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高中英语动词语态用法详解,2018年暑假全搞定,开学领先一大截!

2017-07-29 涨知识 👉 瑞鑫艾斯英语

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动词的语态


语态有两种:主动语态和被动语态

主语是动作的发出者为主动语态;被语是动作的接受者为被动语态。


(1)被动语态

A. 不知道动作的执行者是谁。

B. 没有必要指出动作的执行者

C. 强调动作的承受着。


(2)被动语态的构成及用法

1、 被动语态最基本的句型结构是: be +及物动词过去分词

一般现在时:is/am/are+done

一般过去时:was/were+done

现在进行时:is/am/are+being+done

过去进行时:was/were+being+done

一般将来时:will+be+done

过去将来时:would+be+done

现在完成时:have/has+been+done

过去完成时:had+been +done

2、 被动语态中的谓语动词一定要是及物动词

因为被动句中的主语是动作的承受者,某些短语动词如look after, think of, take care of, work out, laugh at等,也可用于被动语态。

The children were taken good care of by her.

【注意】

短语动词中的介词或副词变成被动语态时不可遗漏。


3、 主动语态变为被动语态要加“to”的情况

若宾语补足语是不带to 的不定式,变为被动语态时,该不定式前要加“to”。此类动词为感官动词,如:feel, hear, help, listen to, look at, make, observe, see, notice, watch等。例如:

The teacher made me go out of the classroom.

I was made to go out of the classroom (by the teacher).

4、 主动形式表示被动意义

1) 如wash, clean,  cut, read, wear,  draw, write, sell等动词虽然用做主动形式却表示被动的意义。例如:

The pen writes smoothly.

2) 感官动词如feel,look,smell,taste,sound等直接跟形容词作表语。

The food tastes good.



非谓语动词(只简要介绍初中部分内容,在高中阶段非谓语动词是重要语法项目,同学们要努力掌握)

对非谓语动词的考点是:感官动词后不定式作宾语补足语和动词ing形式作宾语补足语的用法;一些特殊动词的动词不定式作宾语补足语时不带to,但变为被动语态时就要带to;有些动词既可接不定式也可接动词ing形式作宾语,但表达的意思不同。这些都是历年中考的重点。


(1)非谓语动词的形式

非谓语动词指的是在句中起名词,形容词或副词作用的动词形式,而不是作谓语的动词形式。 动词的非谓语形式分为动名词,分词,动词不定式。

(2)不定式作宾语补足语

Father will not allow us to play on the street.

(3)不定式作目的状语

He ran so fast as to catch the first bus.

(4)用不定式和分词作补足语都可以的动词

这样的动词有感官动词如:see, hear, look, notice, observe, feel等,使役动词如:have, make, leave, keep, get等。接不定式表示动作的完整性,真实性;+doing 表示动作的连续性,进行性。

I saw him work in the garden yesterday.

昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。(强调“我看见了”这个事实)

I saw him working in the garden yesterday.(强调“我见他正干活”这个动作)

昨天我见他正在花园里干活。

(5)用不带to不定式的情况

使役动词如: let, have, make等和感官动词如: see, watch, hear, listen to, smell, feel, find 等后作宾补,省略to。在被动语态中则to不能省掉。

(6)接动名词与不定式意义不同

1) stop to do 停止,中断做某事后去做另一件事。

stop doing 停止做某事。

2) forget to do 忘记要去做某事。(未做)

forget doing 忘记做过某事。(已做)

3) remember to do  记得去做某事。(未做)

remember doing 记得做过某事。(已做)

4) try to do  努力,企图做某事。

try doing  试验,试着做某事。

5) go on to do 做了一件事后,接着做另一件事。

go on doing  继续做原来做的事。

6) mean to do  打算、想

mean doing 意味着



容易混淆的常用动词的辨析


(1) say, speak, talk, tell的用法。

1) say表示讲话,作为及物动词使用,后跟宾语或宾语从句。

He said he would go there.

It's time to leave. We have to say goodbye to you.


2)speak表示“讲话”,一般作为不及物动词使用,而有时作为及物动词后面跟上各种语言作为宾语。

Do you speak English?

May I speak to Mr Pope, please?


3) talk表示“谈话”,是不及物动词,与to , about, with等连用,才可宾语。

What are you talking about?

Mr Jackson is talking with my father in the office now.


4) tell 表示“告诉,讲述”是及物动词,可以带双宾语或复合宾语。

She told us an interesting story yesterday.

My teacher told me that we would have an English exam the next month.


(2) look, see, watch和watch的用法。

1) look强调“看”这个动作,是不及物动词,常与at连用,然后接宾语。

Look! The girl is swimming in the lake.

Look at the picture carefully. Can you find something unusual?


2) see 指“看见”某物,强调的是结果。

They can't see the words on the blackboard.

Does Lily often go to see a film on Sunday?


3) watch 指的是“观看”,“注视”之意。

The twins are watching TV now.

He will go to watch a volleyball match.


4) read指“看书”、“看报”、“阅读”之意。

Don't read in the sun.

I like to read newspapers when I am free.


(3) borrow, lend和keep的区别。

1) borrow意思为“借入”,常常与from连用,是非延续性动词,表示瞬间即能完成的动作。

Meimei borrowed a book from the library just now.

May I borrow your dictionary?


2) lend 是“借出”之意,常常与to连用,同borrow一样,是非延续性动词,只表示瞬间即能完成的动作。

Uncle Wany has lent his car to Mr Li.

Could you lend us your radio, please?


3) keep是“保存”的意思,动作可以延续。

How long can the recorder be kept?

The farmer kept the pat for two weeks.


