初中英语易错知识点辨析：连词
as用作连词时,含义比较多：
A)引导时间状语从句。
(1)用“as soon as”结构,意思是“一……就”。
例如:
Please e-mail me as soon as you get there.
请你一到那里就给我发电子邮件。
I'll tell him the news as soon as he comes back.
他一回来我就把这个消息告诉他。
(2)作“与……同时、一边……一边、当……的时候”讲时,强调主从句的动作同时发生,而从句的谓语动词必须是延续性动词。
例如:
He read the letter as he walked along the river.
他一边沿着河边走,一边读信。
As I waited at the stop, I heard a big noise.
我在车站候车的时候,听到了一声巨响。
B)引导比较状语从句。用于“as...as”结构中,第一个as是副词,第二个as是连词。否定句用not as/so...as结构。
例如:
He sings as well as his brother.
他唱歌和哥哥一样好。
Canoeing is not as/so interesting as sailing.
划独木舟没有航海有趣。
C)引导原因状语从句。表示明显的原因,意思是“由于、鉴于”。
例如:
We all like her as she is kind.
我们都喜欢她,因为她善良。
As you're tired, you'd better have a rest.
因为你疲劳,你最好休息一下。
D)引导方式状语从句,意为“按照、如同”。
如:
I have changed it as you suggested.
我已经按照你的建议修改了。
As two is to three,four is to six.
四比六等于二比三。
含有as的短语和固定搭配常见的有:
(1)as well as也
(2)as if好像
(3)the same as 和……一样
(4)such as例如
(5)as...as possible尽可能......
(6)so as to为了、以便
(7)as soon as 一……就......
(8)as a matter of fact事实上/实际上
(9)as for至于
(10)as well也
(11)not only...but also...不但……而且
(12)both...and...既……又……
as用作介词,意为“如同、作为、当作”,与介词like不同,as表示某人/物看起来完全一样或几乎相同,而like表示相似关系,但不等同。
如:
Don't have him as a servant.
不要把他看作仆人。
He works as a servant.
他以仆人的身份工作着。
试比较:He works like a servant.
他像仆人一样工作。(实际上不是。)
as作“作为”讲时,相当于being。
如:
As a student,it's bad manners to be late for class.
作为学生,迟到是不礼貌的。
(=Being a student,it's bad manners to be late for class.)
as常与动词连用,构成短语或固定搭配如:look upon...as把……看作;regard...as把……认为是/把……看作;act as担任、充当等。
as用作副词,意思是“同样地”,通常用来修饰副词或形容词。
如:
He works hard,but I study just as hard.
他努力学习,我学习也一样努力。
Their shool is as beautiful as ours.
他们的学校和我们的学校一样美丽。
when用作连词,引导时间状语从句,意为“当……的时候”。
如:
She wants to be a scientist when she grows up.
她长大后想当科学家。
When the game began,I was waiting for a taxi.
当比赛开始时,我在等出租车。
when可以引导宾语从句,后面跟陈述句语序,意思是“什么时候、何时”。
如:
Please tell me when you came here.
请告诉我你是什么时候到的。
He asked when the game would start.
他问比赛什么时候开始。
when用作疑问副词,意为“什么时候、何时”,引导特殊疑问句,可以问时间点,也可以问时间段。
如:
—When do you usually go to school every day?
——你每天通常什么时候上学?
—At six o'clock.
——六点钟。
—When will he be back?
——他什么时候回来?
—In a week.
——一个星期以后。
—When were you born?
——你是什么时候出生的?
—I was born in 1995.
——我出生在1995年。
while用作连词时,意为“当……的时候、和……同时”,引导时间状语从句,从句只能指时间段,不能指时间点,谓语动词必须是延续性动词或状态动词。如:
Strike while the iron is hot.趁热打铁。
Somebody broke into the house while we were out.
我们外出时有人破门而入。
while用作连词时,引导让步状语从句,意为“虽然、尽管”。
如:
While I admit his good points,I can see his shortcomings.
