B3U8课文及语言点
Unit 8
People tend toexperience frustration and anxiety when they enter a new culture. Thisphenomenon is often referred to as “culture shock”.Howand why does it happen? What is the nature of “culture shock”?And how can we cope with it? Kalervo Oberg provides uswith some answers.
Culture Shock
Kalervo Oberg
1 We might almost call culture shock an occupational diseaseof people who have been suddenly transplantedabroad. Like most ailments it hasits own cause, symptoms, and cure.
2 Culture shockis precipitated by the anxiety that results from losing all our familiar signs and symbols ofsocial intercourse. These signs or cues include the thousand and one ways inwhich we orient ourselvesto the situations of daily life: when to shakehands and what to say when we meet people, when and how to give tips, how togive orders to servants, how to make purchases, when to accept and when torefuse invitations, when to take statements seriously and when not. These cueswhich may be words, gestures, facial expressions, customs, or norms areacquired by all of us in the course of growing up and are as much a part of ourculture as the language we speak or the beliefs we accept. All of us depend for our peace of mind and our efficiency onhundreds of these cues.
3 Now when anindividual enters a strange culture, all or most of these familiar cues areremoved. He or she is like a fish out of water.No matter how broad-minded you may be, a series of props have been knocked fromunder you, followed by a feeling of frustration and anxiety. People react tothe frustration in much the same way. First they rejectthe environment which causes the discomfort: “The ways of the host country arebad because they make us feel bad.” When Americans or other foreigners in astrange land get together to complain about the host country and its people—youcan be sure they are suffering from culture shock. Another phase of cultureshock is regression. The home environment suddenly assumes a tremendous importance. To an American everythingAmerican becomes irrationally glorified. All the difficulties and problems areforgotten and only the good things back home are remembered. It usually takes a trip home to bring one back to reality.
4 In an effort to get over culture shock, thereis some value in knowing something about the nature of culture and itsrelationship to the individual. In addition to living in a physicalenvironment, an individual lives in a cultural environment consisting ofman-made physical objects, social institutions, and ideas and beliefs. Anindividual is not born with culture but only with the capacity to learn it anduse it. There is nothing in a new born child which dictatesthat it should eventually speak Portuguese, English, or French; nor that heshould eat with a fork in his left hand rather than in the right or usechopsticks. All these things the child has to learn. Nor are the parentsresponsible for the culture which they transmitto their young. The culture of any people is theproduct of history and is built up over time largely through processes which are beyond hisawareness. It is by means of culture thatthe young learn to adapt themselves to the physical environment and to thepeople with whom they associate. And as we know, children and adolescents oftenexperience difficulties in this process of learning and adjustment. But oncelearned, culture becomes a way of life.
5 People have away of accepting their culture as both the best and the only way of doingthings. This is perfectly normal and understandable. To this attitude we givethe name ethnocentrism, a belief that not only the culture but the race and thenation form the center of the world. Individuals identifythemselves withtheir own group to the extent that any critical comment is taken as a remarkwhich is rude to the individual as well as to the group. If you criticize mycountry, you are criticizing me; if you criticize me, you are criticizing mycountry. Along with this attitude goes the tendencyto attribute all individual peculiarities as national characteristics. Forinstance, if an American does something odd or anti-social in a foreign countrywhich back home would be considered a purely individual act, this is nowconsidered a national trait. He acts that way not because he is Joe Doaks butbecause he is an American. Instead of being censured as an individual, hiscountry is censured. It is thus best to recognizethat ethnocentrism is a permanent characteristic of national groups.Even if a national criticizes some aspect of his own culture, the foreignershould listen but not enter into the criticism.
6 Once yourealize that your trouble is due to your own lack of understanding of otherpeople’s cultural background and your own lack of the means of communicationrather than the hostility of an alien environment, you also realize that youyourself can gain this understanding and these means of communication. And thesooner you do this, the sooner culture shock will disappear.
