JIA 2021-04期 发布 | “减贫路径研究” 专刊
The following article is from 中国农业科学微平台 Author JIA
Special Issue: Paths out of Poverty
专刊：减贫路径研究
聂凤英, 毕洁颖
中国农业科学院农业信息研究所
消除贫困是人类的共同使命，也是困扰世界的现实话题。联合国千年发展目标 (Millennium Development Goals, MDGs) 和2030年可持续发展目标 (Sustainable Development Goals, SDGs) 均将消除贫困作为首要任务。作为全球最大的发展中国家，中国减贫事业取得了举世瞩目的成就，成功走出了一条中国特色减贫道路。中国以及国际减贫经验的系统总结与分享对于促进减贫领域的交流与合作、共同致力于可持续发展目标的实现具有重要的理论和实践价值。为此，我们特联合Journal of Integrative Agriculture (《农业科学学报》(英文), JIA)，筹备策划“减贫路径”专刊，向全球范围内致力于贫困研究的专家学者进行组稿。本专刊旨在梳理国际社会尤其是发展中国家的减贫实践，并从贫困治理和国际经验、产业扶贫、创新和包容性发展、以及社会保障四个方面进行总结，以期为全球减贫理论研究和减贫实践提供借鉴。经过严格的同行评议，专刊最终录用并出版研究论文和综述共计20篇，涵盖国际食物政策研究所 (IFPRI)、俄罗斯对外贸易学院国际经济与金融研究所、中国科学院、中国社会科学院、中国农业科学院、北京大学、中国人民大学、浙江大学、中国农业大学、南京农业大学等国内外著名学者及研究团队的成果。
“减贫路径”专刊既涵盖全球以及亚洲、非洲、拉美等地区总结研究也包括俄罗斯、巴西、印度、越南等国家减贫机制和案例经验，同时对中国的精准扶贫措施尤其是电商扶贫、教育扶贫、生态扶贫、社会保障等进行了深入研究。该专刊的出版与发布，不仅有利于全球减贫经验的交流与分享，也将提升中国减贫学术研究的世界影响力，为全球减贫事业提供中国智慧和中国方案。我们希望该专刊的研究成果可以为广大发展中国家乃至全球减贫事业提供理论和实践上的参考借鉴。
在此，我们特别感谢中国农业大学樊胜根教授、英国诺丁汉大学武斌教授、原国务院扶贫办扶贫专家咨询委员会对本专刊组稿的大力支持，感谢翁凌云编辑专业严谨的审校，感谢各位作者的高质量研究，感谢国家自然基金委项目 (71661147001) 对本专刊的支持。
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Editorial— Paths out of poverty
✺ NIE Feng-ying, BI Jie-ying, Apurv MARU
Section 1: Poverty governance and international experience
贫困治理和国际经验
Paths out of poverty: International experience
综述：从国际经验探索减贫路径
✺ FAN Sheng-gen, Emily EunYoung CHO
全球可持续发展的第一目标 (SDGs) 是在2030年前终结一切形式的贫困。尽管全球贫困持续减少，但进展缓慢且地区间极不平衡 。为确保2030年在全球范围内根除贫困，研究脱贫路径至关重要，在此方面，总结国际经验、以农业发展为重点的减贫路径尤其受到广泛关注。本研究的发现在于，在土地稀缺国家，小农主导的农业增长往往对减贫影响最大。其次，一旦农业生产力达到一定水平，非农就业和城乡迁移必须随之而来。然而，过早退出农业可能造成更大的危害。第三，即使在通过部门和区域发展实现大规模减贫之前，也必须建立社会安全网，以覆盖那些没有从增长和发展中受益的人。在许多国家，生产性社会安全网已被证明具有极高的成本效益。当大量农村人口向城市转移时，城市贫困也应被社会保护计划所覆盖。研究指出，非洲农业增长在很大程度上受到土地扩张的推动，生产率低下，其减贫速度在所有地区中最为缓慢。南亚农业由小农农业的生产多样化所主导，对减贫影响很大，但其未来的减贫受到城乡移民且城市和非农产业缺乏正式就业机会的限制。许多拉丁美洲国家城市化程度高于其他发展中国家及地区，因而广泛采用社会保护计划。中国减贫的成功巨大，在很大程度上是由农业主导的改革及农村发展推动的。这些改革使农村居民的收入显著提高，贫困和饥饿人数大幅下降，且以可承受的价格进一步增加了粮食供应。同时， 对营养、保健、教育、清洁用水和良好卫生设施方面的投资也起了关键作用。
| Cite this article: |
| FAN Sheng-gen, Emily EunYoung CHO. 2021. Paths out of poverty: International experience. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 20(4): 857-867. |
Paths out of poverty: An eclectic and idiosyncratic review of analytical approaches
✺ Eugenio DÍAZ-BONILLA, Susana CONSTENLA-VILLOSLADA
