【1061-1062】干旱影响巴拿马运河航运&美国高等法院考虑人口普查的公民身份问题
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AS IT IS
Drought Affects Panama Canal Shipping
May 02, 2019
In this Dec. 3, 2018, photo, a Panama Canal worker docks the Chinese container ship Cosco at the Panama Canals' Cocoli Locks, in Panama City. (AP Photo/Arnulfo Franco)
This year’s El Nino weather pattern brought a drought to Panama. The lack of rain has lowered the level of the country’s Gatun Lake, a major part of the Panama Canal.
El Nino is a repeating weather pattern. During El Nino years, warm ocean temperatures in the Pacific lead to dry conditions in some areas, and wet conditions in others.
Recently, Panama’s Canal Authority put limits on ships moving through the waterway’s locks.
The Canal Authority’s move restricts how deeply ships can reach below the surface. That means large ships, mainly from the United States and China, must pass through with less cargo.
The canal charges shipping companies based on the size of the ship and how much cargo it carries. So, lighter ships mean less profit for everyone.
Carlos Vargas is the vice president of environment and water for the Canal Authority. He said recently that Gatun — one of the largest artificial lakes in the world – was 1.4 meters below normal levels for this time of year. It has dropped more than 0.2 meters since early April. A smaller lake that also supplies the waterway, Alajuela, was 2.2 meters below usual.
“These low levels in the Panama Canal are the product of four or five months of almost zero precipitation,” Vargas told The Associated Press. “It really has been the driest dry season we’ve had in the history of the canal. The flow of rivers to the lake is down 60%.”
This is not the first time the Canal Authority has faced extreme weather patterns. A dry season in 2015-2016, also linked to El Nino, cost some $40 million in earnings.
Drinking water and dollars
And the drought is affecting more than shipping. Water supplies and profits from tourism are two other concerns.
Steve Paton is with the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute. He says drinking water will likely not be a problem this year, but he does not know about the future. Weather events are becoming increasingly extreme, he notes.
Telvinia Tascón is an artist in San Antonio Wounaan on the Gatun River. Tascon said tourists usually visit every day to buy handmade goods, but lately the motorboats are having trouble moving in the channels. She says this is the strongest drought she can remember. “For me it’s sad,” she adds.
Relief could come by late May or mid-June, when rains from the wet season fill the lakes.
I'm John Russell
Juan Zamorano and Arnulfo Franco reported on this story for the Associated Press. John Russell adapted it for Learning English. Kelly Jean Kelly was the editor.
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Words in This Story
drought – n. a long period of time during which there is very little or no rain
lock – n. an area in a canal or river that has gates at each end which are opened and closed to control the level of the water in different sections of the canal or river as boats move through it
artificial – adj. not happening or existing naturally : created or caused by people
precipitation – n. water that falls to the ground as rain, snow, etc.
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AS IT IS
The US High Court Considers Citizenship Question For Census
May 02, 2019
Informational pamphlets are displayed an event for community activists and local government leaders to mark the one-year-out launch of the 2020 Census efforts in Boston, Massachusetts, April 1, 2019.
The United States Supreme Court will soon decide whether everyone who lives in America will be asked if she or he is a citizen.
The issue relates to the Census – that is, the survey that residents are required to fill out every 10 years. The next Census comes in 2020.
Lawyers for President Donald Trump’s government argue that officials need to use the Census to find out how many people living the U.S. are legal citizens. That way, they say, they can better protect citizens’ ability to vote in elections.
Lawyers opposed to the idea say non-citizens will not answer the survey because they are afraid of being removed. As a result, they say, the information gathered will be incorrect.
Census information is required by the Constitution to show how many people live in the country and where. The numbers are used to decide how many lawmakers an area can send to Congress, and how much influence a state can have in a presidential election. The information also influences the amount of federal money different areas receive for schools, roads and other services.
So, if non-citizens do not answer the Census, areas with high immigrant populations – such as Florida, California and Texas – could lose political power and money.
The current chief of the U.S. Census Bureau is Commerce Secretary Wilbur Ross. He says he does not have good evidence that will happen. But, he says, even if it did, the benefits of asking about citizenship outweigh the risks.
Six of the Census Bureau’s former directors have publicly disagreed with him. Judges in three states have also struck down Ross’s request. They said it violates the process for adding new Census questions, and it may harm the government’s ability to carry out the Census.
Critics have also questioned Ross’s political reasons for proposing the question.
The Supreme Court is now considering Ross’s argument and case.
Has this question been asked before?
Supporters point out that some form of a citizenship question was included in the Census every ten years between 1890 and 1950. But then several things happened.
One was that the number of immigrants to the U.S. dropped. Margo Anderson, a Census historian, told NBC News that the U.S. government passed a measure in 1924 restricting immigration. She said that, as a result, by the mid-1900s lawmakers were not very concerned about a citizenship question.
In addition, she said, survey methods changed. Officials found they could get better information and spend less money by creating two surveys. One survey was long and asked a number of questions, including about citizenship. The other was short and asked only a few questions, none about citizenship.
From 1970 to 2000, between 5 and 20% of residents received the long form survey. Officials used their answers to make informed judgments about the whole country. They found that, following a change to immigration laws in 1965, the percentage of foreign-born people in the country grew sharply. In 1970 about 5% of residents were born in another country. In 2000, nearly 11% were.
In the early 2000s, survey methods changed again. The Census Bureau began sending about 1 in 38 households a survey every year. It is called the American Community Survey. It is the government’s way to collect citizenship information, among other things.
Yet, Census Bureau chief Wilbur Ross says some people do not give honest answers to the questions in the survey. He wants to move the citizenship question from the American Community Survey to the Census. If the Supreme Court justices approve, the 2020 Census will ask of every U.S. resident: “Is this person a citizen of the United States?”
The Supreme Court is likely to announce its decision on the case in June.
I’m Caty Weaver.
VOA Learning English reporter Kelly Jean Kelly wrote this story. Caty Weaver was the editor.
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Words in This Story
survey - n. an activity in which many people are asked a question or a series of questions in order to gather information about what most people do or think about something
resident - n. someone who lives in a particular place
benefit - n. a good or helpful result or effect