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《滕王阁序》全称《秋日登洪府滕王阁饯别序》，亦名《滕王阁诗序》，骈文名篇。滕王阁位于江西省南昌市赣江滨。唐高祖之子滕王李元婴任洪州都督时（公元653年）始建。

王勃（约650年-约676年），字子安，汉族，唐代诗人。古绛州龙门（今山西河津）人，出身儒学世家，与杨炯、卢照邻、骆宾王并称为“初唐四杰”，王勃为四杰之首676年八月，自交趾探望父亲返回时，不幸渡海溺水，惊悸而死，年仅26岁。

公元675年，为庆祝滕王阁新修成，阎公于九月九日大会宾客，让其婿吴子章作序以彰其名，不料在假意谦让时，王勃却提笔就作。阎公初以“更衣”为名，愤然离席，专会人伺其下笔。

位于江西省南昌市的滕王阁

初闻“豫章故郡，洪都新府”，阎公觉得“亦是老生常谈”；接下来“星分翼轸，地接衡庐”，公闻之，沉吟不言；及至“落霞与孤鹜齐飞，秋水共长天一色”一句，乃大惊“此真天才，当垂不朽矣！”，出立于勃侧而观，遂亟请宴所，极欢而罢。

《滕王阁序》是一篇典型的骈文，骈文又称骈体文、骈俪文或骈偶文；古代中国以字句两两相对而成篇章的文体。因其常用四字句、六字句，故也称“四六文”或“骈四俪六” 。全篇以双句（俪句、偶句）为主，讲究对仗的工整、声律的调谐、用字的绮丽、辞汇的对偶和用典。

王勃 ·《滕王阁序》英译

A Tribute to King Teng’s Tower

Wang Bo

豫章故郡，洪都新府；星分翼轸，地接衡庐；襟三江而带五湖，控蛮荆而引瓯越。物华天宝，龙光射牛斗之墟；人杰地灵，徐孺下陈蕃之榻。雄州雾列，俊采星驰。台隍枕夷夏之交，宾主尽东南之美。都督阎公之雅望，棨戟遥临；宇文新州之懿范，襜帷暂驻。十旬休假，胜友如云；千里逢迎，高朋满座。腾蛟起凤，孟学士之词宗；紫电清霜，王将军之武库。家君作宰，路出名区，童子何知，躬逢胜饯。 

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Nanchang, which was the capital of Yuzhang Prefecture during the Han Dynasty, now falls under the jurisdiction of Hongzhou. It straddles the border of the influence of the Ye and Zhen constellations (1), and is adjacent to the Heng and the Lu mountains (2). The three rivers (3) enfold it like the front part of a garment (4) and the five lakes encircle it like a girdle (5). It controls the savage Jing area (6) and connects Ou (7) and Yue (8), and its products are nature’s jewels. The radiance of its legendary sword shoots directly upward between the constellations Niu and Dou (9). Its talented people are outstanding, and the spirit of intelligence pervades the place. This was the place where Xu Ru spent the night on his visit to Chen Fan (10). The mighty Hongzhou spreads out immensely amid the fog, and the intellectual luminaries are as numerous as meteors chasing one another. It borders both the uncultured and the civilized areas, and its host and guests are all prominent people from the East and the South. Under the escort of guard of honor with halberds in their hands, Governor Yan, a man of high repute, comes to attend this event from afar. Prefect Yuwen (11), a model of virtue, stops his carriage on the way to his new appointment. On this official holiday, which falls on every tenth day, good friends gather together, and a galaxy of distinguished guests from distant places fill the hall. Also present at the gathering are Master Meng , whose literary grace is as imposing as a dragon soaring and a phoenix dancing, and General Wang, who has weapons as sharp as the famous swords “Purple Lightning” and “Blue Frost” in his armory. I, an ignorant boy, have the good fortune to take part in this grand banquet on my journey to visit my father, who is a magistrate of a county.

时维九月，序属三秋。潦水尽而寒潭清，烟光凝而暮山紫。俨骖騑于上路，访风景于崇阿。临帝子之长洲，得天人之旧馆。层峦耸翠，上出重霄；飞阁流丹，下临无地。鹤汀凫渚，穷岛屿之萦回；桂殿兰宫，即冈峦之体势。披绣闼，俯雕甍，山原旷其盈视，川泽纡其骇瞩。闾阎扑地，钟鸣鼎食之家；舸舰迷津，青雀黄龙之舳。云销雨霁，彩彻云衢。落霞与孤鹜齐飞，秋水共长天一色。渔舟唱晚，响穷彭蠡之滨；雁阵惊寒，声断衡阳之浦。 

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It is September, the third month of autumn. The puddles on the ground have dried up, and the water in the pond is cool and translucent. At dusk the rays of the setting sun, condensed in the evening haze, turn the mountains purple. In the stately carriages drawn by the horses we make our way ahead, visiting the attractive scenic spot in the mountains. Soon we arrive at the river bank, where the King Teng’s Tower beckons, then we ascend the tower where the fairy once dwelled (12). Ranges upon ranges of green mountain rise as high as the sky. The red glow in the water is the reflection of the richly painted tower that seems hovering in the air. From its heights no land is visible. Circling around are the wild ducks on the sand-bars. Cassia-wood courts and magnolia-wood halls rise and fall like mountain ranges. Pushing open the door carved with decorative patterns, I look down upon endless waves of brightly tinted roof tiles, each elaborately engraved with lovely etchings. A panorama of mountains and plains stretches beneath me, and I am mesmerized by the mighty scene of the winding rivers and big lakes. In the city there are houses everywhere. There are families of great affluence, whose meals are served with many cooking tripods of food and to the accompaniment of music. Massive ships and fierce war vessels are densely moored at the ports. On the sterns of many ships are carved designs of blue birds and brown dragons. The rain has just let up and the rainbow has vanished. The sunlight shoots through the rosy clouds, and the autumn water is merged with the boundless sky into one hue. The fishermen can be heard singing the evening songs, their voices drifting as far as the banks of the Poyang Lake. Even the wild geese feel the chill of dusk settling upon them, and they cry all the way while flying southward, disappearing around the south bend of the Heng Mountain.

