规则。

在本文中，我们提出了一种方法，该方法可以使我们根据行人的计算机模拟结果，获得预测的过路路线，并在考虑到已建立的行人路线并增加行人路线的情况下，指明人行横道的最佳安全位置。这项工作描述了现有AntRoadPlanner模拟算法的扩展，该算法搜索并聚集行人穿越道路的点，并为新的人行横道提供位置建议。该方法是在应用之前和之后对多个地区进行比较模拟的基础上，并根据对这些地区的现场研究进行了测试。

所开发的算法还可以用于在区域规划中为行人搜索其他潜在危险的地点，例如，在能见度有限的地方的人行横道。以及基于对这些领土的实地研究。所开发的算法还可以用于在区域规划中为行人搜索其他潜在危险的地点，例如，在能见度有限的地方的人行横道。以及基于对这些领土的实地研究。所开发的算法还可以用于在区域规划中为行人搜索其他潜在危险的地点，例如能见度有限的人行横道。

When arranging the pedestrian infrastructure, one of the most important components that make a tangible contribution to the safety of pedestrians is to organize the safe road crossing. In cities, pedestrians often cross a road in the wrong place due to established routes or inadequate location of crosswalks. 

Accidents with the participation of pedestrians who crossed the road neglecting the traffic rules, make up a significant part of the total amount of road accidents. In this paper, we propose a method that allows us, on the basis of the results of a computer simulation of pedestrian traffic, to obtain predicted routes for road crossing and to indicate optimal locations for crosswalks that take into account established pedestrian routes and increase their safety.

 The work describes an extension for the existing AntRoadPlanner simulation algorithm, which searches for and clusters points where pedestrians cross the roadway and suggests locations for new crosswalks. This method was tested on the basis of a comparative simulation of several territories before and after its application, as well as on the basis of a field study of the territories. The developed algorithm can also be used to search for other potentially dangerous places for pedestrians on plans of districts, for example, crossings in places with limited visibility.

作者简介

Egor Smirnov 圣彼得堡国立信息技术、机械学与光学研究型大学（ITMO）设计与城市研究所的城市研究实验室研究员。他的研究主要集中于行人行为建模和开发以帮助建筑师和城市规划人员制定舒适的行人基础设施项目的软件。

Egor Smirnov is a researcher at the Urban Research Laboratory of Institute for Design and Urban Studies of ITMO University. His research is primarily focused on pedestrian behavior modeling and creating software that helps architects and urban planners make comfortable pedestrian infrastructure projects.

Sergei Dunaenko  ITMO大学设计与城市研究所的城市研究实验室的工程师。他的研究兴趣是行人安全和GIS编程。

Sergei Dunaenko is an engineer at the Urban Research Laboratory of Institute for Design and Urban Studies of ITMO University. His research interests are pedestrian safety and GIS programming.

Sergei Kudinov  ITMO大学设计与城市研究所的城市研究实验室的专家。他的研究兴趣是空间分析，城市规划，规划支持系统，城市研究中的编程。

Sergei Kudinov is an expert at the Urban Research Laboratory of Institute for Design and Urban Studies of ITMO University. His research interests are spatial analysis, urban planning, planning support systems, computing in urban research.

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