刊讯｜SSCI 期刊《隐喻与象征》2023年第1-4期

METAPHOR AND SYMBOL

Volume 38, Issue 1-4, June 2023

METAPHOR AND SYMBOL（SSCI三区，2022 IF：1.1，排名：107/194）2023年第1-4期共发文22篇。研究论文涉及隐喻场景识别程序、诗歌中的隐喻、基于语料库的隐喻研究、多模态隐喻等。欢迎转发扩散（2023年已更完）！

往期推荐：

目录

Issue 1

■ Procedure for Identifying Metaphorical Scenes (PIMS): The Case of Spatial and Abstract Relations, by Marlene Johansson Falck, Lacey Okonski.

■‘The Genome Is the Brain of the Cell!’ How Japanese English Learners Mediate Understanding of Academic Content through Metaphor, by Dennis Lindenberg.

■ Metaphors and Related Expressions in Older Adults in the Field of Trauma and Stress-related Disorders: A Scoping Review, by Sandra Rossi, Andreas Maercker, Eva Heim.

■ Embodied Metaphor Processing: A Study of the Priming Impact of Congruent and Opposite Gestural Representations of Metaphor Schema on Metaphor Comprehension, by Omid Khatin-Zadeh.

■ Individual Differences in Verbal Irony Use: A Systematic Review of Quantitative Psycholinguistic Studies, Piotr Kałowski, Maria Zajączkowska, Katarzyna Branowska, Anna Olechowska, Aleksandra Siemieniuk, Ewa Dryll & Natalia Banasik-Jemielniak.

Issue 2

■ On Poetry and the Science(s) of Meaning, by Albert N. Katz, Carina Rasse, Herbert L. Colston.

■ Poet and Psychologist: A Conversation, by Keith J. Holyoak.

■Cognitive Factors Related to Metaphor Goodness in Poetic and Non-literary Metaphor, by J. Nick Reid, Hamad Al-Azary,  Albert N. Katz.

■An Individual-Differences Approach to Poetic Metaphor: Impact of Aptness and Familiarity, by Dušan Stamenković, Katarina Milenković, Nicholas Ichien, Keith J. Holyoak.

■The Storm Sank My Boat and My Dreams: The Zeugma as a Breach of Iconicity, by Roi Tartakovsky, Yeshayahu Shen.

■A Cognitive Investigation into the Love-life Relationship Expressed in Poetry, by Van-Hoa Phan,  Quynh-Thu Ho-Trinh.

■Metaphors We Love By: The Shift from Animal to Fruit Metaphors in Classical Arabic Ghazal, by Sami Chatti.

■Why Poetry?: Semiotic Scaffolding & the Poetic Architecture of Cognition, by Jake Young.

Issue 3

■Killer, Thief or Companion? A Corpus-Based Study of Dementia Metaphors in UK Tabloids, by Gavin Brookes.

■ Code Red for Humanity: Multimodal Metaphor and Metonymy in Noncommercial Advertisements on Environmental Awareness and Activism, by Laura Hidalgo-Downing，Niamh A. O’Dowd.

■Corpus-Based Metaphorical Framing Analysis: WAR Metaphors in Hong Kong Public Discourse, by Winnie Huiheng Zeng，Kathleen Ahrens.

■ Metaphorical Humor in Satirical News Shows: A Content Analysis, by Ellen Droog, Christian Burgers.

■ Flashbacks in Film: A Cognitive and Multimodal Analysis, by Lorena Bort-Mir.

Issue 4

■ MSDIP: A Method for Coding Source Domains in Metaphor Analysis,  by W. Gudrun Reijnierse,  Christian Burgers.

■ Types of Resistance to Metaphor, by Lotte van Poppel & Roosmaryn Pilgram.

■Assessing Attitudes Indirectly Through Conceptual Metaphors of Size and Distance in an Interactive Software, by Josef Kundrát, Karel Rečka, Karel Paulík, František Baumgartner, Marek Malůš, Lenka Skanderová, Tomáš Fabián, Jan Platoš, Martina Litschmannová, Adéla Vrtková, Tereza Benešová.

■Early Birds Can Fly: Awakening the Literal Meaning of Conventional Metaphors Further Downstream, by Laura Pissani,  Roberto G. de Almeida.