This paper briefly reviews different debates about approaches for paths out of poverty, considering several views, from the analysis of specific policies to more general or systemic considerations. The contribution of this paper is to present a broad outline of those debates and to serve as an illustration of the complexity of analyzing paths out of poverty. It discusses in sequence, the more microeconomic approach of evaluation of individual policies for poverty alleviation; then it moves to broader issues of growth and development strategies, and macroeconomic policies, and their links to the persistence or reduction of poverty; and finally discusses the topic of institutions, related to how policy decisions are made and enforced in societies at the previous three levels. Finally, the concluding section argues that a successful program to eliminate poverty must integrate all levels of individual policies, macroeconomic programs, development strategies and good institutions. This paper hopes to contribute to that crucial work.
| Cite this article: |
| Eugenio DÍAZ-BONILLA, Susana CONSTENLA-VILLOSLADA. 2021. Paths out of poverty: An eclectic and idiosyncratic review of analytical approaches. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 20(4): 868-879. |
Elite capture, the “follow-up checks” policy, and the targeted poverty alleviation program: Evidence from rural western China
✺ CHENG Xiao-yu, WANG Jian-ying, Kevin Z. CHEN
Decentralized methods for targeting poverty are widely adopted in developing countries to improve the performance of various poverty alleviation programs. A common challenge for implementing successful decentralized targeting is the existence of elite capture. China has recently implemented a nationwide decentralized poverty targeting program, the targeted poverty alleviation (TPA) policy, to achieve the national goal of eliminating absolute poverty by the end of 2020. As the largest decentralized poverty targeting program in the world, TPA’s successful implementation was believed to be threatened by elite capture in some earlier reports. Since 2015, a targeting correction mechanism, called “follow-up checks” policy, has been introduced. With the “follow-up checks” policy, the elites and other ineligible households who receive benefits under TPA were removed from the program. This paper investigates the elite capture phenomenon in TPA using village census data from a poverty-stricken county in 2017 - two years after implementing the “follow-up checks” policy. We find no evidence of elite capture in TPA. The elites are unlikely to become beneficiaries or receive more benefits than non-elites. Our results contradict earlier findings that reported elite capture in TPA. We argue that the reason is the accountability emphasized by the central government in the “follow-up checks” policy. Our findings imply that having proper accountability is critical for improving targeting performance by global antipoverty initiatives.