7 The question now arises, whatcan you do to get over culture shock as quickly as possible? The answer isgetting to know the people of the host country. But this you cannot do with anysuccess without knowing the language, for language is the principal symbolsystem of communication. Now we all know that learning a new language isdifficult, particularly to adults. This task alone is quite enough to causefrustration and anxiety, no matter how skillful language teachers are in makingit easy for you. But once you begin to be able tocarry on a friendly conversation with your maid, your neighbour, or to go onshopping trips alone, you not only gain confidence and a feeling of power but awhole new world of cultural meanings opens up for you.
8 You begin tofind out what people do, how they do it, and what their interests are. People usually express these interests by what they habitually talk about and how they allocatetheir time and money. Once you know this value or interest pattern it will bequite easy to get people to talk to and be interested in you.
9 At times it ishelpful to be a participant observer by joining the activities of the people,to try to share in their responses, whether this be a carnival, a religiousritual, or some economic activity. Yet the visitor should never forget that heor she is an outsider and will be treated as such. He or she should view this participation as arole playing. Understanding the ways of a people is essential but this does notmean that you have to give up your own. What happens is that you have developedtwo patterns of behavior.
文化冲击
卡勒沃•奥伯格
1 我们不妨把文化冲击称为突然置身国外的人们所得的职业病。和大部分疾病一样，这种病有其独特的起因、症状和疗法。
2 文化冲击是因为我们失去熟悉的社会交往标记和符号而产生的焦虑所促成。这些标志或暗示包括我们应付日常生活各种情境时使用的诸多方式方法：与人会面时何时握手、该说些什么；在什么时间、以什么方式付小费；如何吩咐佣人；怎样购物；何时该接受、何时该拒绝他人的邀请；别人说的话，何时该当真，何时不该当真。这些暗示可以是语言、手势、面部表情、风俗习惯或社会行为标准。我们在成长的过程中获得了这些暗示，就像我们的语言和我们所接受的信仰一样，它们已经成为我们文化的一部分。我们所有的人都依赖成百上千个这样的暗示才能拥有宁静的心境，过上高效率的生活。
3 当你走进一种陌生的文化，你所熟悉的所有或大部分文化暗示也就随之消失。此时的你宛如一条离开水的鱼。无论你的心胸多么开阔，你赖以生存的支柱此时都已倒塌，挫折感和焦虑感油然而生。人们对此种挫折的反应非常相似：他们首先排斥令他们不适的环境：“我们所到之国的生活方式很不好，让我们感觉很糟糕。”当美国人或其他的外国人来到一个陌生的国度，聚在一起抱怨所到之国及其人民时——可以肯定，他们正深受文化冲击之苦。文化冲击的另外一个阶段是回归。故乡的一草一木突然变得极为重要。一个美国人会不合理地美化美国的一切事物。在自己国家所经历的困难和问题都抛在了脑后，只记得故乡美好的事物。通常要回国一趟方可回到现实中。
4 要克服文化冲击的心理，了解文化的性质及其与个人的关系会有所裨益。除了赖以生存的自然环境，一个人还生活在由人造的有形物体、社会风俗、观念和信仰构成的文化环境中。一个人并非天生就有文化，而是生来就具备学习和使用文化的能力。新生婴儿的身上不存在一种只许他最终说葡萄牙语、英语或法语的东西，也不存在一种只许他用左手而不是右手执叉或只许他用筷子吃饭的东西。这些东西都是要孩子去学习的。文化也不是由父母负责传递给孩子的。任何一个民族的文化都是历史的产物，经过漫长的、本民族意识不到的过程才得以积累形成。孩子通过文化学会适应周围的物质环境，学会和周围的人打交道。众所周知，青少年在学习和适应的过程中经常遇到困难。但是，文化一旦学会了，就会成为一种生活方式。
5 人们往往认为自己的文化是最好的，是生活的唯一方式。这非常正常，完全可以理解。我们把这种态度称为“民族优越感”，即一种认为自己的文化、种族和国家构成世界中心的想法。个人往往将自己与所处的群体等同起来，因此任何批评的言论在他们看来都是对个人及其群体不尊敬的：如果你批评我的祖国，你就是在批评我；如果你批评我，你就是在批评我的祖国。抱着这种态度，人们往往把个人的怪癖归结为民族的特点。例如，倘若一个美国人在国外做出怪异的或有悖社会公德的事情，在美国国内的人们会认为这纯属个人行为，但在国外却被视为一种民族特性：他那样做并非因为他是乔·多克斯，而是因为他是个美国人。遭受责难的不是他这个个体，而是他的祖国。因此，我们最好把民族优越感看成是民族群体的一个永恒的特性。即使一个国家的公民批评了自己文化的某些方面，外国人也只应当听着，而不应该参与批评。