遥襟甫畅，逸兴遄飞。爽籁发而清风生，纤歌凝而白云遏。睢园绿竹，气凌彭泽之樽；邺水朱华，光照临川之笔。四美具，二难并；穷睇眄于中天，极娱游于暇日。天高地迥，觉宇宙之无穷；兴尽悲来，识盈虚之有数。望长安于日下，目吴会于云间；地势极而南溟深，天柱高而北辰远。关山难越，谁悲失路之人？萍水相逢，尽是他乡之客。怀帝阍而不见，奉宣室以何年？

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Looking afar and chanting, and then looking downward and singing, I feel a sudden rush of ecstasy soaring up in me. The music of the panpipe is like a gentle cool breeze. The soft singing lingers on; it is so soothing that even the passing white clouds seem to come to a halt. The gathering here can be compared to the banquet in the bamboo garden hosted by Prince of Xiao of the Liang State (13), and many a guest is a greater drinker than Tao Yuanming (14). It is also like the feast at River Ye where Cao Zhi (15) composed the poem in praise of the lotus flower. Present are many talented scholars who are as gifted as Xie lingyun of Linchuan (16). It is not an easy thing to have four excellent things all at once, that is, good weather, beautiful scenery, full enjoyment and heartfelt happiness, and it is even more difficult to have a generous host and honored guests. I look into the vast expanse of the sky and amuse myself to my heart’s content on this festive day. The sky is high and the land is boundless; I cannot but feel the immensity of the universe. Sadness follows happiness. I am aware that success and failure are predestined. I look into the distance, but Chang’an, the capital of the country, is far beyond the setting sun in the west, and Wuhui (17) is unapproachable somewhere amid the clouds. At the farthest end of the south are the depths of the South Sea, and far away in the north is the pillar that upholds the sky, but the Polestar is still farther. Since the mountains and passes are hard to travel over, who would sympathize with the disappointed ones? The people I meet here are all politically frustrated, drifting together like duckweeds. I pine for the Emperor but am not summoned. How long should I wait before I am called to the court again like Jia Yi (18)? 

嗟乎！时运不齐，命途多舛；冯唐易老，李广难封。屈贾谊于长沙，非无圣主；窜梁鸿于海曲，岂乏明时？所赖君子安贫，达人知命。老当益壮，宁移白首之心？穷且益坚，不坠青云之志。酌贪泉而觉爽，处涸辙以犹欢。北海虽赊，扶摇可接；东隅已逝，桑榆非晚。孟尝高洁，空余报国之情；阮籍猖狂，岂效穷途之哭？

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Alas! I am ill fated, and my life is full of frustrations. Feng tang grew old quickly (19) and Li Guang had difficulty getting promoted (20). Jia Yi was unjustly exiled to Changsha. Was it because there was no wise emperor on the throne? Liang Hong had to seek refuge at the seaside (21). Was it because there was no good government in his time? Fortunately what supports one is the belief that a man of noble character always contented with his lot. Old as one is, he gains vigor with age and by no means wavers in his aspiration. Poor as one is, he is all the more determined in adversity and by no means gives up his ambition. One keeps his integrity even if he has drunk the water of the spring of Avarice (22) and is cheerful even is he is confronted with misfortune. Though the North Sea is far away, one can still get there with the help of the strong wind. Though the morning is gone, it is not too late to make up the loss in the evening. Meng Chang was noble and honest, but his devotion to the country was futile (23). Ruan Ji was unruly and untrammeled, but he burst out crying when in dire straits (24). How can we learn from him? 

勃三尺微命，一介书生。无路请缨，等终军之弱冠；有怀投笔，慕宗悫之长风。舍簪笏于百龄，奉晨昏于万里；非谢家之宝树，接孟氏之芳邻。他日趋庭，叨陪鲤对；今兹捧袂，喜托龙门。杨意不逢，抚凌云而自惜；钟期既遇，奏流水以何惭？

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I am an insignificant scholar of a low official position and am of the same age as Zhong Jun (25), but unlike him, I have no opportunity to serve in the army. I will follow the example of Ban Chao (26), who threw aside the writing brush to enlist in the armed services and I admire Zong Que (27) who made up his mind to seek a military career by braving the wind and waves. I am determined not to accept the offer of a lifelong government position by wearing a hair dress and holding a tablet before the chest as court officials do. Rather, I will travel thousands of li to go home to wait on my parents, paying respect to them morning and evening. As a son I am not as good as Xie Xuan (28) but in my early years I had the fortune to have men of virtue as my neighbors. In a few days I will be with my father and I will take care of him and receive instructions from him as did Kong Li (29). On this day I have the honor to be invited by Governor Yan to this grand occasion. I am as blissful as if I had leaped over the Dragon’s Gate (30). Since I do not have someone like Yang Yi to recommend me (31), I can only sigh with grief and caress this piece of writing which expresses my lofty aspiration. Now that I have met a bosom friend like Zhong Ziqi (32), why should I be ashamed of presenting this writing of mine? 

呜呼！胜地不常，盛筵难再；兰亭已矣，梓泽丘墟。临别赠言，幸承恩于伟饯；登高作赋，是所望于群公。敢竭鄙怀，恭疏短引；一言均赋，四韵俱成。

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Ah! A beautiful scenic spot is rarely seen, and a sumptuous banquet like this one is even less likely to be held again. The grand gathering at the Orchid Pavilion (33) is an event in history and the famous Jinggu Garden (34) is now in ruins. I have the good fortune to attend this feast and I would like to leave this farewell message at the time of paring. I count on all the gentlemen here to ascend the tower and contribute their writings. I humbly compose this short piece in all sincerity. Since every one of us is required to write a poem, the following is what I write:

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　　滕王高阁临江渚，佩玉鸣鸾罢歌舞。

　　画栋朝飞南浦云，珠帘暮卷西山雨。

　　闲云潭影日悠悠，物换星移几度秋。

　　阁中帝子今何在？槛外长江空自流。

　   The lofty King Teng’s Tower Overlooks the River.