| Cite this article: |
| CHENG Xiao-yu, WANG Jian-ying, Kevin Z. CHEN. 2021. Elite capture, the “follow-up checks” policy, and the targeted poverty alleviation program: Evidence from rural western China. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 20(4): 880-890. |
Income effects of poverty alleviation relocation program on rural farmers in China
易地扶贫搬迁对中国农村居民的增收效应
✺ LENG Gan-xiao, FENG Xiao-long, QIU Huan-guang
本文基于8省16县中国易地扶贫搬迁户面板数据，分析了易地扶贫搬迁对农村家庭人均收入的影响，并评估各种搬迁方式的异质性增收效应。结果表明，易地扶贫搬迁可以增加搬迁人口的总收入。城镇安置的搬迁户工资性收入有显著增加，村内安置的搬迁户的农业收入有显著增加。进一步的分析表明，村内安置的搬迁户的收入增加主要得益于农业技术培训的发展，而城镇安置的搬迁户的收入增加主要是由于医疗等公共服务保障的改善。因此，对于村内安置的搬迁户，应加强当地的产业发展和农业技术培训。对于城镇安置的搬迁户，应通过提高安置区的非农就业服务和公共保障服务使其长期稳定发展。
| Cite this article: |
| LENG Gan-xiao, FENG Xiao-long, QIU Huan-guang. 2021. Income effects of poverty alleviation relocation program on rural farmers in China. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 20(4): 891-904. |
Do rural highways narrow Chinese farmers' income gap among provinces?
脱贫之路：农村公路能否缩小中国省际间农民收入差距？
✺ WENG Yan-zhen, ZENG Ya-ting, LIN Wen-sheng
改善基础设施和居住环境是实现全面脱贫的前提条件之一，通过基础设施投入促进要素流动，从而缩小居民收入差距问题也已成为脱贫攻坚的重要着力点。交通基础设施因投入金额高，其带来的收入分配效应也受到越来越多关注，但鲜有研究深入地分析农村公路对农民间收入差距的影响。本文基于1993-2013年间中国30个省市区的面板数据，运用固定效应计量模型检验了农村公路对农民收入差距的影响。结果表明：中国农村公路对省际间农民收入差距具有的“正U型”影响作用；国省干线公路有助于缩小省际间农民收入差距；受教育水平、农业固定资产投入、城镇化水平以及地区经济发展水平对省际间农民收入差距同时存在多重影响效应。最后在实证检验的基础上，本研究从理论角度分析了农村公路影响农民收入差距的作用机理，并重点分析了农村公路供给与农民收入差距间“正U型”关系的产生原因的迁徙。
| Cite this article: |
| WENG Yan-zhen, ZENG Ya-ting, LIN Wen-sheng. 2021. Do rural highways narrow Chinese farmers' income gap among provinces? Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 20(4): 905-914. |
Section 2: Poverty alleviation through industrial development
产业扶贫
Does poverty-alleviation-based industry development improve farmers’ livelihood capital?
产业扶贫能提升农户的生计资本吗？
✺ LIU Ming-yue, FENG Xiao-long, WANG San-gui, ZHONG Yu
精准扶贫是中国全面建设小康社会、实现中华民族伟大“中国梦”的重要保障。产业扶贫是精准扶贫“五个一批”工程的重头戏，也是其他扶贫措施取得实效的重要基础。本文基于可持续生计框架，采用综合评价方法测度农户的生计资本，进而利用PSM-DID方法估计产业扶贫对农户生计资本的影响效应。结果显示，产业扶贫对农户生计资本有显著的正向影响，能显著提升农户的人力资本、社会资本和金融资本，但对自然资本和物质资本的影响不显著。产业扶贫对农户生计资本的影响具有异质性，对非贫困户的影响显著于贫困户。另外，产业扶贫对农户生计资本的影响也存在地区差异，对贵州农户的影响大于四川，但对甘肃农户的影响不显著。针对以上结论，未来需要通过加大人力资本培育力度、增强金融资本创新手段、发挥社会资本引导作用等提高农户的可持续生计，同时更要加大对贫困户的产业扶持力度。
| Cite this article: |
| LIU Ming-yue, FENG Xiao-long, WANG San-gui, ZHONG Yu. 2021. Does poverty-alleviation-based industry development improve farmers' livelihood capital? Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 20(4): 915-926. |
Impacts of formal credit on rural household income: Evidence from deprived areas in western China
正规借贷对农户收入的影响：来自于中国西部贫困地区的经验证据
✺ CHEN Si, LUO Er-ga, Lita ALITA, HAN Xiao, NIE Feng-ying