6 你一旦意识到面临的问题并非因为异域的敌意而是因为自己对其他民族的文化背景缺乏理解或者缺乏与对方沟通的方式, 你同时就会意识到你本身能够了解他人的文化，并能够掌握那些交流的方式。你越早做到这一点，文化冲击就消失得越快。
7 接下来的问题是，你怎样做才能尽快克服文化冲击？答案是：了解所到之国的国民。但是，倘若不懂语言，你是无法成功地实现这一目标的，因为语言是用于交流的主要的符号系统。我们现在都知道，学习一门新的语言不容易，对成年人来说，尤为如此。无论教语言的老师多么擅长于减轻你学习语言的难度，单单学语言这项任务都足以让你焦虑不安、饱受挫折。不过，你一旦能够和女佣、邻居进行友好的交谈，能够单独出门购物，你就会重获信心，充满力量，一个蕴含各种文化意义的新世界就向你敞开了大门。
8 你开始发现人们做些什么、做事情的方式以及令他们感兴趣的事情。人们往往通过日常的谈话内容和时间、金钱的分配方式来表达自己的兴趣爱好。你一旦了解了他们的兴趣和价值模式，就很容易和他们交谈，也容易让他们对你产生兴趣。
9 有时候，参加人们举办的各种活动，不管是嘉年华会、宗教仪式还是经济活动，在活动中仔细观察，和人们一起喜怒哀乐，这都有好处。不过，你永远都不要忘记，你是一个外人，人们也会把你当成一个外人对待。你应当把参与活动看成角色扮演。了解一个民族的生活方式很重要，但这并非意味着你要放弃自己的文化。实际上，你已经具备两种行为方式。
Good Usage （Para. 1）
an occupational disease
Good Usage （Para. 2）
results from
social intercourse
the thousand and one ways
orient ourselves to
make purchases
take statements seriously
facial expressions
in the course of
Good Usage （Para. 3）
a fish out of water
a feeling of frustration and anxiety
assumes a tremendous importance
bring one back to reality
Good Usage （Para. 4）
in an effort to
get over culture shock
a physical environment
is not born with culture
built up
are beyond his awareness
by means of
adapt themselves to
a way of life
Good Usage （Para.5）
identify themselves with
to the extent that
Along with this attitude goes the tendency to
enter into the criticism
Good Usage （Para. 6）
cultural background
an alienenvironment
Good Usage （Para.7）
the principal symbol system of communication
carry on a friendly conversation with
gain confidence and a feeling of power
opens up
Good Usage （Paras.8-9）
allocate their time and money
share in their responses
a religious ritual
some economic activity
as such
at times
role playing
Useful Expressions from Text A | Chinese Equivalences |
an occupational disease | 职业病 |
social intercourse | 社会交往 |
make purchases | 购物 |
take sth. seriously | 对……当真 |
facial expressions | 面部表情 |
in the course of | 在……过程中 |
a fish out of water | 离水之鱼；不得其所的人 |
be broad-minded | 心胸开阔 |
react to | 对……做出反应 |
social institutions | 社会风俗 |
adapt oneself to | 使自己适应 |
associate with | 和……打交道 |
to the extent that | 到这样的程度以至于 |
an individual act | 个人行为 |
carry on a conversation | 进行交谈 |
a religious ritual | 宗教仪式 |
Useful Expressions from Text B | Chinese Equivalences |
after much thought | 一番深思熟虑之后 |
come up with a brilliant plan | 想出了一个妙计 |
from way back | 多年以来 |
far better than | 好得多 |
wait for the right moment | 等着找机会 |
chop eggplant into small pieces | 把茄子切成小块 |
secret ingredients | 独家配料 |
shredded pork | 肉末 |
forced smile | 勉强挤出的笑容 |
study him from head to toe | 把他从头到脚打量了个遍 |
a bit on the short side | 个头不高 |
compactly built | 长得结结实实 |
just for taste | 只是尝尝 |
make a big show of | 摆出大架势 |
serve with special pride | 特别骄傲地端上这道菜 |
easy familiarity | 潇洒随意 |
Key Words and Expressions for Text A
transplant vt.[(from, to)]move from one place and settle elsewhere [常与from或to连用]迁移，使移居
e.g. 1. The factory where my parents used to work wastransplanted from Shanghai to Xi’an in the early 1960’s.
