B3U5课文及语言点
Unit 5
Have you ever wondered why some timeseach day you achieve greater efficiency than other times, why you are awaremore keenly of aches and pains, and why it is easier for you to fall asleep?Actually it’s all because your body’s time clock is at work.
Set Your Body’s Time Clock toWork for You
BarbaraRowes
1. As the first rays of sunlight filterover the hills of California’s Silicon Valley, Charles Winget opens his eyes. It is barely 5 a.m.,but Winget is raring to go. Meanwhile, his wife pullsup the covers and buries her face under the pillow. “For the pastfifteen years,” says Winget, “we’ve hardly ever gotten up together.”
2. The Wingets’ situation is notuncommon. Our bodies operate with the complexity of clocks, and like clocks, weall run at slightly different speeds. Winget is a morning person. His wife isnot at her best until after nightfall.
3. Behavioral scientists long attributed such differences topersonal eccentricities or early conditioning. This thinking was challenged inthe late 1950s by a theory labeled chronobiology by physician-biologist Franz Halberg.In a Harvard University laboratory, Dr. Halberg found that certain blood cellsvaried predictably in number, depending on the time of day they were drawn fromthe body. The cell count was higher at a given time of day and lower 12 hourslater. He also discovered that the same patterns could be detected in heart andmetabolic rates and body temperature.
4. Halberg’s explanation: instead ofperforming at a steady, unchanging rate, our systems function on anapproximately 25-hour cycle.Sometimes we are accelerating,sometimes slowing down. We achieve peak efficiencyfor only a limited time each day. Halberg called these regular patterns“circadian rhythms.”
5. Much of the leading work in chronobiology is sponsored today by the National Aeronautics and SpaceAdministration. Charles Winget, a NASA research physiologist and authority oncircadian rhythms, says that circadian principles have been applied toastronauts’ work schedules on most of the space-shuttle flights.
6. The space-age research has many useful applications here on earth.Chronobiologists can tell you when to eat and still lose weight, what time ofday you’re best equipped to handle the toughestchallenges, when to go to the dentist with your highest threshold of pain andwhen to exercise for maximum effect. “It’s a biological law of humanefficiency: to achieve your best with the least effort, you have to coordinate the demands of your activities with yourbiological capacities,” Winget says.
7. Circadian patterns can be madeto work for you. But you must first learn how to recognize them. Winget and hisassociates have developed the following approach to help you figure out yourbody’s patterns.
8. Take your temperature one hourafter getting up in the morning and then again at four-hour intervals throughoutthe day. Schedule your last reading as close to bedtime as possible. You shouldhave five readings by the end of the day.
9. Now add your first, third andfifth readings and record this total. Then add your second and fourth readingsand subtract this figure from the first total.That number will be an estimate of your body temperature in the middle of thenight. Consider it your sixth reading.
10. Now plot all six readings on graphpaper. The variations may seem extremely small — only one-tenth of a degree insome cases — but they are significant. You’ll probably find that yourtemperature will begin to rise between 3 a. m. and 6 a.m., reaching a peak sometime in the late morning or early afternoon. By eveningthe readings start to drop. They will steadily decline, reaching their lowestpoints at around 2 a.m.
11. Of course, individual variations make all thedifference. At what hour is your body temperatureon the rise? When does it reach its highest point? Its lowest? Once you have familiarized yourself with your patterns, you can take advantage of chronobiology techniques to improveyour health and productivity.
12. We do our best physical workwhen our rhythms are at their peak. In most people, this peak lasts about fourhours. Schedule your most demanding activitieswhen your temperature is highest.
13. For mental activities, the timetable is more complicated. Precisiontasks, such as mathematical work, are best tackled when your temperature is onthe rise. For most people, this is at 8 or 9 a.m. Bycontrast, reading and reflection are better pursued between 2 and 4p.m., the time when body temperature usually begins to fall.