摘要

Procedure for Identifying Metaphorical Scenes (PIMS): The Case of Spatial and Abstract Relations

Marlene Johansson Falck, Umeå University

Lacey Okonski, Umeå University

Abstract This article tackles the tricky problem of identifying metaphors in language that includes prepositions. We demonstrate how the Procedure for Identifying Metaphorical Scenes (PIMS) reflected and evoked by linguistic expressions in discourse, Johansson Falck & Okonski, accepted) can be used to identify metaphorical relations reflected in language. The scenes evoked correspond to conceptualizations that are directly attested by the specific linguistic constructions in the sentences under analysis. We present two studies that test the reliability of the procedure and the sensitivity of the tool for prepositions. Results show that PIMS provides a simple procedure that increases both reliability and sensitivity for prepositional constructions. By focusing on the scenes evoked by linguistic constructions, the procedure highlights the contextual meanings of the constructions and the specific experiences that they code.

‘The Genome Is the Brain of the Cell!’ How Japanese English Learners Mediate Understanding of Academic Content through Metaphor

Dennis Lindenberg, Graduate School of English education, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan

AbstractThis study investigates metaphor in its role to mediate concepts in academic textbooks and promote content understanding in the English-medium instruction (EMI) context. Of particular interest is how the language of the discourse affected and possibly hindered metaphor comprehension. Drawing on the theoretical insights found in sociocultural theory and cognitive linguistics, a stance was assumed in which language is treated as embodied and contextual, and verbalizing thoughts (languaging) assists understanding. Three pairs of Japanese students with varying English proficiency levels were invited to participate in online group-based think-aloud protocols where they read and discussed selected paragraphs taken from two social and two natural science textbooks written in English. After accessing the participants’ general knowledge about the main topic of each paragraph, content understanding was accounted for in form of prompts during the think-aloud sessions and a 3-week delayed posttest. In total, over 8 hours of video data were collected, transcribed, and treated with the metaphor identification procedure MIPVU. Qualitative inspections of charged moments in discourse pinpoint metaphor as an important tool for compressing abstract entities or processes into meaningful, dense bundles of information. Participants also created their own analogies and expanded on found metaphoric expressions in textbooks when attempting to make sense of abstract phenomena in science. Further, this study confirms that the lack of English proficiency or schematic knowledge can result in non-understanding, misunderstanding, or partial understanding of metaphoric expressions which has implications for the EMI context.

Metaphors and Related Expressions in Older Adults in the Field of Trauma and Stress-related Disorders: A Scoping Review

Sandra Rossi, University of Zurich

Andreas Maercker, University of Zurich

Eva Heim, University of Zurich

Abstract A scoping review was conducted to explore the metaphors and related expres-sions older adults use to describe extremely stressful events that may lead to Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), Complex PTSD (CPTSD), Prolonged Grief Disorder (PGD), or Adjustment Disorder (AjD). Relevant databases from psy-chology, gerontology, and related fields were searched. In addition, relevant references found in included papers were considered. Inclusion criteria were: qualitative study, sample of older adults (age 65+), and focus on maladaptive rather than adaptive psychological aspects. Eleven studies focusing on PTSD, 5 on CPTSD, 13 on PGD, and 10 on AjD were included. Metaphors and other expressions related to extremely stressful events were then extracted and analyzed. Multiple linguistic expressions to describe extremely stressful events and stress-related symptoms were identified. Metaphors and related expres-sions often referred to the body and the theme of moving on with one’s life.

Embodied Metaphor Processing: A Study of the Priming Impact of Congruent and Opposite Gestural Representations of Metaphor Schema on Metaphor Comprehension

Omid Khatin-Zadeh, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China

Abstract This study examined the performances of three groups of participants in interpreting metaphors in three different conditions: congruent gesture-prime conditions, opposite gesture-prime conditions, and no-prime conditions. In congruent gesture-prime conditions, each metaphor was preceded by the congruent gestural representation of metaphor schema. In opposite gesture-prime conditions, each metaphor was preceded by the opposite gestural representation of metaphor schema. The results showed that participants of congruent gesture-prime conditions had the best performance in interpreting metaphors, while participants of opposite gesture-prime conditions had the worst performance. It is suggested that metaphor schema is an important part of metaphorical meaning of a metaphor. Therefore, when this part of meaning is activated by a gestural prime, metaphor comprehension is facilitated. Furthermore, when a schema is used to metaphorically describe a concept or an event, that schema and the neural network that represents it become one part of a larger interconnected neural network that represents the meaning of the metaphor. It could mean that the activation of one part of it could facilitate the activation of the whole of the network. Finally, it is emphasized that a gesture that depicts the schema of a metaphor is in fact the embodied realization of that metaphor.