2.A group of farmers were transplanted to the island by the government.
一批农民被政府迁到这个岛上居住。
abroad adv. to orin another country or countries 到国外；在国外
e.g. 1. He has decided to goabroad to pursue further study after graduating from our university.
2. She remained bitterly opposed to the idea of moving abroad.
她仍然强烈反对移居国外。
result from happen as an effect or result of (作为……之结果而)发生，产生；是……的结果
e.g. 1. Many illnessesresult from lack of exercise.
2. Earthquakes can result from stresses in the earth's crust.
地壳内的应力可能引起地震。
orient oneself (to) make oneself familiar with (a new situation) 使自己熟悉（新情况）
e.g. 1. You will need sometime to orient yourself to the new way of teaching and learning here.
2. The freshman took a while to orient himself.
那位大学新生花了一段时间才熟悉了环境。
a fish out of water sb. who is uncomfortable; sb. who is at adisadvantage 不得其所的人；与环境不合的人
e.g. 1. She can’t take careof herself. She’ll be like a fish out of water if she leaves her parents.
2. With my working-class background I feel like a fish out of wateramong these high-society people. 我出身于工人阶级，在上流社会中感到很不自在。
reject vt. refuseto accept, consider, or use 拒绝（接受）
e.g. 1. He was rejected bythe army because of his poor eyesight.
2. He was afraid she would reject him because he was a foreigner.
他担心她会因他不是本国人而拒绝他。
CF: refuse, decline, reject, repel, deny
这些动词均含“拒绝”之意。
refuse 语气较重，指态度坚决，肯定无疑地拒绝。
decline 指婉言谢绝他人的帮助或邀请等。
reject 多指由于某物、某事、某行为不能让人满意而被当面直截了当地拒绝。
repel 作“拒绝”解时，语气比reject强。
deny 指坚决地拒绝接受、给予或承认。
tremendous a. very great in size, amount, or degree （体积、数量或程度上）极大的，巨大的
e.g. 1. Your advice has been a tremendous help to us. Thank you very much.
2. He finished his speech amid tremendous applause.
他在雷鸣般的掌声中结束了演讲。
CF: huge, enormous, immense,giant, vast, massive, tremendous
这些形容词均有“巨大的，庞大的”之意。
huge 含义广，强调体积或容积的庞大。也可用于引申意义。
enormous 指体积、数量或程度远远超过一般标准。
immense 正式用词，侧重空间的广阔，也指面积或分量的巨大。
giant 非正式用词，多为褒义。指如巨人般的庞大体积。
vast 多指空间、面积、范围的巨大，不涉及重量。
massive 指大的体积、数量和重量，侧重庞大而笨重。
tremendous 指某物很大，大得惊人；也可用作引申意义。
get over find a way to deal with克服，战胜（困难等）
e.g. 1. Jenny hasn’t gotover her fear of flying yet, so she prefers to go there by train.
2. He can't get over his shyness.
他无法克服羞怯。
dictate vt. [(to)]state (demands, conditions, etc.) with the power to enforce them [常与to连用]命令；（权威性地）要求
e.g. 1. We're now in aposition to dictate our own demands.
2. No one is going to dictate to me where to live!
谁也不能命令我非住哪儿不可!
transmit vt. [(to)] sendor pass from one person, place, or thing to another [常与to连用]传递，传输；传染，传播
e.g. 1. It is believed thatthe infection is transmitted by mosquitoes.