14. Breakfast should be your largest meal of the day for effectivedieting. Calories burn faster one hour after we wake up than they do in theevening. During a six-year research project known as the Army Diet study, Dr.Halberg, chronobiologist Robert Sothern and research associate Erna Halberg monitored the food intake of two groups of men andwomen. Both ate only one, 2000-calorie meal a day, but one group ate their mealat breakfast and the other at dinner. “All thesubjects lost weight eating breakfast,” states Sothern. “Those who ate dinnereither maintained or gained weight.”
15. If foods are processed differently atdifferent times of the day, certainly caffeine, alcohol and medicines will betoo. Aspirin compounds, for example, produce the greatest effect in themorning, between 7 and 8. (So does alcohol.) They are least effective between 6p.m. and midnight. Caffeine has the most impact around 3 in the afternoon. Charles Walker, Dean ofthe College of Pharmacy at Florida A & M University, explains, “Stimulantsare most effective when you are normally active, and sedatives work best whenyou’re naturally sedate or asleep.”
16. Knowing your rhythms can also help you overcome sleep problems.Consult your body-temperature chart. Your bedtime should coincide with the point at which your temperature islowest. This is between 11 p.m. and 2 a.m.for most people.
17. Dr. Michael Thorpy of the Sleep-Wake Disorders Center at MontefioreMedical Center in New York City offers other circadian sleep tips: go to bed atthe same time every night and get up at the same time every morning, even onweekends. “Irregularity in sleep and waking times is the greatest cause of sleepproblems,” Dr. Thorpy says. The best way to recoverfrom a bad night’s sleep is simply to resume your normal cycle.Beware of sleepingpills. “Most sleeping pills won’t work for periods longer than two weeks,”warns Dr. Thorpy. And there is real danger of drug accumulation in the blood.
18. Knowing your body’s patterns is no guaranteeof good health. But what chronobiology reveals is the importance of regularityin all aspects of your life and of learning to act in synchronization with yourbody’s natural rhythms.
设定你的生物钟为你效劳
芭芭拉·罗斯
1 当第一缕曙光映照在加利福尼亚硅谷小山上空，查尔斯·温格特就睁开了双眼。刚早晨五点钟，温格特就急不可待地要出门。此时，他的妻子把被子往上一拉，把脸埋在枕头下。温格特说，“在过去15年里，我们几乎从未同时起床过。”
2 温格特夫妇这种情况并非罕见。我们身体的工作原理也具备时钟运行的复杂特性。不同的个体，身体的运行速度也如不同时钟一样，略有差异。温格特习惯早起，而他的妻子则在夜幕降临后才精神饱满。
3 长期以来，行为科学家们把这种差异归结为个人怪癖或早期训练。这一见解到了20世纪50年代后期遭遇一个新理论的挑战。生物学家兼内科医生弗朗兹·哈尔伯格称这个理论为“时间生物学”。在哈佛大学的一间实验室里，哈尔伯格博士发现，因当天从身体抽取血液的时间不同，某些血细胞数量上就有可预见性的差异。细胞数量在一天里某个特定时间多一些，而在12小时后会少一些。他还发现，心率、新陈代谢的速度以及体温变化都可以检测到同样的规律。
4 哈尔伯格这样解释：我们的身体系统运行的周期大约是25小时，速度并非稳定不变。我们有时加速，有时减速。我们的最高效状态只出现在每天某个有限的时间段。哈尔伯格把这种有规律的模式称为“生理节奏”。