Individual Differences in Verbal Irony Use: A Systematic Review of Quantitative Psycholinguistic Studies

Piotr Kałowski, Un, iversity of Economics and Human Sciences in Warsaw; Warszawa; Poland

Maria Zajączkowska, The Maria Grzegorzewska University; Warszawa; Poland;

Katarzyna Branowska, University of Warsaw; Warszawa; Poland

Anna Olechowska, The Ma, ria Grzegorzewska University; Warszawa; Poland

Aleksandra Siemieniuk, University of Warsaw; Warszawa; Poland

Ewa Dryll, University of Warsaw; Warszawa; Poland

Natalia Banasik-Jemielniak, The Maria Grzegorzewska University; Warszawa; Poland

Abstract We carried out a systematic review of psycholinguistic, empirical, quantitative studies on verbal irony use and individual differences (i.e. psychological, not demographic, traits that significantly differentiate individuals). Out of 5,967 publications screened, 29, comprising 35 studies in total, were included. Following a qualitative content analysis, six thematic clusters were identified, representing areas of research in individual differences in irony use: (a) psychological well-being, (b) personality traits, (c) humor-related traits, (d) cultural factors, (e) social skills, and (f) cognitive factors. The results of the studies in each cluster are summarized and conclusions for further research are presented. In particular, the systematic review suggests that irony and sarcasm should be clearly delineated as separate, yet related phenomena due to differing patterns of correlations with specific individual differences. Additionally, significant methodological heterogeneity between the studies suggests the need for greater standardization of irony use measures.

On Poetry and the Science(s) of Meaning

Albert N. Katz, Western University

Carina Rasse, Alpen-Adria-Universität

Herbert L. Colston, University of Alberta

Abstract The genesis for this special issue arose in a rethinking of the presence of poetry in the cognitive and language sciences that arose as a consequence of two seminal moments in the 1990s. Gibbs (Citation1994) book, “The poetics of mind” presented a comprehensive review of metaphor and other tropes in which they argued, and presented empirical evidence, in support of the thesis that the human mind was profoundly poetic and figurative in nature. At about the same time, George Lakoff (Citation1993) updated his earlier work with Mark Johnson (Citation1980) in his chapter the “Contemporary Theory of Metaphor.” There he argues that metaphoric expression is conceptual (and not merely a matter of language) and that this conceptual structure underlies both literal and poetic language. In both of these seminal works, the focus was on understanding the structure and functions of the mind through the analysis of language, including poetic language.

Poet and Psychologist: A Conversation

Keith J. Holyoa, University of California

Abstract I consider poetry composition from both the “inside” view of a poet and the “outside” view of a cognitive psychologist. From the perspective of a psychologist, I review behavioral and neural studies of the reception and generation of poetry, with emphasis on metaphor and symbolism. Taking the perspective of a poet, I discuss how the seeds for a poem may arise. Finally, I consider the prospects for future developments in a field of computational neurocognitive poetics.

Cognitive Factors Related to Metaphor Goodness in Poetic and Non-literary Metaphor

J. Nick Reida, University of Manitoba

Hamad Al-Azaryb, Lawrence Technological University

Albert N. Katz, Western University

Abstract In this paper we examine the effect of two cognitive variables, Semantic Neighborhood Density and Interpretive Diversity, in first, distinguishing between literary (poetic) and nonliterary metaphor, and second, in determining what makes for a good metaphor. Analyses of items taken from a widely used set ofmetaphor norms indicated that while literary and nonliterary metaphor did not differ in many ways, the poetic items tended to 1) contain concepts that came from a more dense semantic space, 2) contain topic and vehicles that came from equally dense semantic space, 3) suggest a greater number of possible interpretations as the topic and vehicle became more semantically dissimilar, and 4) evoke more emergent interpretations (i.e., less likely to be a characteristic of the topic or vehicle when considered separately). In addition, we found one way that the two variables were related to metaphor goodness: better metaphors were those with vehicles that came from increasingly less dense semantic space. This correlation was only reliable for literary, poetic items, presumably because these items were taken from a richer semantic environment suggesting many more alternative possibilities.