　　The jade pendants (35) tinkle, and the carriage bells jingle.

　　The banquet’s over, the guests are leaving, and the singing and the dancing have stopped.

　　In the morn the rosy clouds from the southern shore flit across the painted pillars.

　　In the eve the rain in the western mountains are drawn in by the red curtains.

　　The lazy clouds are reflected in the water and the days pass in leisure.

　　Things change and stars move; how many years have passed since the building of the Tower?

　　Where is its builder, King Teng?

　　Only the River outside the railing flows to the east all by itself.

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(1)In old times the sky was divided into 28 constellations, and each constellation had influence on a certain area on the earth. Nanchang was under the influence of the Ye and the Zhen constellations.

(2)The Heng Mountain is located to the southwest of Nanchang and the Lu Mountain to its north.

(3)The three rivers are the Jing, the Song, and the Zhe rivers.

(4)In old times there was a piece of cloth in the upper part of a long gown, with which people used to wrap things.

(5)The five lakes are the Tai, the Poyang, the Qingcao, the Danyang, and the Dongting lakes.

(6)The Jing area was the Chu area prior to the Qin Dynasty. It was less developed than the rest of the country.

(7)It now mainly refers to Zhejiang Province.

(8)The name of a kingdom during the Zhou Dynasty (1046B.C.- 256 B.C.) , mainly referring to the east of Zhejiang Province, Jiangsu Province, and part of Anhui Province.

(9)It was said that during the Jin Dynasty, there appeared a purple vapor between the Niu and the Dou constellations. Later people discovered a precious sword in Hongzhou.

(10)Xu Ru was a poor scholar in the Eastern Han Dynasty. Despite poverty, he declined to be a government official. When Chen Fan was the prefect of Yuzhang County, he received no guests except Xu Ru, for whom a bed was always prepared in his home.

(11)It refers to Yuwen Jun, who was newly appointed as prefect of Lizhou.

(12)It refers to King Teng’s Power.

(13)Prince of Xiao of the Liang State of the Western Han Dynasty often entertained scholars in the bamboo garden by the Sui River.

(14)Tao Yuanming was the author of “A Tale of the Fountain of the Peach Blossom Spring”.

(15)Cao Cao and his son Cao Zhi often entertained guests by River Ye. Cao Zhi had written a poem in praise of the lotus flowers.

(16)Xie Lingyun was an official in Linchuan Prefecture, Jiangxi Province. Another interpretation is that Wang Xizhi is referred to here, because he was also an official in Linchuan.

(17)Wuhui is today’s City of Suzhou in Jiangsu Province.

(18)During the reign of Emperor Wen of the Han Dynasty, Jia Yi was exiled to Changsha and was called back to the court four years later.

(19)Feng Tang was an official of a low rank in the Han Dynasty. During the reign of Emperor Wu, he was recommended to a high-ranking official. But it was too late, as he was already over ninety and could no longer serve the emperor.

(20)Li Guang, a military man during the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. He had performed many military exploits but had never been fully rewarded.

(21)Liang Hong was a scholar during the Eastern Han Dynasty. He wrote a satirical song to criticize the noblemen and offended the emperor. He had to escape to the Qi and the Lu areas, which were near the sea.

(22)It was believed that on the outskirts of Guangzhou there was the Spring of Avarice. People became avaricious after drinking its water.

(23)Meng Chang was an upright official during the Eastern Han Dynasty, but he never got a high position.

(24)Ruan Ji was a scholar in the Wei and the Jin dynasties. He was angry with the rotten politics of his time and often went out in his carriage. When the road was blocked, he would cry and turn back. 

(25)Zhong Jun was a young man living in the Western Han Dynasty. He made up his mind to capture the king of the enemy when he was about twenty years of age.

(26)Ban Chao was a scribe during the Eastern Han Dynasty. He later performed military exploits and was rewarded.

(27)Zong Que was a young man during the Southern Dynasty (420-589). When asked what he would do in the future, he answered that he would go to the front and “brave the wind and waves”. Later he became a general.

(28)Xie Xuan, a young man during the Eastern Jin Dynasty. His uncle praised him as “the treasure tree of the Xie family.

(29)Kong Li was the son of Confucius.

(30)The Dragon’s Gate is a narrow pass in the shape of a gate in the Longmen Mountain where the Yellow River flows through. It was believed that if a carp leaped over the gate, it would turn into a dragon.

(31)Yang Deyi recommends Sima Xiangru, a great poet, to Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty.

(32)Zhong Ziqi, a man living the Spring and Autumn Period. It was said that he was a master in playing the qin, a seven-stringed plucked musical instrument. Bo Ya regarded him as his bosom friend because he understood the music Bo Ya played.

(33)See “Prologue to the Collection of Poems Composed at the Orchid Pavilion”.

(34)See “Entertainment Given in the Peach and Plum Garden on a Spring Evening”.

(35)In old times people wore a jade pendant to the body and it gave a tinkling sound when the person moved.

1、“徐孺下陈蕃之榻”。

徐孺（97－169），名稚，字孺子。江西丰城人。东汉时名士，满腹经纶而淡泊名利，时称“南州高士”。徐孺子小时候就很聪明。十五岁时来到今丰城、南昌、进贤三县交界的槠山，拜当时著名学者唐檀为师。唐檀去世以后，徐孺子便在槠山过起长期的隐居生活，一面种地，一面设帐授徒。他曾一度外出远游，向大儒樊英、黄琼请教，得益非浅，使他成为当时颇有名望的学者之一，受到地方官员多次举荐，但他都谢绝了。徐稚非常清高自持。据《资治通鉴》载，徐稚早年拜黄琼为师，可当黄琼做了大官之后，徐稚就主动与黄琼断绝了来往，专心在家务农而不再交游士林。至黄琼死后，稚往吊之，哭得很伤心，但他不通报姓名，以至在场的人六七千人都不认识他。东汉名臣陈蕃到豫章做太守（147），立志做一番大事，一到当地就急着找名流徐孺子请教天下大事，随从劝谏应该先到衙门去，结果被他臭骂。当时徐稚已年过50岁，当陈蕃派人将他从槠山请来时，专门为他准备了一张可活动的床，徐稚来时放下，走后挂起。因此王勃在《滕王阁序》中说“人杰地灵，徐孺下陈蕃之榻。”把徐稚作为江西“人杰地灵”的代表。今南昌市有名胜孺子亭，原是徐孺子垂钓之处，为豫章十景之一。1979年建成孺子亭公园。