5 今天，时间生物学领域大部分最重要的研究由国家航空航天局资助。查尔斯·温格特是航空航天局研究生理学家，也是生理节奏方面的权威。他说，在大部分航天飞机飞行中，生理节奏的原理已经被应用在航天员工作日程的安排上。
6 航天时代的研究在地面上也已经有许多有益的应用。时间生物学家能告诉你，何时吃东西仍然能减肥，一天中什么时间你最有能力去应付最严峻的挑战，什么时候看牙医最不容易感到疼痛，什么时候运动效果最好。温格特说，“人的效率有一个生物法则：若想花费最小的力气获得最好的效果，必须将你的活动要求和身体能力协调起来。”
7 你可以让生理节奏模式为你服务。但是，你必须首先学会识别它们。温格特和他的同事们提出如下的方法来帮你找到你的身体节奏模式。
8 早上起床一小时后，测量体温，然后这一天内每隔四个小时测量一次。最后一次的时间尽可能靠近就寝时间。一天结束前你应该有五次测量的读数。
9 将第一、三、五次的读数相加，记录总和。然后将第二、四次的读数相加，用前面的总和减去这个数字，所得的差大约就是你半夜时分的体温。把它设为第六个读数。
10 现在把这六个读数绘在坐标纸上。表面上看，差异或许极小——有时相差只有十分之一度——但这些差异不可忽视。你很可能会发现，你的体温在凌晨三点到六点之间开始上升，在中午前后达到顶峰。到傍晚时，读数开始下降。读数稳定地下降，到凌晨两点左右达到最低点。
11 当然，个体差异关系重大。你的体温在什么时辰上升？何时达到最高点？何时达到最低点？你一旦熟悉了自己的模式，就可以利用时间生物学的方法增进健康、提高效率。
12 当我们的节奏处于高峰时，我们的体力活做得最好。对于大多数人来说，这样的高峰期会持续大约四个小时。把费力的活动安排在你体温最高的时候。
13 若是脑力活动，时间安排就比较复杂了。诸如数学计算这样高精密度的工作，若在体温处于上升阶段时处理，效果最好。对大多数人来说，这时段就在上午八点到九点之间。相比之下，阅读和思考在下午两点到四点之间进行比较好，这段时间体温通常开始下降。
14 要想有效节食，在一天内早餐应最丰盛。我们起床后一小时，卡路里燃烧的速度远比晚上快得多。在为期六年、名为“军队饮食调查”的一个研究项目中，哈尔伯格博士、时间生物学家罗伯特·萨森和助理研究员厄纳·哈尔伯格一起监控两组男女成员的食物摄入量。两个组均一日一餐，食物热量为2000卡，但是一个组的食物作早餐，另一个组作晚餐。“所有吃早餐的研究对象都减了体重，”萨森说，“那些吃晚餐的成员，体重要么保持原样要么增加。”
15 在一天不同的时间里，若食物的消化吸收程度存在差异，那么咖啡因、酒精、药物也如此。比如，复方阿司匹林在上午七点到八点之间会产生最强的药效（酒精也一样），而在下午六点到半夜药效最差。咖啡因在下午三点左右作用最强。查尔斯·沃克是佛罗里达州农机大学药学院的院长，他解释说：“当你处于通常的活跃状态时，兴奋剂发挥最大的效力；当你处于自然的镇静或睡眠状态，镇静剂产生最好的效果。”
16 懂得你身体的节奏也可以帮你解决睡眠问题。查看你的体温图表。你的就寝时间应该和你体温的最低点相一致。对大多数人来说，这是在夜里十一点到凌晨两点。
17 纽约蒙特菲奥里医学中心睡眠--觉醒障碍研究所的迈克尔·索皮博士也提供了其它符合生理节奏的睡眠指导：每天晚上同一时间上床睡觉，每天早上同一时间起床，周末也不例外。索皮博士说：“睡眠时间、清醒时间上的不规律性是睡眠问题的最大诱因。”一宿睡眠不足，最佳弥补方式是继续正常的周期，仅此而已。慎用安眠药。索皮博士告诫说：“大多数安眠药的助眠效果不超过两个星期。”况且，药物确实有在血液里积聚的风险。
18 了解身体节奏模式并不能保证良好的健康状况。但是，时间生物学所揭示的是以下两方面的重要性，一是保持生活诸方面的规律性，二是学会和身体的自然节奏保持一致。
GoodUsage (Paras. 1-2)
the first rays of sunlight
is raring to go
pulls up the covers
buries her face under the pillow
is not uncommon
run at slightly different speeds
a morning person
is not at her best until after nightfall
GoodUsage (Para. 3)
attributed such differences to
in the late 1950s
blood cells
varied…in number
at a given time of day
GoodUsage (Paras. 4-5)
function on anapproximately 25-hour cycle
slowing down
achieve peak efficiency
regular patterns
the leading work in
authority on
circadian principles
have been applied to
GoodUsage (Para. 6)
The space-age research
has many useful applications
you’re best equipped to
handle the toughest challenges
with your highest threshold of pain
exercise for maximum effect
a biological lawof human efficiency
achieve your best with the least effort
coordinate thedemands of your activities with your biological capacities
GoodUsage (Paras. 7– 9)
have developed the following approach
figure out
at four-hour intervals throughout the day
Schedule your last reading as close to bedtime as possible.