An Individual-Differences Approach to Poetic Metaphor: Impact of Aptness and Familiarity

Dušan Stamenković, School of Culture and Education, Södertörn University, Huddinge, Sweden and  Faculty of Philosophy,University of Niš, Serbia

Katarina Milenković, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, University of Niš, Serbia

Nicholas Ichien, Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, USA

Keith J. Holyoak, Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, USA

Abstract Using poetic metaphors in the Serbian language, we identified systematic variations in the impact of fluid and crystalized intelligence on comprehension of metaphors that varied in rated aptness and familiarity. Overall, comprehension scores were higher for metaphors that were high rather than low in aptness, and high rather than low in familiarity. A measure of crystalized intelligence was a robust predictor of comprehension across the full range of metaphors, but especially for those that were either relatively unfamiliar or more apt. In contrast, individual differences associated with fluid intelligence were clearly found only for metaphors that were low in aptness. Superior verbal knowledge appears to be particularly important when trying to find meaning in novel metaphorical expressions, and also when exploring the rich interpretive potential of apt metaphors. The broad role of crystalized intelligence in metaphor comprehension is consistent with the view that metaphors are largely understood using semantic integration processes continuous with those that operate in understanding literal language.

The Storm Sank My Boat and My Dreams: The Zeugma as a Breach of Iconicity

Roi Tartakovsky, Tel Aviv University

Yeshayahu Shen, Tel Aviv University

Abstract Zeugma (“The storm sank my boat and my dreams”) is a well-recognized figure of speech whose mechanism of operation is less well understood. We suggest treating zeugma as a breach of syntactic iconicity: the syntactic form of the coordinative construction statement implies an equivalence or semantic proximity between the two objects of the verb (boat and dreams), while the objects supplied are semantically very distant. Unlike nominal metaphors and similes, in zeugmas two metaphorically-related, nonsymmetrical objects are put in syntactically symmetrical positions. This feature, the breach of iconicity, registers as a surprise, an effect wholly different from that of metaphors and similes. Seeing zeugma in these terms makes it possible not just to explain its functioning beyond broad pronouncements about yoking together different items, but to tease apart syntactic and semantic factors that contribute to the level of the breach of iconicity and subsequently to the zeugma’s strength. Moreover, understanding zeugmas as a surprising breach of iconicity leads to the question of how this breach may be accommodated or made sense of. In the second part of the essay, we introduce three types of accommodation strategies, each with a distinct focus: the language, the objects, and the speaker.

A Cognitive Investigation into the Love-life Relationship Expressed in Poetry

Van-Hoa Phan, The University of Danang-University of Foreign Language Studies

Quynh-Thu Ho-Trinh, Quang Nam University

Abstract This paper aims to uncover the underlying metaphorical expressions regarding the importance of love to human life in English and Vietnamese poetry based on Conceptual Metaphor Theory, which suggests that metaphor is based on human thought as well as on language. For metaphor identification, the authors use a five-step procedure based on Pragglejaz Group’s method for metaphorical expressions and a self-proposed three-step procedure for conceptual metaphors. The findings reveal that love is metaphorically expressed to have a considerable influence on both the physical and mental aspects of human life. This paper is also a comparative investigation showing both similarities and differences in the love-life metaphorical expressions between the two languages. The similarities are explained by the same grounding of metaphor-embodiment and the universality of conceptual metaphors. The differences are attributed to cultural distinction.

Metaphors We Love By: The Shift from Animal to Fruit Metaphors in Classical Arabic Ghazal

Sami Chatti, University of Manouba

Abstract Classical Arabic poetry is replete with animal and fruit metaphors commonly used for endearment purposes. The comparative analysis of love metaphors in classical ghazal shows, however, a shift in the poetics of love from the use of animal metaphors in Badi poetry to the occurrence of fruit imagery in Bedouin ghazal. Based on a selection of classical Arabic love poetry, the paper traces the journey of love and sexuality to illustrate the conceptual change from the prevalence of the gazelle metaphor in Bedouin ghazal of pre- and early Islam times to the emergence of fruit metaphors in Badi poetry of the Abbasid era. Evidenced in poetry, the metaphorical shit mirrors a change in the portrayal of women, who cease to be conceived as wild preys, fearing and fleeing male hunters to become exotic ripe fruits, waiting for the male to pick. Seemingly fortuitous, the shift in love imagery is reminiscent of sociocultural changes that help redefine the poetics of love in classical Arabic literature and inform gender dynamics in medieval Arabia.