这个典故主要是说徐孺子的，因为他是江西人，而陈蕃是河南人，是通过陈蕃的礼贤下士来陪衬徐孺。顺便说到，将徐孺子称为徐孺是古汉语中的节缩，节缩的目的是为了使结构匀称、节奏整齐。节缩在古汉语中多用于姓名。本篇下文还有“杨意不逢，抚凌云而自惜；钟期既遇，奏流水以何惭？”“杨意”是“杨得意”的节缩，“钟期”是“钟子期”的节缩。

2、“睢园绿竹，气凌彭泽之樽”。

西汉梁孝王刘武，刘邦的孙子，文帝的儿子，景帝的同胞兄弟，被封于梁，以开封为都城。他在历史上最有名的就是建了一座很大的梁园，即课文中说的“睢园”。梁孝王自小享尽荣华富贵，也为保卫汉室江山立下了大功。平息了七王之乱后，遂在梁国大兴土木。他以睢阳为中心，依托自然景色，修建了一个很大的花园，称东苑，也叫菟园，后人称为梁园。《汉书》载：“梁孝王筑东苑，方三百余里”。梁园中的房舍雕龙画凤，金碧辉煌，几乎可和皇宫媲美。睢水两岸，竹林连绵十余里，各种花木应有尽有，飞禽走兽品类繁多，梁王经常在这里狞猎、宴饮，大会宾朋。天下的文人雅士如枚乘、严忌、司马相如等云集梁园，成了梁孝王的座上宾。俗成语“梁园虽好，不是久留之地”就是来自这个典故。彭泽指陶渊明，他曾做过彭泽令，喜欢饮酒，所以说“彭泽之樽”。《归去来辞》中有“携幼入室，有酒盈樽”的句子。文中引用这两个典故，是为了表示在座的宾客好比是当年聚集在睢园（梁园）里的文人雅士一样饮酒赋诗，他们豪爽善饮的气概超过了陶渊明。

3、“邺水朱华，光照临川之笔”。

这个分句是借诗人曹植、谢灵运来比拟参加宴会的文士。“邺水朱华”用了曹植的典故，曹植曾作过《公宴诗》，诗中有句“朱华冒绿池”。朱华，字面是红色的花，这里指荷花（芙蓉）。曹植是建安文学之集大成者，有七步之才，《诗品》说曹植的诗“骨气奇高，词采华茂”，如：“明月澄清景，列宿正参差。秋兰被长坂，朱华冒绿池。潜鱼跃清波，好鸟鸣高枝”，一连三联对偶，后两联尤为工整；“被”字，“冒”字见出作者选词用字的匠心。“邺水朱华”两句是写宴会之文，意思是说，参加宴会的文人学士，就像当年的曹植，写出“朱华冒绿池”一般的美丽诗句，其风流文采映照着谢灵运的诗笔，意谓可以和谢灵运相比。临川，指南朝山水诗人谢灵运，他曾任临川内史。这里称谢灵运是称官职，和称王安石为王临川（籍贯）不同。曹植与谢灵运分处魏晋时代的首尾两端，植是出汉音，启魏响，灵运是出东晋，启宋端；二人身世相似，命途多舛，其诗歌承继亦有渊源。钟嵘在《诗品》中说：“宋临川太守谢灵运（诗），其源出于陈思。”谢灵运对曹植的才华非常崇拜，曾说过一句比较狂的话：“天下才有一石，曹子建独占八斗，我得一斗，天下共分一斗。”所以这里将曹植和谢灵运两人的事迹一起引用，是很恰当很自然的。

4、“望长安于日下，目吴会于云间。”

这两句直译就是：“向夕阳西下之处远望长安，在云雾缭绕之间遥看吴郡。”表面上就是站在滕王阁可以登高望远，往西可以望见长安，往东可以望见苏州。吴会，课本无注，当指吴郡的都会，即江苏省苏州市。一说“会”读kuài ，秦汉时会稽郡的郡治在吴县（即今苏州），郡、县相连，称为吴会。而从对仗角度看，不如前解工整（“长安”对“吴会”，单个地名对单个地名）。但它同时又是用典，还应有深层含义。教参书认为“日下”一典源出《世说新语·夙惠》：晋明帝数岁，坐元帝膝上。有人从长安来，元帝问洛下消息，潸然流涕。明帝问何以致泣？具以东渡意告之。因问明帝：“汝意谓长安何如日远？”答曰：“日远。不闻人从日边来，居然可知。”元帝异之。明日集群臣宴会，告以此意，更重问之。乃答曰：“日近。”元帝失色，曰：“尔何故异昨日之言邪？”答曰：“举目见日，不见长安。”此典多比喻向往帝都而不得至，寓功名事业不遂，希望和理想不能实现之意（参见《常用典故词典》，上海辞书出版社），和王勃的身世、心境是一致的，但光这样理解还不够，它只能说明上句，不能说明下句，即不能解释为何“日下”与“云间”相对。