subtract this figure from
be an estimateof your body temperature
in the middle ofthe night
GoodUsage (Paras. 10-11)
plot all six readings on graph paper
in some cases
reaching a peak
in the late morning or early afternoon
steadily decline
make all the difference
on the rise
have familiarized yourself with your patterns
take advantage of chronobiology techniques
improve your health and productivity
GoodUsage (Paras.12– 13)
at their peak
your most demanding activities
Precision tasks
…are best tackled
by contrast
GoodUsage (Para. 14)
effective dieting
monitored the food intake
lost weight
maintained or gained weight
GoodUsage (Paras.15-16)
produce the greatest effect
GoodUsage (Paras.16-17)
overcome sleep problems
coincide with
sleep-wake disorders
irregularity in sleep and waking times
recover from a bad night’s sleep
resume your normal cycle
beware of sleeping pills
there is real danger of
drug accumulation
GoodUsage（Para. 18）
is no guarantee of good health
in all aspects of your life
act in synchronization with
Useful Expressions from Text A | Chinese Equivalences |
attribute ...to | 将……归因于 |
at a given time of day | 在一天里的某个特定时间 |
achieve peak efficiency | 达到最佳效率 |
be best equipped to do sth. | 最有能力去做某事 |
handle the toughest challenges | 应对最严峻的挑战 |
with one's highest threshold of pain | 最不容易感到疼痛 |
achieve one's best with the least effort | 花费最小的力气获得最好的效果 |
coordinate ... with ... | 将……与……协调 |
make all the difference | 情况完全不一样 |
on the rise | 上升 |
take advantage of | 利用 |
by contrast | 相比之下 |
coincide with … | 与……相一致 |
be no guarantee of good health | 并不能保证良好的健康状况 |
in all aspects of one's life | 生活的各个方面 |
act in synchronization with | 与……保持一致；与……同步 |
Useful Expressions from Text B | Chinese Equivalences |
bring sth. to an end | 结束某事 |
bear a message of challenge | 带来挑战的信息 |
be one with sb. | 与……命运相连 |
take refuge in sth. | 受到……的保护 |
a rock of support | 磐石般的支持 |
KeyWords and Expressions for Text A
filter vi. (of light or sound) come into a place slowly or in small amounts （光或声）透过；渗入
e.g. 1. The morning sunlight filtered in through the curtains.
2. Light filtered into my kitchenthrough the soft, green shade of the cherry tree.
光线透过樱桃树柔和的绿荫隐约照进我的厨房。
at one’s best at the peak of one’s ability, strength, etc. 处于能力、力量等的最佳状态
e.g. 1. You’re not at your best today. Youmust have had a bad sleep last night.
2. He is at his best in emergencies.
出现紧急情况时尤显他的干练。
attribute… to believe sth. to be the result or work of 把（某事）归因于；认为是……的结果
e.g. 1. He attributed his latest successto hard work and scientific methods.