Why Poetry?: Semiotic Scaffolding & the Poetic Architecture of Cognition

Jake Young, University of Missouri

Abstract Poetry is a process. While people typically refer to poems as textual objects, our experience of poetry is inherently embodied and enacted, meaning that we experience poems as events that we contextualize as gestalt representations. We experience metaphors, too, as processes, which arise from experiential gestalts, that extend gestalt structures and lay the conceptual foundation for our experience of the world. This article argues that, like metaphors, poetic gestalts can be mapped onto other experiences to help people navigate their worlds. While this kind of poetic thought has largely been considered by scholars to have existed only since the emergence of the modern human mind sometime in the last 60,000 years, the author suggests that poetic thought likely arose prior to modern cognition, and may have in fact given rise to it. A crucial aspect of the embodied and enactive approach to poetry outlined in the article is that people’s experience of poetry is fundamentally contextual and emotional. Furthermore, because emotions are a primary source of meaning, our emotional responses to poetry make it a useful tool for extending our own conceptual apparatuses, enhancing emotional intelligence, and for generating shared values.

Killer, Thief or Companion? A Corpus-Based Study of Dementia Metaphors in UK Tabloids

Gavin Brookes, Lancaster University

Abstract This article examines the metaphors that are used to represent dementia in British tabloid newspapers over a ten-year period (2010–2019). The analysis takes a corpus-based approach to metaphor identification and analysis, utilizing in particular the corpus linguistic technique of collocation analysis. Metaphors are considered in terms of the ‘targets’ they frame, which include the following aspects of dementia: (i.) prevalence; (ii.) causes; (iii.) symptoms and prognosis; (iv.) lived experience; and (v.) responses. A range of metaphors are identified, with the tabloids exhibiting a particular preference for metaphors which construct dementia as an agentive and violent entity and people with dementia as passive victims, and which foreground preventative responses to dementia such as pharmacological intervention and individual behavior change. It is argued that such metaphors have the potential to contribute to dementia stigma and place focus on preventing or eliminating dementia while backgrounding responses which may help people to “live well” with the syndrome in the here-and-now. Metaphors which frame dementia as a companion or which the experience of dementia as a journey are put forward as potentially less stigmatizing alternatives which might better reflect the particularities of this complex public health issue.

Code Red for Humanity: Multimodal Metaphor and Metonymy in Noncommercial Advertisements on Environmental Awareness and Activism

Laura Hidalgo-Downing, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid

Niamh A. O’Dowd, University of Oslo

Abstract Concern for global warming, climate change and pollution has grown in recent years, with countries across the world facing natural disasters on unprecedented scales. The communication of environmental protection is therefore a necessary area of enquiry, especially from a Conceptual Metaphor Theory perspective. The present article explores (1) how the themes of global warming, climate change, pollution and activism are conceptualized in a corpus of 51 noncommercial advertisements, (2) the interaction of metonymy with metaphor, (3) the distribution across verbal and visual modes of metaphoric source and target domains, and (4) how value is evoked. Findings show that half of the corpus frames environmental themes through source domains such as weapons, predators and natural disasters. The other half triggers incongruous mappings, such as between concrete entities, and relies on metonymic processes of inference to access the main rhetorical message. Among the most frequent metonymies, CAUSE-EFFECT and CATEGORY FOR SALIENT PROPERTY highlight the negative effects of the represented phenomena. Multimodality usually occurs within source and/or target domains rather than across the metaphoric mapping. Most of the campaigns project mixed value, where a negative evaluation of a theme is accompanied by a positive message, inviting the audience to take action.

Corpus-Based Metaphorical Framing Analysis: WAR Metaphors in Hong Kong Public Discourse

Winnie Huiheng Zeng, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

Kathleen Ahrens, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

Abstract This study proposes an operational approach to a metaphorical framing analysis using large-scale data. We conducted a case analysis of how war metaphors are framed to address various societal issues in a corpus of public speeches by Hong Kong government officials. By investigating patterns of lexical choices under the source domain of WAR and the underlying reasons for the source-target domain mappings (i.e. Mapping Principles), we found that the target domain of social issues in Hong Kong is primarily conceptualized in terms of a combat frame, and governmental issues are primarily talked about in terms of a protection frame, both of which are positively evaluated. Additionally, economic issues are primarily addressed in terms of a strategy frame, which is both positively and negatively evaluated. We show that analyzing the Mapping Principles of these conceptual metaphors captures the “selection” process of framing at the dimensions of frame frequency and frame sentiment, allowing for a principled way to propose a metaphorical framing analysis in corpora-based studies. The proposed approach enriches Critical Discourse Analysis studies of metaphorical framing and bridges the link between metaphor analysis at a conceptual level and framing analysis at a communication level.