金融扶贫是2020年中国脱贫攻坚决胜战的重要举措，厘清以政府主导的正规金融对农户家庭收入的影响及其作用机制显得尤为重要。本文基于课题组2012年、2015年和2018年对中国西部贫困地区贵州、云南和陕西3省6个国家级贫困县592户农户家庭跟踪调查数据，评估了正规金融贷款对农户家庭收入及其作用机制做了深入研究。结果表明：第一，正规金融借贷能够显著提高西部贫困地区农户家庭收入。第二，正规金融借贷使得西部贫困地区农户家庭通过调整从事非农产业的劳动力资源配置和改变家庭“生产投资-消费”决策行为路径影响了农户收入水平和收入结构。第三，以政府为主导的正规金融贷款可能会拉大西部贫困地区农户内部的收入差距，农户本身的特征，如物质资本、人力资本和社会资本在内的资本禀赋状况是导致农户群体内部出现正规金融贷款引起增收差异的重要影响因素。本文研究结论为理解中国西部贫困地区金融扶贫效果与作用机制提供了理论依据，对中国政府完善相关政策提供了重要参考。
| Cite this article: |
| CHEN Si, LUO Er-ga, Lita ALITA, HAN Xiao, NIE Feng-ying. 2021. Impacts of formal credit on rural household income: Evidence from deprived areas in western China. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 20(4): 927-942. |
Off-farm employment and poverty alleviation in rural China
非农就业与中国农村减贫
✺ LI Shao-ping, DONG Yong-qing, ZHANG Lin-xiu, LIU Cheng-fang
非农就业参与率的不断提高和贫困人口的大幅下降构成了过去四十年中国经济增长历程的两个重要现象。虽然已经有很多文献研究这两个现象，但考察二者之间关联的研究还不多见。更好地理解非农就业在中国农村减贫中的作用不但对中国也对那些致力于消除贫困的国家至关重要。在这里，我们考察了非农就业对于中国农村减贫的影响。利用两套具有全国代表性的面板数据（中国全国农村调查和中国农村发展调查），本文发现了非农就业有助于中国农村减贫的证据。具体而言，如果某个农户的非农就业参与率提高10个百分点，那么其成为贫困户的可能性将降低0.88个百分点，而如果某个贫困户的非农就业参与率提高10个百分点，那么其脱贫的可能性将提高3.5个百分点。因此，非农就业不但可以阻止农户成为贫困户也可以帮助那些已经是贫困的农户摆脱贫困。
| Cite this article: |
| LI Shao-ping, DONG Yong-qing, ZHANG Lin-xiu, LIU Cheng-fang. 2021. Off-farm employment and poverty alleviation in rural China. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 20(4): 943-952. |
The contribution of cooperative irrigation scheme to poverty reduction in Tanzania
合作灌溉计划对坦桑尼亚减贫的贡献
✺ ZHANG Chuan-hong, Wandella Amos BENJAMIN, WANG Miao
在经常遭受干旱困扰的很多非洲地区，灌溉系统是稀缺资源。然而，对于如何有效管理和维护非洲的农业灌溉设施一直困扰着非洲的相关政策制定者和受益群体。很多研究发现农民合作社经营的灌溉设施大多不能很好的发挥功能。合作社灌溉计划作为接受政府和外部支持的是一种新型基于灌溉设施的合作社模式，近年来越来越受到坦桑尼亚政府的重视。本文在对该合作社的运行管理模式和提供的服务进行全面描述的基础上，运用问卷调查和访谈的方法对该合作模式对坦桑尼亚小农户减贫和社区发展的贡献进行了研究。结果发现，灌溉合作计划通过传递农业技术和提供各种服务，在帮助坦桑尼亚的小农户实现农民粮食安全、增加小农收入、创造更多就业机会以及促进农村社区发展方面发挥了重要作用。但由于资源、制度等限制以及管理层和合作社成员的人员能力建设不足等原因，这一合作模式也面临着很多多挑战。该研究为有效管理小型农业基础设施实现非洲减贫提供了一种可行方法。
| Cite this article: |
| ZHANG Chuan-hong, Wandella Amos BENJAMIN, WANG Miao. 2021. The contribution of cooperative irrigation scheme to poverty reduction in Tanzania. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 20(4): 953-963. |
Section 3: Innovation and inclusive development for poverty alleviation
创新和包容性发展
Poverty reduction through the development of inclusive food value chains
✺ Rob VOS, Andrea CATTANEO
Propelled by urbanization, rising incomes, and changing diets, food markets have been expanding in Africa and South Asia, creating the vast potential for job and income opportunities along food supply chains and, hence, for poverty reduction. The novel coronavirus (COVID-19) that spread to a pandemic in early 2020 provokes enormous setbacks to this expansion. This, however, should provide lessons regarding the importance of resilient and inclusive food systems. Emergency responses to COVID-19 should consider interventions towards that end and leverage the opportunities