尽管我承认他的优点,我还是看到他的缺点了。
while用作名词,意思是“一会儿、一段时间”。
如:
Please wait a while.请稍等。
I haven't seen him for a long while.
我好久没有看到他了。
because表示理由或直接原因,意思是“因为”,语气最强。引导原因状语从句时,常用于句子中间,位于句首时,要用逗号隔开。单独成句时,通常用来回答why所提出的问题。
例如:
I like my parrot because it can sing.
因为鹦鹉会唱歌,所以我喜欢它。
Pandas are my favorite animals because they're very cute.
因为熊猫很可爱,所以它们是我最喜爱的动物。
—Why do you like giraffes?
—Because they are very interesting.
——你为什么喜欢长颈鹿?
——因为它们很有趣。
because表示理由/原因时,不能与so直接连用。汉语中,表示因果关系时要用“因为……所以……”;而英语中,用because就不用so,用so就不用because。
试比较:
Nick caught a bad cold yesterday,so he had to stay at home.
Because Nick caught a bad cold yesterday,he had to stay at home.
尼克昨天得了重感冒,因此他不得不待在家里。
because可以与of连用,构成介词短语because of,之后跟名词、代词、词组或短语表示理由/原因。
如:
He has poor eyesight because of doing lots of computer work.
由于做大量的电脑工作,他的视力差。
The match was put off because of the bad weather.
比赛由于天气不好被推迟了。
since表达明显的或已知的理由,意为“既然”。since引导的从句常用于句首,语气不如because,但是比as语气强。引导的从句位于句子末尾时,可以作为补充说明。
如:
Since everybody is here,let's begin.
既然大家都到了,那我们就开始吧。
Since you don't want to go there,I won't force you to.
既然你不想去,我也不勉强你。
I'll go to ask someone else,since you have no time.
既然你没有时间,我就去找别人。
as表示理由时,意为“由于”,引导原因状语从句时,主、从句并重,从句说明原因,主句说明结果,相当于since,但是语气不如since。
如:
As it was late,I left in a hurry.
因为天色已晚,我就匆忙离开了。
As I'm very busy,I can't go with you.
我很忙,所以不能和你一起去。
for是并列连词,表明附加或推断的理由,常用于口语中,意为“因为”。for连接的句子不用于句首,并列句之间可以用逗号分开。
如:
I must be away for a week,for I'll go to Shanghai.
我要离开一个星期,因为我要去上海。
He must be at home,for the light in the room is on.
他一定在家,因为房间里的灯亮着。
I'm late for class for I got up late.
我上学迟到是因为我起床迟了。
so...that...意为“如此……以至于……”, so是副词,后面跟形容词或副词,that后面跟句子表示结果,常见的句型结构有下面四种:
A. so+形容词+that从句
The novel is so popular that it ran into two editions in a year.
这本小说是那么受欢迎,一年内就出了两版。
She was so surprised that she just stood there.
她是如此吃惊,就呆呆地站在那里。
B. so+副词+that从句
He drove so fast that he found it difficult to stop at the red light.
他开车那么快,发现红灯时已无法刹车了。
His friends were walking so slowly that he began to feel bored.
他的朋友走得那么慢,他开始感到厌倦。
C. so+形容词+a+单数名词+that从句
It is so heavy a stone that I can't lift it.
这么重的一块石头,我举不起来。
It is so lovely a day that I'd like to go swimming.
如此好的天气,我想去游泳。
D. so+many/much/(a) few/(a) little+名词+that从句
He had so many falls that he was black and blue all over.
他摔了那么多跤,以致浑身青一块、紫一块。
so...that...可以与以下结构转换：
A. 与too...to...结构的转换
too...to...意为“太……以至于不能……”,与so...that...结构互换时,that从句中必须使用情态动词can't(如果是过去时则用couldn't)。
如:
He was so clever that he couldn't make such stupid mistakes.
→ He was too clever to make such stupid mistakes.