其实另有一典源出自《世说新语·排调》：荀鸣鹤、陆士龙二人未相识，俱会张茂先坐。张令共语。以其并有大才，可勿作常语。陆举手曰：“云间陆士龙。”荀答曰：“日下荀鸣鹤。”说的是：晋代文学家陆云（字士龙）、荀隐（字鸣鹤）两人互不相识，一起在张华（字茂先，任过中书令，右光禄大夫）家中会面。张华让他们交谈，因为两人都有突出的才学，要他们别说平常的俗话。陆士龙拱手说：“我是云间的陆士龙。”荀鸣鹤回答：“我是日下的荀鸣鹤。”西晋两位名人陆云和荀隐初次会面时的“脱口秀”是一副艺术性颇高的人名对，有人认为这是中国对联的滥觞。士龙、鸣鹤分别是二人的表字，构成了天然的对偶。因为风从虎，云从龙，所以才思敏捷的陆士龙自称“云间陆士龙”。荀隐是洛阳人，洛阳是西晋都城。《辞源》：“封建社会以帝王比日，因以皇帝所在之地为日下。”故荀隐自称“日下荀鸣鹤”。陆云是松江（今上海）人，因为这一副“对联”，后来上海得到一个雅称“云间”。也因为这副对联的有名，以“云间”对“日下”，成为诗家常用的骈语。清李渔《笠翁对韵》：“名动帝畿，西蜀三苏来日下；壮游京洛，东吴二陆起云间。”由于用典，此二句就有了表里两层意思。表层就是说站在滕王阁，可以登高望远，游目骋怀，视野开阔，此意可和上文的“天高地迥，觉宇宙之无穷”呼应。如果知道有关背景知识，就还知道作者在此借典故来含蓄地表达自己象陆机一样少年高才，而同时又流露了仕途坎坷，报国无门的感慨。此意可和下文“地势极而南溟深，天柱高而北辰远。关山难越，谁悲失路之人？”等句相呼应。这样理解，完全符合王勃的性格和遭遇，也能更好地贯通上下文。王勃原本年少气盛，再加上自己才华横溢，很容易产生心高气傲的心理。

后来，果然一篇《檄英王鸡》的文章，得罪了高宗皇帝，被逐出京城，还连累老父也被贬官受罚。一时间，使王勃有一种从云端里跌落下来的感觉。为怀才不遇而伤感，为前途渺茫而黯然，故而遥望京都长安如在天边一样遥远，指看吴会也似乎远在飘渺的云海之间一般虚无。这正是王勃当时对政治前途伤心失落情绪的真实表现。如果只是“西望长安，遥看吴会”，怎能传达出这种复杂的情感呢？用典的好处之一是言简意丰，以少胜多，能“寓万于一”，较好地传达出丰富、复杂的思想感情。

5、“地势极而南溟深，天柱高而北辰远。”

“南溟”，指南方的大海，出自《庄子·逍遥游》：“是鸟也，海运则将徙于南冥（溟），南冥者，天池也。”“天柱”，传说中的擎天之柱，出自《山海经·神异经》：“昆仑有铜柱焉，其高入天，所谓天柱也。围三千里，员周如削，铜柱下有屋，壁方百丈。”天柱，极言其高。“地势极而南溟深，天柱高而北辰远”两句，通过玄想宇宙的广漠洪荒，来衬托人生的渺小，从而引发下文的感慨。

6、“怀帝阍而不见，奉宣室以何年？”

帝指天帝，阍指守门人。帝阍就是天帝的守门人。《列子·汤问》：“操蛇之神闻之，惧其不已也，告之于帝。”此“帝”亦指天帝。帝阍原是屈原辞赋中想象的神灵。《离骚》：“吾令帝阍开关兮，倚阊阖而望予。”（我叫天门守卫把门打开，他却倚靠天门把我呆望。）诗人在想象中上下求索，来到天界，他去叩帝阍，然而帝阍却拒绝为他通报，这天上实际是人间的象征，表明诗人重新获得楚王信任的道路被彻底阻塞。前人常用“叫帝阍”“叩帝阍”等来表达忠于朝廷、希望君臣遇合，或能将民情达于圣听之意。扬雄《蜀都赋》：“选巫咸兮叫帝阍”。张衡《思玄赋》：“叫帝阍使辟扉兮，觌天皇于琼宫。”杜甫《塞芦子》：“谁能叫帝阍，胡行速如鬼。”袁崇焕《浣衣里》：“精诚叩帝阍，愿化一寸铁。”“帝阍”在王勃文中实际上是指称国君或朝廷，就像借“陛下”称天子一样。因为前为“怀”而不是“叫”“叩”，后又接“不见”；且与下句“宣室”相对称，都是暗指当朝皇上。教参译“怀帝阍而不见”为“思念皇宫却看不见”，不如译作“怀念朝廷却不得召见”。“奉宣室”的典故，意在叹息难以接近朝廷、效忠皇帝，同时巧妙地为下文“屈贾谊于长沙，非无圣主”作铺垫。宣室：西汉未央宫的正殿，是皇帝召见大臣议事的地方。贾谊贬谪长沙四年后，汉帝曾召他回长安，在宣室中问以鬼神之事。事见《史记·屈原贾生列传》。这两句是说，自己怀念朝廷，可是什么时候才能侍奉国君呢？

7、“冯唐易老，李广难封。”

冯唐的事迹见《史记·张释之冯唐列传》，《汉书·冯唐传》亦载。冯唐身历文、景、武帝三朝，一直只做到郎官，至武帝时，有人举荐了他，可是他己九十多岁，不能再做官了。后世遂用“冯唐易老、冯唐已老、老冯唐、叹冯唐”等慨叹生不逢时，命运不好，或表示身已衰老，再不能有所作为。史记上对冯唐主要记载了一件事，冯唐和汉文帝在有旁人在场时聊天，谈到古代名将，认为廉颇和李牧很有指挥才能。文帝大发感慨，说我要有廉颇和李牧这样的人做将领就好了。冯先生马上说你就是有了廉颇和李牧也不会任用他们。文帝大怒，拂袖而去。不过文帝在皇帝中是一个脾气特别好的人，换了别人做皇帝，冯唐差不多就要杀头了。等了一会文帝又回来，说你就是批评我也应该在私下里说，怎么大庭广众不给面子呢？冯唐说，鄙陋之人，不懂得忌讳回避。我认为陛下对士兵太差了，奖赏太轻，惩罚太重。云中郡守魏尚只多报了六个脑袋，陛下就把他免了职，判处一年刑期。由此说来，陛下即使得到廉颇、李牧，也是不能重用的。文帝恍然大悟，马上任命冯唐为特使去云中郡赦免了魏尚。这就是苏东坡词《江城子·密州出猎》中“持节云中，何日遣冯唐”的典故由来。景帝上任之后，冯唐做了楚相，后来被景帝免了职。到武帝上台后，冯已经九十多了。这就是“冯唐易老”的典故由来。