provided by food markets growth as economies recover from the present economic recession. This paper assesses options of how this could be done by facilitating the better functioning and interconnectedness of the many small and medium-sized enterprises that are proliferating along the “hidden middle” of food value chains in storage, logistics, transportation, and wholesale and retail distribution. It also explores how policies can help smallholder farmers connect to this “hidden middle” in more gainful ways and help them climb out of poverty as well.
| Cite this article: |
| Rob VOS, Andrea CATTANEO. 2021. Poverty reduction through the development of inclusive food value chains. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 20(4): 964-978. |
E-commerce development in rural and remote areas of BRICS countries
✺ Karine HAJI
E-commerce plays an essential role in modern trade today. It is expected that e-commerce volume amounted to 29 trillion USD in the world in 2017, and would grow with the spread of the Internet and information and communication technologies (ICTs). Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa (BRICS), together with many others, consider e-commerce a means to facilitate rapid, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, improving the living standards and alleviating poverty. This article examines areas for potential cooperation by BRICS countries in e-commerce development across rural and remote areas to fight poverty. It analyses the current state of e-commerce development in rural and remote areas in each of the BRICS countries, including cases of public and private initiatives to support it. The article also defines the opportunities which e-commerce brings to people living in rural and remote areas. Moreover, it evaluates the existing challenges and risks. The article concludes that despite the rapid e-commerce development in BRICS countries, and significant opportunities created, there are still issues of disproportionate e-commerce in varied regions and the lack of BRICS cooperation in this sphere. Based on a comparative and normative in-depth, systematic analysis, the article develops a set of recommendations for deepening BRICS countries’ cooperation in the following areas: infrastructure in rural and remote regions; education; consumer protection; online dispute resolution; coordinated policy in the international scene, including representation of BRICS countries in international indexes, such as the Organization of Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Digital Services Trade Restrictiveness Index (STRI).
| Cite this article: |
| Karine HAJI. 2021. E-commerce development in rural and remote areas of BRICS countries. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 20(4): 979-997. |