他太聪明了,不会犯这么愚蠢的错误。
温馨提示:如果主从句的主语不一致,改为同义句时,要用too...for sb. to...结构。
如:
That question is so difficult that I can't work it out.
→That question is too difficult for me to work out.
这个问题太难,我算不出来。
B. 与enough to do/not enough to do结构的转换
a)与enough to do sth.结构的转换。
enough to do sth.意为“……足够做某事”,与so...that...结构转换时,that从句中必须使用情态动词can。
如:
You are so healthy that you can get back to school.
→ You are healthy enough to get back to school.
你身体健康,可以回学校去了。
b)与not...enough to do结构的转换。
not...enough to do意为“没到做某事的……”,与so...that...结构转换时,that从句中必须使用含有否定意义的情态动词。enough前面的形容词是so...that...结构中so后面形容词的反义词。
如:
The boy is so young that he can't dress himself.
→The boy is not old enough to dress himself.
这个孩子还没到自己穿衣服的年龄。
He is so impatient that he can't wait.
→ He is not patient enough to wait.
他没有足够的耐心等待。
练一练
连词的考查在近几年的中考题中出现率较高,测试内容涉及并列连词的用法、时间状语从句、让步状语从句等。遇到有关连词的单项选择题时,考生需注意下面的问题:
1. 简单连词的选择
首先找出连词在句中是连接词与词、短语与短语还是连接句子与句子,以此来确定用并列连词还是从属连词。如果选择并列连词,应该根据具体的语境,通过句意来确定应该用表示平行或承接关系的连词、选择关系的并列连词还是表示因果关系的并列连词。
【例1】(2014·北京·24)
I'd like to go with you, I'm too busy.
A. or B. and C. so D. but
【解析】考查连词的用法。由后一句中的“too busy”判断,应该用but来连接,表示转折,不是选择、递进或因果。 故选D。
【答案】 D
【例2】(2014·江西·30)
jeans were invented over 100 years ago,they're still in fashion today.
A. Because B. If
C. Although D. Since
【解析】考查连词的用法。 由句子关系和句意“100多年前发明牛仔裤,现在仍然时髦”判断,该句是让步状语从句。故选C。
【答案】 C
2. 复合连词和短语连词的选择。
复合连词和短语连词可以引导并列句和各种不同的复合句。常见的有:both...and...;either...or...;neither...nor...;as well;not only...but also;as soon as
【例】(2013·内蒙古包头·32)
One important aim of our school is to prepare us for the future we can face all the challenges with confidence.
A. so far B. so that
C. even if D. if only
【解析】考查短语连词的辨析。so far到目前为止;so that以至于;even if即使;if only如果;由句意“我们学校的一个重要目标是为我们的将来做准备以至于我们能够有信心面对各种挑战”判断,该句是因果关系,应该用短语连词so that来连接。故选B。
【答案】B
3. 从属连词的选择
如果需要选择从属连词,应该根据主句与从句之间的关系确定是宾语从句还是状语从句。如果是状语从句,还要根据句意分析,从句是表示时间、条件、原因还是结果等。 然后确定所需的连词。
【例1】(2014·河南·34)
He's not a perfect child. He sometimes talks back his parents talks with him.
A. if B. before
C. when D. until
【解析】考查连词的用法。由句意“他不是个完美的孩子,他父母和他谈话时,他有时顶嘴”和句子之间的关系判断,该句是时间状语从句,不是条件状语从句。因为主句和从句的动作同时发生,不是前后发生的或“直到……为止”。故选 C。
【答案】C
【例2】(2013·浙江义乌·19)
I'll probably stay with my friends I get my own place to live in.
A. before B. when
C. after D. because
【解析】考查连词的用法。这是一个含有时间状语从句的复合句。A项表示“在……以前”,B项表示“当……的时候”,C项表示“在……之后”,D项表示“因为”。根据句意:“在我有自己的房子之前,我很可能和我的朋友们住在一起”,可知本题选A。
【答案】A
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