(4) bring, take, carry 和get的用法。

1) bring意思为“拿来”、“带来”。指将某物或某人从别处“带来”。

Bring me the book, please.

May I bring Jim to see you next Saturday?


2) take意思是“拿走”,“带走”,把某物或某人从这里“带来”或“拿到”某处之意。

It looks like rain. Take a raincoat with you.

Mother took the little girl to the next room.


3) carry 是“带着、搬运、携带”的意思,指随身携带,有背着、扛着、抱着、提着的含义,不表明来去的方向。

Do you always carry a handbag?

The box is heavy. Can you carry it?


4) get是去某处将某物拿回来。

Please go to my office to get some chalk.

There is no water in the bottle. Why not get some?


(5) wear, put on和dress的区别

1) wear是“穿着”“戴着”的意思,可以用于穿衣服、穿鞋、戴帽子、戴手套、佩戴首饰等,强调“穿着”的状态。

Tom always wears black shoes.

He wears a raincoat even when it is fine.

She doesn't like to wear a red flowers in her hair.


2) put on是“穿上”“戴上”的意思,可以用于穿衣服、穿鞋、戴帽等。着重于穿戴的动作。

It's cold. You'd better put on your coat.

He put on his hat and went out of the room.


3) dress可以作及物动词和不及物动词,有“穿着”“打扮”的意思。作“穿着”解时,只用于穿衣服,不用于穿鞋、戴帽、戴手套。作为及物动词用时,它的宾语是人,不是衣服。dress sb. (给某人穿衣服),而wear作“穿着”用时,也是及物动词,但它的宾语是物,不是人,即wear sth.(穿着衣物)。

She always dresses well.

Get up and dress quickly.

Mary is dressing her child.


(6) take, spend 和use的用法。

1) take指做某事用多少时间,句型是:It takes/took/ will take + sb. +some time + to do sth.

It took me three days to finish the work.

It will take you a while week to travel thought the forest.

It takes only one hour to fly to Shanghai.


2) spend指某人在某事(物)上花费时间或钱。句型是:

Someone spends + money/time + on something(in) doing sth.

She spent more than 500 yuan on that coat.

He didn't spend much time on his lessons.

He spent much time (in) correcting students' exercises.

Mother spent her evenings (in) washing clothes.


3) use表示使用工具、手段等。

Do you know how to use the computer?

Shall we use your car?


(7)reach, get 和arrive的区别。

1) reach是及物动词,后面要直接跟表示地点的名词作宾语。

After the train had left, they reached the station

We reached the top of the mountain at last.


2) get是不及动词,常与to连用,再接名词,后面接表示地点的副词时,不用to,get to常用于口语中。

When the students got to the cinema, the film had begun.

My sister was cooking when mother got home.


3) arrive是不及物动词,表示到达一个小地方时,用arrive at, 到达一个大地方时用arrive in。

The soldiers arrived at a small village

The foreigners will arrive in Shanghai tomorrow.




【练习】

1. Listen! Some of the girls ________ about Harry Potter. Let’s join them.

A. are talking        B. talk

C. will talk            D. talked


2. Our teacher, Miss Chen, ________English on the radio the day before yesterday.

A. teaches           B. taught

C. will teach        D. had taught


3. I don’t think I _________ you in that dress before.

A. have seen        B. was seeing

C. saw                 D. see


4. Susan’s parents have bought a large house with a swimming pool. It _______ be very expensive.

A. must         B. can  

C. mustn’t     D. can’t


5. Coffee is ready. How nice it ________ ! Would you like some?

A. looks           B. smells 

 C. sounds       D. feels


6. “ Mr. Zhu, you’d better _______ too much meat. You are already over weight,” said the doctor.

A. not to eat     B. to eat 

 C. not eat        D. eat


7. “Don’t always make Michael ________ this or that. He is already a big boy, dear,” Mr. Bush said to his wife.

A. do         B. to do 

C. does     D. did


8. Sorry, I can’t hear you clearly. Will you please ________ your E-mail address? I’ll write it down.

A. review     B. recite  

C. report     D. repeat


9. Don’t ________ your coat, Tom! It’s easy to catch cold in spring.

A. take away      B. take off  

C. take down     D. take out


10. You _______ go and ask Meimei. She _______ know the answer.

A. must; can     B. must; may  

C. need; can     D. can; may


11. I’m sorry you’ve missed the train. It ________ 10 minutes ago.

A. left             B. has left  

C. had left      D. has been left


12. I bought a new dictionary and it ________ me 30 yuan.

A. paid       B. spent  

C. took       D. cost


13. ---Mum, may I go out and play basketball?

---_______ you _______ your homework yet?

A. Do; finish             B. Are; finishing  

C. Did; finishing       D. Have; finished


14. I have to go now. Please remember to ________ the lights when you leave.

A. turn off      B. turn down  

C. turn up      D. turn on


15. A talk on Chinese history ________ in the school next week.

A. be given           B. has been given  

C. will be given     D. will give


16. Look! How heavy the rain is! You’d better ________.

A. don’t go now  

B. stay here when it stops

C. not leave until it stops  

D. not to leave at once


17. You may go fishing if your work ________.

A. is done        B. will be done 

C. has done     D. have done


18. Cotton _______ nice and soft.

A. is felt       B. is feeling  

C. feel          D. feels


19. ---Who cleaned the blackboard yesterday, Dick?

---John _________.

A. cleaned      B. does  

C. did             D. is


20. ---Linda had nothing for breakfast this morning, _______?

---No. She got up too late.

A. had she        B. hadn’t she  

C. did she        D. didn’t she



【练习答案】

1-5:ABAAB 

6-10:CADBD 

11-15:ADDAC 

16-20:CADCC

 


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