2. The roots transmit moisture and nutrient to the trunk and branches.
根将水分和养料输送到干和枝。
CF: send, deliver, dispatch,forward, ship, transmit
这些动词均含“送出，发送，传送”之意。
send 普通最常用词，含义广。指把人或物由一地送往另一地，而不涉及事物的内容或 送的方式。
deliver 指把信件、包裹等物寄发出去或交到某地，或直接交与某人，着重发送这一行为。
dispatch 指为特殊目的而发送或派遣，强调紧急或快速。
forward 指经过其他人或手段把东西转送给某人。
ship 把通过水运、陆运或空运等方式运送东西。现常指商业上的运货，或将物品托运。
transmit 指将文件、消息等的内容或类似的东西发至某地或传达给他人。
build up (cause to) increase,develop, or become gradually larger 增加；扩大；加强
e.g. 1. I noticed that angerwas building up in him, so I tried to calm him down.
2. The facts added together to build up a theory which was indisputable.
这些事实汇集在一起足以构成一条不容置疑的理论。
by means of by using 使用，应用
e.g. 1. I am in touch with my parents mostly by means of making phone calls.
2. The water may becarried by means of a pipe.
水可以用管子输送。
identify oneself / sb. with sb. / sth. support or feel closely connected with sb./sth. 与某人/某事物密切关联，和……打成一片
e.g. 1. Unlike otherfootball fans who support only one team, he identifies himself with severalteams.
2. The candidates all want to identify themselves with reform.
候选人都想把自己与改革密切联系起来。
tendency n. [(to, towards)]a natural likelihood of developing, thinking, or behaving in a particular way [常与to或towards连用]自然倾向
e.g. 1. Like her parents,she has a tendency to get fat.
2. He has a tendency to oversell himself.
他爱自我吹嘘。
CF: trend, tendency, current
这些名词均含“趋势，倾向”之意。
trend 指事物发展总的方向、倾向或趋势。
tendency 指固有或习得的倾向性，强调没有外来的影响或干扰。
current 指向某一方面发展或在趋向中行动。
enter into fml beginto take part in formally 〖正式〗开始参与
e.g. 1. Alan entered into business as soon as he graduated from businessschool.
2.Chinawill not enter into alliance with any big power.
中国不同任何大国结盟。
open up (cause to) spread or unfold（使）打开，展开
e.g. 1. As soon as we passedthrough the woods, we found that a road opened up before us.
2. It was also felt that the collapse of the system opened up new possibilities.
人们也认为这一制度的崩溃带来了各种新的可能性。
as such properly so named; in theexact meaning of the stated thing 就某个词的词义而言；按其准确意义来说
e.g. 1. He is the author ofthe article, but he doesn’t want to be known as such.
2. On farms the fox is considered vermin and treated as such.
在农场里狐狸被当成有害动物来对待。
Text B
Key Words:
delay vt. | proof n. | slice vt. & vi. | splash n. |
funeral n. | slippery a. | decline vt. | tender a. |
burst vi. | flavor n. | familiarity n. |
delay vt. move toa later time 推迟，使延期
e.g. 1. Many flights were delayed because of heavy fog.
2. Wedecided to delay our holiday until next month.
我们决定将休假延至下个月。
proof n. [C; U (of)](a) way of showing that sth. is true; facts, information, documents, etc., thatprove sth. [常与of连用]证明；证据
e.g. 1. Have you got any proof to show thatyou are the owner of this car?
2. Economistshave been concerned with establishing proofs for their arguments.
经济学家一直致力于为他们的观点寻找证据。
slice vi. & vt. [(up)] cut into thin flat pieces; cutsth. easily with a or as if with a sharp blade [常与up连用]把……切成薄片；可切成薄片；切开，划破
e.g. 1. She sliced up the cake and gave each child a piece.
2. Whenyou slice an onion, it makes your eyes sting.
切洋葱辣眼睛。
splash n. a mark made by splashing 溅污的斑点
e.g. 1. There was a big splash of ink on the desk. It took mequite a while to clean it off.
2. There'sa splash of paint on the white wall.
白墙上溅上了一片油漆。
funeral n. a ceremony, usu. religious, of burying or burning adead person （一般为宗教的）葬礼；追悼仪式
e.g. 1. The old lady’s funeral was held at the local church.