“李广难封”的典故出自《史记·李将军列传》：李广与从弟李蔡俱事汉，“蔡为人在中下，名声出广下甚远，然广不得爵邑，官不过九卿，而蔡为列侯，位至三公。”后遂用“李广难封”“李广未封”“李广不侯”等慨叹功高不爵，命运乖舛。汉代名将李广英勇善战，才略过人，一生与匈奴打了大大小小70多仗，威名远扬，匈奴望风而逃，称之为“飞将军”。“但使龙城飞将在，不叫胡马度阴山”、“君不见沙场征战苦，至今犹忆李将军”都是赞扬他的名句。然而李广没有能够裂土封侯，引来史家一片惋惜，民间无数惆怅。

武帝时代，本是开疆拓土、重奖军功的年代，李广从弟李蔡文帝时同为中郎，景帝时一同抗击匈奴，被封乐安侯，官至丞相。二人同出身，同做官，同立战功，并且李蔡人品、才能、名声远不及李广，官名、爵位却在李广之上。李广的儿子李敢以校尉身份跟着霍去病出征匈奴，“因夺左贤王旗，斩首多”，赐爵关内侯。甚至李广的部属军吏也有不少以军功取侯。偏偏李广本人驰骋疆场，戎马一生，历文帝、景帝、武帝三朝，一直难以封侯，最后还自杀身亡，其原因何在？千百年来，人们提出种种看法。有人说是他命不好，王维《老将行》：“卫青不败由天幸，李广无功缘数奇。”有人说他虽然作战勇敢，但不善用兵，缺乏政治头脑和治军才能。更有人说是汉武帝重用外戚，宠信卫青、霍去病，而并不真正器重李广，甚至故意排挤他，不给他立功的机会。后世多把李广作为有才华而无法施展的代表性人物。 “时运不齐，命途多舛”，将人生的穷通得失看作常态；“冯唐易老，李广难封，”则是从历史中撷取的两个实例，用来宽慰包括自己在内的失意之人。

8、“屈贾谊于长沙，非无圣主”。

贾谊，洛阳人，18岁就以文才著称，20岁被汉文帝召为博士，深受倚重，在博士之列为最年轻者，每次参议诏令，诸博士尚未能言，贾谊即尽为之对答，并得到众人的赞同。于是一年之内超迁为太中大夫，汉文帝对贾谊的才能颇为赏识，拟任贾谊为公卿。然而，朝中的那些公卿王侯对贾生并不宽容，在文帝面前毁谤贾谊“专欲擅权，纷乱诸事”，文帝只得把他贬为长沙王太傅。后转任梁怀王太傅。梁怀王堕马而死，他自恨失职，一年后也忧郁而死，年仅33岁。《咏贾谊》：“少年倜傥廊庙才，壮志未酬事堪哀。胸罗文章兵百万，胆照华国树千台。雄英无计倾圣主，高节终竟受疑猜。千古同惜长沙傅，空白汨罗步尘埃。”古代贾谊常作为怀才不遇、英年早逝的代表。

9、“窜梁鸿于海曲，岂乏明时？”

事见《后汉书·梁鸿传》《后汉书·逸民列传》。梁鸿，字伯鸾，东汉初扶风平陵（今陕西咸阳西北）人，东汉文学家。梁鸿幼年丧父。东汉初年，梁鸿入太学受业，虽然家境贫寒但学习刻苦，受业期间曾遍览古今典籍，经史子集无所不通。学成后梁鸿被分配到上林苑牧猪，虽然专业不对口，倒也乐得做他的“猪倌”。一天闲来无事，梁鸿和他的猪们在晒太阳，有两只小猪在泥坑里打滚。梁鸿看见了，就对小猪说：“猪啊猪，其实我是很羡慕你们的。从前有一位庄周老伯伯说过，郊祭时用的牺牛，虽然平时用好养料喂养，又披以纹绣，舒服是舒服，可一旦要把它送进太庙作祭品时，这条牛想作一头小猪，这可能吗？所以我不愿意做卿相，不愿意被国事羁绊，我宁愿作一个小猪在污水沟里游戏，这样我的心志倒可以愉快。”一次，梁鸿误遗火种，烧毁了人家部分财物，他便寻访到那户人家详细地询问了主家的损失，然后以猪作价抵偿。那家主人为人刻薄，以为赔少了，梁鸿说我家贫没什么财物，就让我为你干几年活吧。主人便让他做护院，梁鸿克尽职守。几位邻居看不下去了，一起责备那家主人。主人便要将猪归还给他，梁鸿拒辞不受，也不再当猪倌，径回老家平陵去了。汉章帝时，梁鸿因去看望好友高恢，经过京城，作了一首《五噫歌》，一共五句诗，每句后面有一个“噫”字。大意是：登上高高的北芒山，俯览脚下的帝京城，宫室是多么地崔嵬，老百姓的辛勤劳苦，却远远地没有尽头。这首诗被章帝知道了，章帝勃然大怒，便下令搜捕梁鸿。梁鸿闻讯后改名换姓，携妻儿逃到了渤海边上居住。“窜梁鸿于海曲，岂乏明时？”五百多年后，唐朝诗人王勃在《滕王阁序》中对梁鸿被迫害的命运表达了深深的感慨。然而太平的日子并不长久，章帝的派出的人追到了齐鲁，梁鸿见这里也待不下去了，只得携妻子和一个儿子南逃。