Metaphorical Humor in Satirical News Shows: A Content Analysis

Ellen Droog, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam

Christian Burgers, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam and University of Amsterdam

Abstract Satirical news is often characterized as a hybrid genre that consists of three important communicative functions: it is (1) humoristic, (2) informative, and (3) evaluative. The Humoristic Metaphors in Satirical News (HMSN) typology demonstrates that metaphors can be utilized by satirists to express this hybridity by consisting of a combination of one or more of satire’s core communicative functions. Nevertheless, the underlying principles through which metaphors are capable of humorously explaining and/or criticizing current affairs are less clear. To broaden our understanding of how meta-phorical humor is used in satirical news to fulfill these functions, we integrate the HMSN typology with the General Theory of Verbal Humor (GTVH). The GTVH assumes that all verbal humor must draw from six interdependent Knowledge Resources (KRs). Through a content analysis of metaphorical humor used across various American satirical news shows, we investigated how these KRs are used to fulfill satire’s core communicative functions across the various metaphorical sub-types of the HSMN typology. We found that: (1) some KRs can help fulfill the communicative function(s) of metaphorical jokes, while (2) some KRs constrain the options available for the expression of certain communicative function(s) or other KRs.

Flashbacks in Film: A Cognitive and Multimodal Analysis

Lorena Bort-Mir, Applied Linguistics Department, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain

Abstract “The journey (the [filmic] narrative) is made by the traveler (the viewer) step by step, pebble by pebble, cue by cue.” Flashbacks in Film: A Cognitive and Multimodal Analysis is devoted to explaining the cognitive processes that make the audience able to understand film flashbacks, a common device in different film genres. We, as viewers, understand the scenes of a film in which flashbacks appear, that is, moments in which a character remembers or recalls past events, but we do not know which mechanisms are at play for this understanding. The aim of Flashbacks in Film is precisely to offer an explanation for this cognitive process of comprehension, whose hypothesis should be based on both the multimodal character of cinema and on the cognitive approach to the study of film.

MSDIP: A Method for Coding Source Domains in Metaphor Analysis

W. Gudrun Reijnierse, Centre for Language Studies, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands

Christian Burgers, Amsterdam School of Communication Research (ASCoR), University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Abstract This article describes the Metaphorical Source Domain Identification Procedure (MSDIP), which can be used to code source domains in metaphor identification. In the first part of the article, we describe the complexity of source-domain coding in corpus analysis. We argue that, in many cases, discourse is underspecified and multiple source-domain candidates may be relevant for a specific metaphorical expression. For instance, if a word like “fight” or “target” is used metaphorically, it could refer to either the source domain of war or sports. To make these issues explicit for analysts, we developed MSDIP, which builds on and extends the Metaphor Identification Procedure Vrije Universiteit (MIPVU). In the second part of the article, we explain the coding steps of MSDIP and subsequently report on a reliability analysis, demonstrating the reproducibility of the procedure. We end with a number of detailed sample analyses, demonstrating the role of co-text and context in selecting the likeliest source-domain candidate through MSDIP. These analyses show that MSDIP is both reliable and flexible in dealing with the complexities of real-life discourse during source-domain coding.

Types of Resistance to Metaphor

Lotte van Poppel, University of Groningen

Roosmaryn Pilgram, Leiden University Centre for Linguistics, Leiden University

Abstract The appropriateness and persuasiveness of using metaphors has become subject of debate in both the academic and the public arena. Recent studies have shown that particular metaphors give rise to resistance, yet the nature of metaphor resistance is still hardly explored. This paper therefore examines the ways in which metaphors can be explicitly resisted, focusing on metaphors that are used in argumentative discourse. We propose an analytical tool, a typology of resistance to metaphor, to distinguish grounds for language users to reject unacceptable metaphors, based on the parameter of focus of the resistance and norms appealed to in the resistance. We applied the typology in a small corpus-analytical study using Twitter replies. Our results show that most resistance was based on discussion rules and focused on the proposition of metaphor, yet resistance focused on the situation, person or locution also occurred.

