地理信息科学之父Goodchild教授特邀评论：地理学和地理信息科学中的基本原理和分析框架

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本期将介绍Annals of GIS（地理信息科学年刊）上发布的一篇特邀评论，文章主题为：地理学和地理信息科学中的基本原理和分析框架。欢迎大家阅读。

标题 · Title

Commentary: general principles and analytical frameworks in geography and GIScienceMichael F. Goodchild

地理学和地理信息科学中的基本原理和分析框架

作者 · Author

Michael F. Goodchild

摘要（评论总结） · Abstract

Over the past few decades, the discipline of geography has seen many fundamental changes. The geographer’s powers of representation and analysis have advanced very rapidly as a result of the digital transition, the advent of geographic information systems and the rigour introduced by GIScience. These six papers have demonstrated that much remains to be done, or as Jiang argues, to develop the further advances that will ‘ensure a prosperous future for the new geography’. Many would argue that geography and GIScience are already prosperous, because of the important roles that they play in the solution of practical problems, the support of day-to-day decision-making and the generation of new knowledge about the geographic domain. But clearly there is room for even greater prosperity, as these six papers show.

在过去的几十年里，地理学发生了许多根本性变革。由于数字时代的来临、地理信息系统的出现以及地理信息科学带来的严谨性，地理学家表达与分析能力突飞猛进。本期（《Annals of GIS》第28卷第1期）收录的六篇文章表明，地理学领域未来还有很多工作要做，用Jiang的话来说就是：进一步发展将“确保新地理学拥有繁荣的未来”。许多人会认为地理学和地理信息科学已经很繁荣了，因为它们在解决实际问题、辅助日常决策和发现地理领域中的新知识方面发挥了重要作用。但这六篇文章却恰恰证明了地理学和地理信息科学显然还有更广阔的发展空间。

I have argued here that the search for general principles, in emulation of the ‘senior’ sciences of physics and chemistry, will always be frustrating in the enormous complexity of the geographic domain and the abundance of social and physical processes that help to shape it. Yet we have a large library of what I have termed norms – principles if you prefer – that provide a theory-based comparison and allow us to identify local exceptions and departures and to connect these with failures in the specific assumptions that underpin the norms. This is not ‘the exception that proves the rule’ so much as the rule that exposes the exceptions, a lens through which it is possible to identify and interrogate those exceptions.

我认为，由于地理学领域涵盖了大量的社会和物理过程，并由此产生出极大的复杂性，在效仿物理学和化学这两门“成熟”科学探索基本原理的过程中经常会遇到挫折。然而，我们有一个巨大的规范库（也可称之为原理库），提供了以理论为基础的对照。这使我们能够识别出局部的异常和偏差，并将其与规范所假设的例外规则联系起来。不能说是异常证明了规则的正确性，而应当是规则支撑了对异常的判别。规则为我们提供了一个有可能识别和审视这些异常情况的视角。

引用本文 · To cite this article

GOODCHILD, M. F. 2022. Commentary: general principles and analytical frameworks in geography and GIScience. Annals of GIS, 28, 85-87. 

https://doi.org/10.1080/19475683.2022.2030943.

# 评论中提及的六篇文章 #

FOTHERINGHAM, A. S., & SACHDEVA, M. 2022. Modelling spatial processes in quantitative human geography. Annals of GIS, 28, 5-14. 

https://doi.org/10.1080/19475683.2021.1903996.

PHILLIPS, J. D. 2022. The Law of Scale Independence. Annals of GIS, 28, 15-29. 

https://doi.org/10.1080/19475683.2022.2026466.

 JIANG, B. 2022. Geography as a science of the earth’s surface founded on the third view of space. Annals of GIS, 28, 31-43. 

https://doi.org/10.1080/19475683.2021.1966502.

KEDRON, P., & HOLLER, J. 2022. Replication and the search for the laws in the geographic sciences, Annals of GIS, 28, 45-56. 

https://doi.org/10.1080/19475683.2022.2027011.

ZHU, A. X., & TURNER, M. 2022. How is the Third Law of Geography different?. Annals of GIS, 28, 57-67. 

https://doi.org/10.1080/19475683.2022.2026467.

LI, B., & GRIFFITH, D. A. 2022. The Moran Spectrum as a Geoinformatic Tupu: implications for the First Law of Geography. Annals of GIS, 28, 69-83. 

https://doi.org/10.1080/19475683.2022.2026473.

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