Poverty alleviation through e-commerce: Village involvement and demonstration policies in rural China
电商的扶贫效应：基于电子商务进农村综合示范项目的实证分析
✺ PENG Chao, MA Biao, ZHANG Chen
电子商务作为数字经济直接催生的新业态，为农产品产销衔接提供了新渠道、为农民持续稳定增收提供了新途径。本文以农业农村部全国农村固定观察点村级数据为基础，基于“电子商务进农村综合示范项目”这一准自然实验，实证分析了电商对村庄人均收入的影响，以验证电商在扶贫中起到的作用。Heckman两阶段模型的实证研究结果表明，“电子商务进农村综合示范项目”显著促进了村庄人均收入的增长，对相对贫困村而言，电商对人均收入的影响还呈现出了较为明显的倒“U”型特征。未来，对农村电子商务的政策支持可优先考虑相对贫困村庄，通过投资互联网基础设施建设和电商人力资源培育的方式，进一步释放电商的“数字红利”，增加农户尤其是贫困群体的收入。
| Cite this article: |
| PENG Chao, MA Biao, ZHANG Chen. 2021. Poverty alleviation through e-commerce: Village involvement and demonstration policies in rural China. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 20(4): 998-1011. |
Consumers's willingness to pay for ethical consumption initiatives on e-commerce platforms
消费者对电商平台上道德消费计划的支付意愿
✺ WANG Er-peng, AN Ning, GENG Xian-hui, Zhifeng GAO, Emmanuel KIPROP
尽管迅速发展的电商极大促进了消费者对贫困地区农产品的消费需求，但是我们对中国消费者的在线道德消费行为却知之甚少。本文设计了一个包含组内和组间比较的价值评估方法，研究了中国消费者对电商平台上扶贫苹果的质量感知和消费偏好。结果显示，在“信息冲击”之前，消费者愿意为扶贫苹果支付平均31%的溢价。“信息冲击”后，即假设苹果质量没有差异，组内和组间设计的结果都仅有很小的溢价下降，说明道德属性是消费者购买扶贫苹果的主要动机。有趣的是，质量感知仍然对扶贫苹果的支付意愿有显著影响，而消费者对政府电子商务监管的信任对激励在线道德消费有重要作用。
| Cite this article: |
| WANG Er-peng, AN Ning, GENG Xian-hui, Zhifeng GAO, Emmanuel KIPROP. 2021. Consumers’ willingness to pay for ethical consumption initiatives on e-commerce platforms. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 20(4): 1012-1020. |
Impact of climate-smart agricultural technology on multidimensional poverty in rural Ethiopia
✺ Tsegaye Mulugeta HABTEWOLD
A large body of empirical literature showed that the adoption of agricultural technologies reduces poverty. However, dominants of those studies so far used one-dimensional income or expenditure-based measures of poverty which may not reflect other types of deprivations. Therefore, the major objective of this study is to examine the impact of adopting climate-smart agricultural technology, which refers to a joint application of row planting methods and the use of chemical fertilizers, on the multidimensional poverty status of rural households in Ethiopia. To estimate the impact of the stated technologies, this study employs propensity score matching and endogenous switching regression methods. To measure the multidimensional poverty index, the study also uses the Alkire and Foster counting approach. Using the Ethiopian Socioeconomic Survey (ESS), collected in 2015-Wave 3, the results of the study show that the adoption of these technologies reduces deprivation score and one of its component, the standard of living part. Regionally, a high reduction in deprivation is observed in Amhara and Oromiya regions. The results also show that the impact is significantly higher in severely deprived households. It is also observed that the reduction in multidimensional poverty due to the technology is through an increase in income/consumption via improvement in production gain. The impact channels more through the non-food expenditure pathway. Finally, this study also sheds light on the effects that technology adoption has on multidimensional poverty reduction.