2. Most historians attribute such declines to wars and conquests.
大多数的历史学家把这样的衰亡归因于战争和征服。
accelerate vi. move faster 加快；加速
e.g. 1. Realizing that he was fallingbehind, he accelerated and soon caught up with them.
2. Sheaccelerated away from the curb.
她加速驶离了马路牙子。
efficiency n. [U] the quality ofdoing sth. well and effectively, without wasting time, money, or energy 效能，效率
e.g. 1. I was impressed by the efficiency with which she handled the crisis.
2. There aremany ways to increase agricultural efficiency in the poorer areas of the world.
有很多方法能够提高世界上贫困地区的农业生产效率。
leading a. mostimportant; chief; main 最重要的；主要的；扮演主角的
e.g. 1. He hopes to play a leading role in a moviethough he’s never had any professional training.
2. For the nextforty-three years Germany was the leading power upon the European continent.
在接下去的43年时间里，德国是欧洲大陆上最重要的强国。
CF：chief, principal, main, major, leading
这些形容词均含有“首要的，主要的”之意。
chief指人时，表同类中职位最高，权力最大；指物时，表同类中最重要，价值最高。例如：
The chief engineer is the most important of agroup of engineers on a job.
Seine River and its branches form the chiefcommercial waterway of France.
principal用于人时，指地位优于其他人；用于物时，指该物在大小、重要性等方面优于他物。例如：
He was one of the principal architects of therevolution.
Such self-reliance is a principal value ofchild rearing in middle-class America.
main通常只用于物，指在一定范围内，某物的重要性、体积或力量等超过其它物。例如：
Water shortagesin the area will be the main constraint on development.
major指同其他人或其它物、问题等相比较，显得更加重要和突出。例如：
Unemployment is a major cause of poverty.
leading侧重指具有影响力或凝聚力，从而有主导和引导的作用。例如：
With this new movie he has consolidated (巩固) his position as the country’sleading director.
sponsor vt. supportsb. by paying for their training, education, living costs, etc.资助，赞助
e.g. 1. The in-service training program for teachers of English was sponsoredby the local government.
2. Would you sponsor Jane in her swim forcancer research next week?
你愿赞助珍妮参加下星期为癌症研究筹款举行的游泳比赛吗?
equip vt.[(for)]make able, fit, or prepared; provide with what isnecessary for doing sth. [常与for连用]使有能力，使胜任，使有准备；装备，配备
e.g. 1. The course aims to equip studentswith the skills necessary for their future jobs.
2. When they leave school, they will be equipped for obtainingoffice jobs.
离校时，他们将有能力获得办公室工作的机会。
coordinate vt. make (people orthings) work together, esp. so as to increase effectiveness 使协调；使调和
e.g. 1. As the disease progresses, thepatient loses the ability to coordinate his movements.
2. Tie it with fabric bows that co-ordinate with other furnishings.
系上与其他装饰相配的布质蝴蝶结。
subtract vt. [(from)] take (a number, amount, etc.)from sth. larger [常与from连用]减去，减掉
e.g. 1. If you subtract 10 from 30 youget 20.
2. You have to subtract 25 % tax from the sum you receive.
你必须从所得款中扣除25%的税款。
plot vt. draw (a line or curve showing certain facts) on paper marked withsmall squares在方格纸上划（表明某些事实的直线或曲线）；绘制……图表
e.g. 1. We’ve plotted a graph showing theincrease and decrease in sales of each season this year.
2. We plot about eight points on the graph.
我们在曲线图上标记了8个点。
familiarize vt. [(with)] make (sb.,esp. oneself) wellinformed (about) [常与with连用]使熟悉，使通晓
e.g. 1. Familiarize yourself with the newequipment before you attempt to use it.
2. The goal of the experiment was tofamiliarize the people with the new laws.
试行的目的就是要让人们熟悉新法规。
take advantage of make use of; profit from利用
e.g. 1. Let’s take full advantage of the sports facilities in our college whilewe’re studying here.