梁鸿夫妇逃至吴地（今苏州一带）后，在富商门下做雇工，全家三口总算有了个安身的栖所。白天梁鸿为人舂米，晚上每当他拖着疲倦的身子回家时，孟光已经为他做好了香喷可口的饭菜。她非常敬重丈夫，不敢抬头直视，就半曲身子将盛着饭菜的托盘举至眉前端给丈夫吃。这就是著名的“举案齐眉”典故的由来。有一次给主人看见了，惊叹道：“能使妻子这样敬重自己的人必非常人！”于是换了间大房子给梁鸿夫妇居住，自此梁鸿方得潜心学问，闭门著书十余篇。后代文人常引“窜梁鸿于海曲，岂乏明时”来抒发自己一生襟怀未曾开的抱怨。

10、“酌贪泉而觉爽，处涸辙以犹欢。”

前一个典故出自《晋书·吴隐之传》。晋人吴隐之上任途中，经过一处泉水，名叫贪泉，据说喝了这水人就变得贪心。他不信，就取水喝了，而且写了一首诗，大意说不存贪心的人喝了这水不会变贪。他到任后，非常廉洁。“酌贪泉而觉爽”表达了廉洁的人绝不会受外界污浊的侵蚀，有德行的人即使在污浊的环境中也能保持纯正。

后一个典故出自《庄子·外物篇》。大意说庄周向监河侯借粮食，监河侯答应等封邑地方的赋税征收到手后借给他一大笔钱。庄周听了生气说，车辙中的鲋鱼需要的是斗升之水，如果拖延时间去取西江之水，就等于将鲋鱼置于枯鱼之肆。后来形成了成语“涸辙之鲋”，用以比喻处在困境之中急待救助的人。《庄子·大宗师》：“涸辙之鲋，相濡以沫，相煦以湿，不若相忘于江湖。”又有成语“相濡以沫”，比喻在困境中相互救助。课文中引用这个典故意为处境艰难但能自得其乐。

11、“东隅已逝，桑榆非晚。”

成语有“失之东隅，收之桑榆”。比喻开始有损失，后来终于得到胜利；年轻时荒废了，年纪大后努力还不迟。出自《后汉书·冯异传》。

12、“孟尝高洁，空余报国之情”。

孟尝字伯周，东汉会稽上虞人。曾任合浦太守，以廉洁奉公著称，为民兴利除弊，百姓称为神明。但由于志趣高尚，洁身自好，长期不得升迁，后来隐居耕田。桓帝时，虽有人多次举荐他，但终不见用。年七十，死于家。事见《后汉书·孟尝传》。关于孟尝，有著名的成语“合浦珠还”，说的是合浦不产谷物，沿海出产珍珠，由于前任太守贪污受贿，珍珠纷纷运往相邻的交阯郡内。孟尝到任，革除敝端，迁离的珍珠又回到合浦。后遂用“合浦珠还”比喻人去而复还或物失而复得，对其人或其物有称美之意。

13、“阮籍猖狂，岂效穷途之哭？”

出自《晋书·阮籍传》：阮籍“时率意独驾，不由径路，车迹所穷，辄恸哭而返。”阮籍借此宣泄对现实不满的苦闷心情。作者认为这种行为是消极的，不打算仿效。这是反面用典，表达了作者不甘沉沦，力求振作自强，具有自慰自勉之意。“猖狂”与今义有所不同，今指狂妄放肆，气势汹汹。这里指狂放，不拘礼节。

阮籍是竹林七贤之一。所谓竹林七贤是七个魏晋时期的文人名士的总称。阮籍、嵇康、山涛、刘伶、阮咸、向秀、王戎七人，常游于竹林，纵酒酣饮，弈棋赋诗，无拘无束，史称“竹林七贤”。七人中, 阮籍、嵇康名气最大，是竹林七贤的代表。他们的行为都怪诞得很。嵇康服药，阮籍喝酒。阮籍不受世俗礼教的束缚，表现出怪诞的行为。他好喝酒，附近有美妇人当街卖酒，他经常去喝，醉了就在美妇人旁边倒卧；他不屑遵循“男女有别”，嫂子回娘家，他为嫂子饯行并送她上路。对旁人闲话、非议，阮籍说：“孔孟礼教，与我何干？”我们现在说青白眼、青睐、垂青等，都来自阮籍的故事。阮籍见一般的凡夫俗子，以白眼对之；他喜欢和佩服的人来了，就用青眼相对。是真名士自风流，阮籍是真正的性情中人，超凡脱俗。

14、“无路请缨，等终军之弱冠。”

据《汉书·终军传》：“南越与汉和亲，乃遣（终）军使南越，说其王，欲令入朝，比内诸侯。军自请：‘愿受长缨，必羁南越王而致之阙下。’军遂往说越王，越王听许，请举国内属。”终军出使南越，向朝廷表示，只要给他一根长绳，定把南越王缚至汉朝宫廷来。后果然说服南越归汉。这两句是说，自己跟终军的年龄相仿，却没有请缨报国的门路。“请缨”作为典故，常表示杀敌报国，建功立业，投军或出使等意。今多用于指主动请求参战或参加某些重要而有风险的活动，或主动要求分配任务等。有赞扬的意味。如：“白衣天使纷纷请缨到抗非典一线工作”“武汉大学生请缨赴边陲”。“请缨”现已成为普通词语。“长缨”指缚敌的长绳，比喻克敌制胜的力量。诗词多次引用“长缨”的典故。《蝶恋花·从汀州向长沙》（1930）：“六月天兵征腐恶，万丈长缨要把鲲鹏缚。”《清平乐·六盘山》：“今日长缨在手，何时缚住苍龙？”