| Cite this article: |
| Tsegaye Mulugeta HABTEWOLD. 2021. Impact of climate-smart agricultural technology on multidimensional poverty in rural Ethiopia. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 20(4): 1021-1041. |
Synthesize dual goals: A study on China’s ecological poverty alleviation system
实现双重目标：中国的生态扶贫体系研究
✺ LEI Ming, YUAN Xuan-yu, YAO Xin-yan
如何打破贫困与生态环境恶化的恶性循环一直受到广泛关注和讨论。在中国的扶贫实践中，生态扶贫 (EPA) 被认为是一项将扶贫与环保相结合以达成两者双赢的重要举措。一方面，尽管中国学者有关生态扶贫的大量研究取得了有益成果，但他们并未认识到生态扶贫不是各种政策的简单组合，而是一个涉及多种政策工具、政府机构、社会力量和代理关系的复杂系统。另一方面，国际上的相关研究更多关注于生态扶贫的某一项具体内容，如生态补偿等，而对生态扶贫的系统性概念缺乏详细的阐释，对中国生态扶贫的整体实践也缺乏关注。本文基于在中国贵州省进行的实地调研，提出了一个包含多主体的治理系统以阐释生态扶贫这一概念，并通过案例对这一系统内的关键要素及其相互关联进行分析，从而揭示这一系统的基本运行机制。生态扶贫系统的运作能力是实现扶贫开发与生态保护两者共赢目标的关键，首先，要加强系统内各主体之间的互动，建立稳定的沟通机制；其次，要强化各政策子系统中不同要素之间的联系，如不同生态产业的协同发展、生态移民搬迁前、中、后各环节的系统化等；最后，要促进子系统间的互动，使生态建设、生态产业、异地搬迁三者相互促进，最终达成贫困地区扶贫与生态保护的协调。
| Cite this article: |
| LEI Ming, YUAN Xuan-yu, YAO Xin-yan. 2021. Synthesize dual goals: A study on China’s ecological poverty alleviation system. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 20(4): 1042-1059. |
Section 4: Poverty alleviation through social safety net programs
社会保障
The effects of social security expenditure on reducing income inequality and rural poverty in China
摆脱贫困：中国社会保障支出的缓贫效果
✺ YU Le-rong, LI Xiao-yun
社会保障的基本目标是给贫困人口或者面临贫困威胁的人口提供财政支持。基于1978-2018年全国财政社会保障支出 (SSE) 与城乡收入差距(URIG)和农村贫困 (RPHR) 相关数据，本文采用协整检验分析方法，对社会保障支出的缓贫效果进行实证分析。结果表明在研究时期内财政社会保障支出与城乡居民可支配收入差距呈正相关关系，但影响非常有限，99%的城乡居民收入差距变化均是变量自身引起的。财政社会保障支出对农村贫困减少发挥了积极的作用，农村贫困发生率对社会保障支出的弹性值为-0.2255。因此，需要更多的财政社会保障支出以及更公平的社会保障制度体系，充分发挥社会保障制度的功能，这将成为2020年打赢脱贫攻坚战后缓解相对贫困的政策工具。
| Cite this article: |
| YU Le-rong, LI Xiao-yun. 2021. The effects of social security expenditure on reducing income inequality and rural poverty in China. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 20(4): 1060-1067. |
The impact of the New Rural Cooperative Medical Scheme on the “health poverty alleviation” of rural households in China
新型农村合作医疗保险对农村家庭“健康脱贫”的影响
✺ QIN Li-jian, Chien-ping CHEN, LI Yu-heng, SUN Yan-ming, CHEN Hong
基于全国性大规模的2016年度中国家庭追踪调查数据，使用工具变量法的IVProbit模型，本文实证研究了新型农村合作医疗保险对农村居民家庭健康脱贫的影响。研究发现，第一，新型农村合作医疗保险对农村居民家庭健康脱贫的效果显著。家庭成员患病进行住院治疗，增加了该家庭陷入贫困的风险，新型农村合作医疗保险显著降低了中国农村居民家庭陷入贫困的概率。第二，新农合对农村家庭健康脱贫的影响在不同收入人群之间存在显著的差别。新农合对中高收入组和高收入组农村家庭的健康脱贫没有影响，但是显著提高了低收入组、尤其中低收入组的农村家庭，其因病致贫和因病返贫的防范能力。第三，新农合对农村家庭健康脱贫的影响效果存在显著的地区差异。新农合显著降低了西部地区农村居民家庭陷入贫困的风险，对东部和中部地区的农村居民家庭没有影响。为了减少和消除贫困，增强农村居民的收入获取能力，本文建议采取以下措施：切实提高新型农村合作医疗保险的实际补偿比、积极推进新农合的支付方式改革以控制医疗费用增长、加强西部地区的医疗卫生服务综合体系建设、加强边缘贫困人口医疗保障的制度建设，以及加强农村地区的人居健康环境改造。