Assessing Attitudes Indirectly Through Conceptual Metaphors of Size and Distance in an Interactive Software

Josef Kundrát, University of Ostrava

Karel Rečka, University of Ostrava

Karel Paulík, University of Ostrava

František Baumgartner,  University of Ostrava

Marek Malůš,  University of Ostrava

Lenka Skanderová,  VSB – Technical University of Ostrava

Tomáš Fabián,  VSB – Technical University of Ostrava

Jan Platoš,  VSB – Technical University of Ostrava

Martina Litschmannová,  VSB – Technical University of Ostrava

Adéla Vrtková,  VSB – Technical University of Ostrava

Tereza Benešová, VSB – Technical University of Ostrava

Abstract Traditional methods of measuring attitudes usually consist of expressing the degree of agreement with a series of statements. In this paper, we test a new method to express attitudes through interactive metaphors. Primary school students set the distance and physical size of objects (visual representations of school subjects) using a digital application. During this task, they communicated their understanding of the distance and physical size of the object. Distance was most often interpreted by respondents as a metaphorical expression of liking, with objects closer perceived as more likeable. Size was most often interpreted as a metaphor expressing importance and usefulness, with positively rated objects being expressed as larger. Additionally, we investigated whether increasing the size and decreasing the distance are related to a more positive verbal evaluation of the object. The results supported our predictions, and they are also consistent with previous research findings on metaphor mapping, primary metaphors, and the relationship between physical size and importance.

Early Birds Can Fly: Awakening the Literal Meaning of Conventional Metaphors Further Downstream

Laura Pissani and Roberto G. de Almeida, Concordia University

Abstract conventional metaphors such as early bird are interpreted rather fast and efficiently. This is so because they might be stored as lexicalized, non-compositional expressions. In a previous study, employing a maze task, we showed that, after reading metaphors (John is an early bird so he can …), participants took longer and were less accurate in selecting the appropriate word (attend) when it was paired with a literally-related distractor (fly) rather than an unrelated one (cry). This suggests that the literal meaning of conventional metaphors is awakened or made available immediately after their metaphorical interpretation. But does the literal meaning remain available further downstream during sentence comprehension? In two experiments also employing a maze task, we examined whether the awakening effect can be obtained when there is a medium (6 to 8 words) and a large (11 to 13 words) distance between the metaphor and lexical choice. Results indicated that the metaphor awakening effect persists but decreases as word distance increases. An analysis of our data based on a GPT model showed that our maze effects could not be attributed to target predictability. Overall, our results suggest that the literal meaning of a metaphor is accessed and remains available for about three seconds, fading as the sentence unfolds over time. The results support a model of metaphor comprehension that postulates the availability of both literal and metaphoric content in the course of sentence processing.

期刊简介

Metaphor and Symbol: A Quarterly Journal is an innovative, multidisciplinary journal dedicated to the study of metaphor and other figurative devices in language (e.g., metonymy, irony) and other expressive forms (e.g., gesture and bodily actions, artworks, music, multimodal media). The journal is interested in original, empirical, and theoretical research that incorporates psychological experimental studies, linguistic and corpus linguistic studies, cross-cultural/linguistic comparisons, computational modeling, philosophical analyzes, and literary/artistic interpretations. A common theme connecting published work in the journal is the examination of the interface of figurative language and expression with cognitive, bodily, and cultural experience; hence, the journal's international editorial board is composed of scholars and experts in the fields of psychology, linguistics, philosophy, computer science, literature, and media studies.

《隐喻与象征》是一本创新性的跨学科季刊，致力于研究语言中的隐喻和其他象征性手段（如隐喻、反讽）以及其他表达形式（如手势和身体动作、艺术作品、音乐、多模态等）。本刊对原创性、经验性和理论性研究感兴趣，其中包括心理学实验研究、语言学和语料库语言学研究、跨文化/语言学比较、计算模型、哲学分析和文学/艺术解释。本刊的共同主题是对形象化语言和表达与认知、身体和文化经验之间的联系进行研究；因此，本刊的国际编委会由心理学、语言学、哲学、计算机科学、文学和媒体研究等领域的学者和专家组成。

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