15、有怀投笔，慕宗悫之长风。

有怀投笔：有投笔从戎的怀抱。投笔从戎的故事，见《后汉书·班超传》：“家贫，常为官佣书以供养。久劳苦，尝辍业，投笔叹曰：‘大丈夫无他志略，尤当效介子、张骞立功异域，以取封侯，安能久事笔砚乎？’”班超的父亲班彪,哥哥班固,姐姐班昭(“曹大家”)都是汉代著名的史学家。班超最初在官府中从事抄写工作，他从军以后，受到大将军窦固的赏识。公元94年，在窦固的推荐下，班超出使西域，经过多年的努力，终于使西域全境统一于东汉。班超因功被封为定远侯。后人把文人从军叫做投笔从戎。今天把大学生当兵服役叫“携笔从戎”。宗悫：字元干，南朝宋南阳人。《宋书·宗悫传》：“宗悫，字元干，南阳人也。叔父炳，高尚不仕。 悫年少时，炳问其志，答曰：‘愿乘长风，破万里浪。’”唐李白《行路难》：“长风破浪会有时，直挂云帆济沧海。”现比喻不畏艰险勇往直前。也形容事业迅速地向前发展。成语一般写作“乘风破浪”。这两句是说，自己羡慕宗悫乘风破浪的远大报负，所以怀有投笔从戎的志向。

16、非谢家之宝树，接孟氏之芳邻。

谢家：晋朝谢安、谢玄的家庭。宝树：谢玄曾以“芝兰玉树”比喻好子弟。上句是说自己并不象谢家子弟那样的好，有谦虚的成分。晋、六朝(吴、东晋、宋、齐、梁、陈)时，谢氏最为兴盛，一时人材辈出，声誉鹊起。尤以阳夏(今河南太康县)的谢安、谢玄、谢灵运、谢惠连这一家族的人，皆名著于史。所谓“芝兰玉树”，其典出自《晋书·谢安传》：“（谢玄）少颖悟，与从兄朗俱为叔父安所契重。安尝戒约子侄，因曰：‘子弟何预人事，而正欲使其佳？’诸人莫有言者。玄答曰：‘譬如芝兰玉树，欲使其生于庭阶耳。’”后以“芝兰玉树”，比喻有出息的子弟也。又有“玉树临风”，比喻英俊潇洒的美少年。“玉树盈阶”比喻子弟既多又好。

孟母三迁是有名的典故，出自《列女传》（西汉刘向编）。孟子三岁丧父，由母亲抚养长大。被后世称为“亚圣”的孟子，其实小的时候非常顽皮淘气。为教育他学好，其母亲花费了很多心思。据说其母为教育儿子而三迁择邻。第一次他家住在坟墓附近，孟子小时候专门学埋死人，哭死人，孟母觉得这不是我的孩子所住的地方，就搬到城里去了，谁知这是一个农贸市场附近，孟子又和小伙伴玩起做买卖的游戏，孟母认为这样不利于孩子专心读书，再次搬家，搬到一所学校附近。芳邻：好邻居。下句是说，自己年幼时父亲也曾经择邻而居，使自己受过良好的教育。又有一层意思是说，自己很高兴能与参加宴会的各位嘉宾结交。

17、他日趋庭，叨陪鲤对。

意思是说，过些时候将到父亲那里去接受教诲。出自《论语·季氏》：“（孔子）尝独立，鲤趋而过庭。曰：‘学诗乎？’对曰：‘未也。’‘不学诗，无以言（说话没有依据）。’鲤退而学诗。他日，又独立，鲤趋而过庭。曰：‘学礼乎？’对曰：‘未也。’‘不学礼，无以立（立身没有准则）。’鲤退而学礼。”他日：来日。趋庭：恭敬地快步走过庭前。作为典故，“趋庭”“鲤对”“庭对”都指子女接受父亲的教诲；“庭训”多指父亲的教诲或培育。叨陪：惭愧地用以自比。鲤：孔鲤，孔子之子。对：指庭对，有接受教诲之意。

18、今兹捧袂，喜托龙门。

龙门：据《后汉书·李膺传》载，李膺当时名声很大，被他接待的读书人，感到庆幸，称为登龙门。后来往往把登龙门用来比喻士人忽然得到的荣耀。这里是说，这次能在宴会上拜见阎公，就好象登龙门一般令人高兴。龙门：在现在山西省稷山县和陕西省韩城县之间的黄河中，那里水险流急，河里的大鱼聚集龙门的下边上不去，据传说，上去的鱼将化为龙，因此，“登龙门”往往用来比喻士子忽然得到荣耀，“鲤鱼跳龙门”即此意；也用来比喻由于谒见名人而提高了自己的身价。这里含有对阎公的奉承。

19、杨意不逢，抚凌云而自惜。

意思是说，未遇到推荐自己的人，只能抚弄着凌云之赋而叹惜。事出《史记·司马相如列传》。杨意：杨得意的省称。抚：抚弄。凌云：指司马相如的《大人赋》。杨得意是汉武帝时一位掌管天子猎犬的官员，一次武帝读到《子虚赋》，连连称赞，说：“朕独不得与此人同时哉！”杨得意告诉武帝这篇赋是司马相如写的，于是武帝就召见相如。相如把自己的《大人赋》上奏武帝，“天子大悦，飘飘有凌云之气，似游天地之间。”这一句是说如果没有遇到杨得意那样推荐自己的人，司马相如就只能抚凌云之赋而自我惋惜了。下面一句是说既然遇到钟子期那样的知音，奏高山流水之曲又有什么羞愧呢？这两句的重点在后一句，作者实际上是在说这次自己遇到阎公这样的知音，所以愿意在宴会上赋诗作文。

20、钟期既遇，奏流水以何惭？

钟期：即钟子期，春秋时楚人，善知音。流水：指伯牙鼓琴，心里在想高山或流水，钟子期就一定能猜到。《列子·汤问》：“伯牙善鼓琴，钟子期善听。伯牙鼓琴，志在高山，子期曰：‘善哉，峨峨兮若泰山！’志在流水，子期曰：‘善哉，洋洋兮若江河！’伯牙所念，子期必得之。”后世用“高山流水”比喻难得的知音、知己。文中这两句是说，遇到钟子期那样知音的人，奏高山流水的曲子，有何惭愧呢？这是作者以伯牙自比，表示既然遇到阎都督这样的知音，所以敢作此序了。

文徵明行书《滕王阁序》

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