| Cite this article: |
| QIN Li-jian, Chien-ping CHEN, LI Yu-heng, SUN Yan-ming, CHEN Hong. 2021. The impact of the New Rural Cooperative Medical Scheme on the “health poverty alleviation” of rural households in China. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 20(4): 1068-1079. |
Status and path of intergenerational transmission of poverty in rural China: A human capital investment perspective
中国农村贫困代际传递的现状及路径：基于人力资本投资的视角
✺ BAI Yun-li, ZHANG Lin-xiu, SUN Ming-xing, XU Xiang-bo
贫困代际传递是全球减贫的核心问题。本研究使用2008年、2012年、2016年和2019年中国5省25个县100个村2000户的追踪调研数据，采用定性和定量方法，通过估计农村非农工资代际传递，研究了中国农村的贫困代际传递问题，并从进入劳动力市场前儿童人力资本投资的角度阐述了贫困的代际传递机制。研究发现，在中国农村地区非农工资存在显著的代际传递，尤其是在父亲非农工资与子女非农工资、父母平均非农工资与子女非农工资之间。但农村非农工资代际传递的弹性远小于城市，表明农村的社会流动性优于城市。父母非农工资高的孩子在进入劳动力市场前，在有可能在接受高等教育、掌握更多技能方面获得更多投资。通过三个案例分析进一步表明，儿童人力资本投资打破了贫困的代际传递，促进了社会流动。
| Cite this article: |
| BAI Yun-li, ZHANG Lin-xiu, SUN Ming-xing, XU Xiang-bo. 2021. Status and path of intergenerational transmission of poverty in rural China: A human capital investment perspective. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 20(4): 1080-1091. |
Does empowering women benefit poverty reduction? Evidence from a multi-component program in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of China
妇女赋权有益于减贫吗？来自中国内蒙古自治区一个多模块项目的证据
✺ GU Rui, NIE Feng-ying
消除贫困是国际发展议程的核心内容，受到世界各国政府的重视。然而，传统的减贫政策主要针对男性，容易拉大男女之间的生产力和收入差距，加剧性别不平等。本文的目的是探讨一个多模块项目对妇女赋权和减贫的影响，并进一步探讨赋权妇女在减贫中的作用。本研究使用的数据来自于2014年底在中国内蒙古自治区乌兰察布市9个贫困县的农户调查，样本为900户。回顾性问题用于重建基线数据和构建面板数据。同时根据研究需要，样本容量也会进一步缩小，以便更好地识别妇女受益者。为了控制选择偏差，采用倾向得分匹配、逆概率加权和双重差分倾向得分匹配等方法对项目效果进行了分析和稳健性检验。结果表明，该项目同时对妇女赋权和减贫产生了积极的影响。被赋权的妇女也对减贫产生了积极影响，妇女受益者为提高家庭收入和改善生活水平做出了贡献。
| Cite this article: |
| GU Rui, NIE Feng-ying. 2021. Does empowering women benefit poverty reduction? Evidence from a multi-component program in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of China. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 20(4): 1092-1106. |
The power of informal institutions: The impact of clan culture on the depression of the elderly in rural China
非正式制度的力量：宗族文化对农村老年人精神健康的影响
✺ LIU Xiao-hong, WANG Wei-dong, ZHANG Lin-xiu
探索如何提升居民的主观福利是当前学术研究的重要议题之一。本文采用2010年中国家庭追踪调查数据库探究宗族文化对农村老年人精神健康的影响。本文的研究结果发现，宗族文化能够显著地降低农村老年人口的抑郁得分。同时，研究结论也表明，宗族文化对老年人抑郁得分的影响并不存在显著的差异。本研究进一步发现宗族文化对农村老年人抑郁状况的改善作用在经济欠发达的农村地区更为明显。进一步探究宗族文化影响农村老年人抑郁得分的机制发现，宗族文化通过影响老年人的社会支持，进一步起到改善其抑郁状况的作用。本研究有助于丰富非正式制度对农村居民福利的影响的研究。同时，也能够为下一阶段政府制定相对贫困的纾解策略提供一定的决策参考。
| Cite this article: |
| LIU Xiao-hong, WANG Wei-dong, ZHANG Lin-xiu. 2021. The power of informal institutions: The impact of clan culture on the depression of the elderly in rural China. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 20(4): 1107-1118. |
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