2. Westerninvestors are seeking acquisitions in Asia to take advantage of fast growthrates.
西方投资者正在亚洲寻找收购机会，以便抓住亚洲国家高速增长的机会。
demanding a. needing a lot of skill, patience, effort, etc. 要求高的；费力的
e.g. 1. Mountain-climbing is not quitesuitable for old people because it is physically demanding.
2. He found he could no longer cope with his demanding job.
他发现自己已无力应对那份劳神费力的工作了。
by contrast used when there is a bigdifference between one thing, person, or situation and another 相比之下；相反
e.g. 1. Their economy has expanded enormously, while ours, by contrast,declined.
2. It seems quite warm today by contrastwith yesterday’s icy wind.
与昨天凛冽的寒风一比，今天可算相当暖和了。
monitor vt. carefully watch and check a situation in order to see how itchanges over a period of time 监测；监视
e.g. 1. The little boy is running a fever and hisparents are monitoring his temperature carefully.
2. Philby was there to monitor any unforeseen developments on adaily basis.
菲尔比在那里每天监视着那些预料不到的事态的发展。
process vt. treatraw material, food, etc. in order to change it, preserve it, etc. 加工；处理
e.g. 1. Most of the food we get from supermarkets is processed in some way,which makes it simpler for us to prepare our meals.
2. The grain store processed flour wrappers for Chinese dumplings.
这家粮店把面粉加工成面皮供包饺子用。
coincide vi. [(with)]happen at the same time or during the same period [常与with连用]（在时间上）巧合；同时发生
e.g. 1. I wish that we can traveltogether, but it’s a pity that our holidays never coincide.
2. Althoughhis mental illness had coincided with his war service it had not been caused byit.
虽然他的精神病刚好在他参战期间发作，但并不是由此引起的。
resume vt. rather fml begin again after a pause〖比较正式〗（中断后）重新开始；继续
e.g. 1. He will resume training as soonas he recovers from the ankle injury.
2. The search is expected to resume earlytoday.
预计搜寻工作会于今天早些时候重新开始。
beware vi. [(of)] be verycareful [常与of连用]谨防；当心；注意
e.g. 1. Beware of this poisonous substance when you do the experiment.
2. Beware of dishonest traders in the touristareas.
在旅游区一定要谨防奸商。
guarantee n. (of)]a firm promise that one will do sth. or that sth. will happen [常与of连用]保证；担保
e.g. 1. The quality of your product will be a guarantee of your success in thefierce competition.
2. A famous old name on a firm is notnecessarily a guarantee of quality.
公司悠久的品牌并不一定是商品质量的保证。
Key Words:
applausen. | infectvt. | contractvt. | threat n. |
ignorance n. | prejudice n. | isolate vt. | heal vt. |
issuevt. | appeal vi. |
applause n. [U] loud praise for aperformance or performer, esp. by striking the hands together; clapping 鼓掌，掌声
e.g. There was loudapplause when the pop star appeared on stage.
They greeted himwith thunderous applause.
infect v. [(with)] (of disease)get into the body of (sb.) [常与with连用]（疾病）传染（给人），感染
e.g. Don’t come near me ifyou’ve got a cold — I don’t want to be infected.
A single mosquito caninfect a large number of people.
一只蚊子就可以感染很多人。
contract vt. fml get or begin to have (sth. bad, esp. an illness); (cause to) becomesmaller, narrower, or shorter 〖正式〗感染(疾病)；染上(恶习)；（使）缩小(收缩，缩短)
e.g. Jim contracted TB (肺结核) during the war and died of the disease before it was over.
He’s contracted the habit of talking tohimself.
他养成了自言自语的习惯。
threat n. [C; U] an expression of an intention to hurt, punish, cause pain,etc., esp. if one’s instructions or demands are not obeyed 威胁，恐吓
e.g. From time to time hehas received death threats from his opponents, but he does not fear them atall.