2. Hewas given a state funeral.
为他举行了国葬。
slippery a. difficultto hold or to stand on, drive on, etc., becauseit is smooth, wet or polished滑的，滑溜的
e.g. 1. The floor has just been washed; it is still ratherslippery.
2. Mindout, the steps are slippery!
注意，台阶很滑！
decline vt. refuse(a request or offer), usu. politely; express unwillingness 婉拒，婉言谢绝
e.g. 1. We invited them to come to our party, but theydeclined the offer.
2. Iappreciate your kindness but must decline the offer.
雅意心领。
tender a. easy to bite through; soft 嫩的；软的
e.g. 1. The meat is quite tender now; you don’t need to cookit any longer.
2. Asspring approaches, the trees begin to send forth tender buds.
春天一近，树上长出了嫩叶。
burst vi. breakopen or apart suddenly and violently, esp. because of pressure from inside 胀破；爆破；破裂
e.g. 1. The balloon will burst if you blow it up any more.
2. Thedriver lost control when a tyre burst.
一个车胎爆了，司机失去了控制。
flavor n. [C] AmE a taste; a quality that only the tongue canexperience; [U] the quality of tasting good or pleasantlystrong〖美〗味，味道；滋味
e.g. 1. This dish has a strong flavour of onion.
2. Ithink the flavor of fresh strawberries is out of this world.
我认为新鲜草莓的味道鲜美无比。
familiarity n. [U+with]the freedom of behaviour usu. only expected in the most friendly relations; [(with)] thorough knowledge (of) 亲昵，亲密，亲切；[常与with连用]通晓，精通
e.g. 1. They greeted each other with such familiarity that wethought they must be brother and sister.
2. Herfamiliarity with Japanese surprised me.
她对日语的熟谙使我惊奇。
Expressions:
win over | from head to toe | on the …side | hold one’s breath |
win over gain the support of,often by persuading （常指通过说服） 赢得……的支持，说服
e.g. 1. We failed to win him over to our side; he wouldidentify himself with our rivals.
2. Hehas won over a significant number of the left-wing deputies.
他争取到了相当数量的左翼代表的支持。
from head to toe over the whole length of one’s body;completely 从头至尾；全部地
e.g. 1. At the funeral, everyone was dressed in black fromhead to toe.
2. Sheplastered herself from head to toe in high factor sun lotion.
她给自己从头到脚都抹上了强效防晒露。
on the … side infml rather; too 〖非正式〗颇为……，有点……
e.g. 1. I’m afraid this shirt is on the small side for me.
2. Ilike the house but I think the price is on the high side.
我喜欢这幢房子，但价格太高了些。
hold one’s breath stop breathing for a short time (e.g. fromfear or excitement or during a medical examination) 暂时屏住呼吸（如因恐惧、激动或体检时）
e.g. 1. The audience all held their breath as the athleteswere rushing to the finish line.
2. Weall held our breath till the bomb burst.
我们屏住呼吸直到炸弹爆炸。
双重否定：
1. 正如汉语说的“没有……不……”一样，英语有时也可使用这样“否定的否定”，即所谓的双重否定，双重否定的结果是肯定的。
e.g. 1) There was noone who did not feel sympathy for the victims of the accident.
(Everyone felt sympathy for the victims of theaccident.)
没有人不同情事故中的那些受害者。
2) It is not unusual for a family to have more thanone car to use in daily life.
(It is usual for a family to have more than one carto use in daily life.)
一个家庭在日常生活中使用一辆以上的车子并不特别稀奇。
2. never...without...型双重否定，其意为：没有……决不……；要……一定会……
e.g. The dog nevercrosses a street without stopping at the curb.
那只狗每次要过街时，都会在人行道边缘停下来。
3. 双重否定就内容而言虽是表肯定的，但和原本就是肯定形的句子含义并不完全相同。比方说，notunusual (并非不寻常) 与usual (普通) 在感觉上就不完全相同，多了一点儿犹豫的情绪。
4. 双重否定用于表示肯定的内容时，因形式上仍属否定句，所以附加问句为肯定形。
e.g. No Japanese breakfast iscomplete without miso soup, is it?
没有味噌汤的日式早餐就不够完整，不是吗?
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