All countries in the region had the right to protect themselvesagainst external threat.
ignorance n. [U (of)] lack of knowledge, information, or consciousness [常与of连用]无知；愚昧
e.g. The workers were kept in complete ignorance of the company’s financial situation.
I amembarrassed by my complete ignorance of history.
prejudicen. [C;U (against)] (an) unfair and unreasonable opinion or feeling, esp. whenformed without enough thought or knowledge [常与against连用]成见；偏见；歧视
e.g. Nowadays people still hold strong prejudice against unmarried mothers.
There was a deep-rootedracial prejudice long before the two countries became rivals and went to war.
早在这两个国家成为敌人并且兵戎相见之前，它们之间就有了根深蒂固的种族偏见。
isolate vt. [(from)] keep apart; separate from others[常与from连用]使隔离；使孤立
e.g. Patients who havecontracted infectious diseases should be isolated immediately.
You don’t have to isolate them from thecommunity.
heal vt. make a person healthy again; cure 使人恢复健康；治愈
e.g. In the letter he expressed hisdeep gratitude to the doctor who had healed his wife of her serious heartdisease.
Time does not alwaysheal old sores.
grievevi. [(for)] suffer from grief or greatsadness [常与for连用]（为……而）悲伤；伤心
e.g. Their daughter died over a year ago, but they are still grieving.
He’s grieving over his dead wife and son.
issue vt. produce (esp. sth.printed and/or official) 发布；发行
e.g. A new book about healthy foodwas issued last week.
Yesterday hiskidnappers issued a second threat to kill him.
appeal vi. [(to, for)] make a strong request for help, support, mercy, etc.[常与to或for连用]强烈呼吁；恳请
e.g. He is quite independent; he seldom appeals tohis parents for help.
The Prime Ministerappealed to young people to use their vote.
Expressions:
bring sth. to | an end at risk | set aside | make room for |
bring sth. to anend causesth. to finish, usu. after lasting some time 使某事物结束；终止（通常为已持续一段时间的）
e.g. It was past our lunchtimewhen he brought his speech to an end.
Only those whoknow the underlying truth can bring this to an end.
atrisk indanger 处境危险；遭受危险
e.g. The infectious disease is spreading, and allchildren under five are at risk.
If you are obese or overweight your health is at risk.
set aside abandon or leave out ofconsideration; save for a special purpose 放弃；对……不予考虑；(为某种目的)留出；节省
e.g. My boss sets aside half anhour every morning to do sports.
These areasare set aside for public recreational use.
make room for move closer together, or push thingscloser together in order to provide space for another person or thing 给……腾出地方，让出地方给……
e.g. The new apartment is too small; we cannot make room for all thefurniture.
The whole village moved away to makeroom for the construction.
先行词it作形式主语、宾语
先行词it 用作形式主语、形式宾语，是指先行词it在主语或宾语的位置，真正的主语或宾语是后面的不定式、动名词或名词性从句。
一、作形式主语。主要用于“It is+ adj. /n. + doing/to do/that…”句型。例如：
l It is silly of him to do so.
l It’s no good waiting here.
l Is it certain that they will win?
l It’s my duty to help you improve English.
二、作形式宾语。主要用于以下句型：
1. vt. (find,think, make, etc. ) + it +adj. /n. +doing/ to do/that…例如：
l He made it a rule never to eat between meals.
l We found it no good arguing with him.
l I’ll make it clear to you that failure is the mother of success.
2. vt.(enjoy, like, love, hate, prefer, appreciate, take, etc. ) +it+ if /when…例如：
l I don’t like it if you arrive late.
l She hates it when he uses her pen.
l I take it that you have been out.
3. seeto it that…/depend on it that… （因介词后通常不接that从句，故用it作形式宾语）。例如：
l See to it that you are not late again.
l You may depend upon it that we shall never lose heart.
4. takeit for granted that… 例如：
l I took it for granted that you would stay with us.
l Now, do the tasks on Pages 159-160 in your textbooks.
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